{"id":3110,"date":"2020-04-03T15:56:01","date_gmt":"2020-04-03T15:56:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/coreqenglish1\/chapter\/introducing-the-craap-analysis\/"},"modified":"2025-02-20T22:06:18","modified_gmt":"2025-02-20T22:06:18","slug":"the-craap-method","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/the-craap-method\/","title":{"raw":"The CRAAP Method","rendered":"The CRAAP Method"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Examine the criteria used in the CRAAP Method<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use the CRAAP method to analyze the currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, reliability, and purpose of a source<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nUsing the acronym CRAAP, we can carefully evaluate the effectiveness, authority, and credibility of a source. CRAAP stands for currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1351\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"355\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1351\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/07\/30190552\/Doing-research-graphic-analyze-300x271.jpg\" alt=\"A graphic titled &quot;Analyze&quot; with the C.R.A.A.P. source analysis acronym spelled out: Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose.\" width=\"355\" height=\"320\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Taking into account every aspect of the CRAAP\u00a0acronym will help you to choose the most reliable and applicable sources which will increase your credibility as a writer.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nLet's take a closer look at each of these pieces below.\r\n<h2><strong>Currency: The timeliness of the information<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><strong>Key Question<\/strong>: When was the item of information published or produced?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"216\">Determining when information was published or produced is key to evaluating its relevance. The publication date helps assess its <strong data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"141\">currency<\/strong>\u2014how recent it is or how closely it aligns with your topic\u2019s time period.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"218\" data-end=\"254\">There are two aspects to consider:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"361\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"296\">Is this the most recent version?<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"361\">Is this the original research, description, or account?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p data-start=\"363\" data-end=\"435\">The importance of these factors depends on your research.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example: Currency<\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"763\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"562\">If you are researching car crash survival rates, you need the latest data on crash tests, materials, and mortality statistics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"763\">If you are studying college students' views on the Vietnam War in the 1960s, you need primary sources from that time (e.g., student writings) and possibly secondary sources analyzing that era.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"813\">Key indicators of a source\u2019s currency include:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"814\" data-end=\"939\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\r\n \t<li>date of copyright<\/li>\r\n \t<li>date of publication<\/li>\r\n \t<li>date of revision or edition<\/li>\r\n \t<li>dates of sources cited<\/li>\r\n \t<li>date of patent or trademark<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Relevance: The importance of the information for your needs<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><strong>Key Question:<\/strong> How does this source contribute to my research paper? <\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"062b0aa8-5f61-4ae8-a17b-a1b2a7f51bc6\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\">\r\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark\">\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"158\">Suitability is essentially the same as relevance. When evaluating a source, consider how well it supports your argument and how you\u2019ll use it in your paper. <span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">You should also consider whether the source provides sufficient coverage of the topic.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Information sources with broad, shallow coverage mean that you need to find other sources of information to obtain adequate details about your topic.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Information sources with a very narrow focus or a distinct bias mean that you need to find additional sources to obtain information on other aspects of your topic.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSome questions to consider are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Does the information relate to my topic or answer my question?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Who is the intended audience?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is the information at an appropriate level (i.e. not too simple or advanced) for my needs?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Did I look at a variety of sources before deciding to use this one?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Would I be comfortable using this source for my college research paper?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7b14b87f-bf98-44af-ba50-2da8f326865d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><strong>Authority: The source of the information<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\"><strong>Key Question<\/strong>: Is the person, organization, or institution responsible for the intellectual content of the information knowledgeable in that subject?<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"3d684427-0a27-4766-a551-e2647360a0a6\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\">\r\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark\">\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"221\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Assessing an author's knowledge and expertise is key to evaluating a source's reliability. Anyone can make a claim about some thing, event, or idea, but only someone who knows or understands what that thing, event, or idea is can make a reasonably reliable statement or assertion about it. Some external indications of knowledge of or expertise are:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>a formal academic degree in a subject area<\/li>\r\n \t<li>professional or work-related experience--businessmen, government agency personnel, sports figures, etc. have expertise in their area of work<\/li>\r\n \t<li>active involvement in a subject or organization by serious amateurs who spend substantial amounts of personal time researching and studying that subject area.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>organizations, agencies, institutions, and corporations with active involvement or work in a particular subject area.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> Be careful of opinions stated by professionals outside of their area of work expertise.<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example: Authority<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"7f5c213f-c15b-43ea-9485-ff7dd62072e1\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\">\r\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark\">\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"263\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">If a cardiologist with years of medical training writes an article on heart disease, you could consider it a reliable source. Meanwhile, if a celebrity shares their thoughts on heart health in a magazine interview, it would likely not be considered a reliable source. The doctor\u2019s expertise gives their information more credibility.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/63b051dd-17c3-474e-98f2-78f636325024\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><strong>Accuracy: The reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the information<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><strong>Key Question<\/strong>: How free from error is this piece of information?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"ae079c22-bca0-4739-9fcf-b491be53c525\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\">\r\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark\">\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"368\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Establishing the accuracy, or relative accuracy, of information is an important part of evaluating a source\u2019s reliability. Facts are easier to verify than opinions, interpretations, or ideas.\u00a0 The more an idea deviates from widely accepted views, the harder it is to confirm\u2014though it may still be accurate. In such cases, corroboration becomes both more necessary and more difficult. An important aspect of accuracy is the intellectual integrity of the item.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Are the sources appropriately cited in the text and listed in the references?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are quotations cited correctly and in context? Out of context quotations can be misleading and sometimes completely erroneous.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are there exaggerations, omissions, or errors? These are difficult to identify if you use only one source of information. Always use several different sources of information on your topic. Analyzing what different sources say about a topic is one way to understand that topic.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn addition to errors of fact and integrity, you need to watch for errors of logic. Errors of logic occur primarily in the presentation of conclusions, opinions, interpretations, editorials, ideas, etc. Some indications that the information is accurate are:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>the same information can be found in other reliable sources<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the experiment can be replicated and returns the same results<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the documentation provided in support of the information is substantive<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the sources used for documentation are known to be generally reliable<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the author of the information is known to have expertise in that subject<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the presentation is free from logical fallacies or errors<\/li>\r\n \t<li>quotations are \"in context\"-the meaning of the original work is kept in the work which quotes the original<\/li>\r\n \t<li>quotations are correctly cited<\/li>\r\n \t<li>acronyms are clearly defined at the beginning<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSome indications that information may <strong>not<\/strong> be accurate are:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>facts cannot be verified or are contradicted in other sources<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sources used are known to be unreliable or highly biased<\/li>\r\n \t<li>bibliography of sources used is inadequate or nonexistent<\/li>\r\n \t<li>quotations are taken out of context and given a different meaning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>acronyms are not defined and the intended audience is a general one<\/li>\r\n \t<li>presence of one or more logical fallacies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>authority cited is another part of the same organization<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/37eb0044-a25e-41db-9c9d-24e9bcd808a2\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><strong>Purpose: The reason the information exists<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><strong>Key Question<\/strong>: Who is this information written for or is this product developed for? <\/span><\/div>\r\n<p data-start=\"22\" data-end=\"217\">Identifying a source\u2019s intended audience helps determine its relevance, reliability, and level of detail. The audience influences the style, technical complexity, and depth of coverage.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example: Impact of the audience<\/h3>\r\nFor example, books on food sanitation will differ significantly based on whether they are written for children, restaurant workers, or microbiologists, despite covering the same topic.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p data-start=\"537\" data-end=\"727\">Also, consider the author\u2019s objectivity\u2014are they trying to persuade? Do they present bias? While it is unlikely that anything humans do is ever absolutely objective, it is important to establish that the information you intend to use is reasonably objective, or if it is not, to establish exactly what the point of view or bias is. There are times when information expressing a particular point of view or bias is useful, but you must use it consciously. You must know what the point of view is and why that point of view is important to your project.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"537\" data-end=\"727\">Determining the intended audience of a particular piece of information will help you decide whether or not the information will be too basic, too technical, too general, or just right for your needs. The intended audience can also indicate the potential reliability of the item because some audiences require more documentation than others.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example: Intended Audience<\/h3>\r\nFor example, items produced for scholarly or professional audiences are generally produced by experts and go through a peer evaluation process. Items produced for the mass market frequently are not produced by experts and generally do not go through an evaluation process.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nSome indications of the intended audience are:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>highly technical language, complex analysis, and very sophisticated\/technical tools can indicate a technical, professional, or scholarly audience<\/li>\r\n \t<li>how-to information or current practices in \"X\" are frequently written by experts for practitioners in that field<\/li>\r\n \t<li>substantive and serious presentations of a topic with not too much technical language are generally written for the educated lay audience<\/li>\r\n \t<li>popular language, fairly simple presentations of a topic, little or no analysis, and inexpensive tools can indicate a general or popular audience<\/li>\r\n \t<li>bibliographies, especially long bibliographies, are generally compiled by and for those doing research on that topic<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emich.edu\/library\/help\/tutorials\/assets\/reliability\/story_html5.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Review the steps of the CRAAP method and practice evaluating sources in this tutorial<\/a> from Eastern Michigan University.\u00a0Be sure to complete the practice exercises at the end of the tutorial.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video for a recap of each of the components of the CRAAP method.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_M1-aMCJHFg\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/HowLibraryStuffWorks-HowtoEvaluateResources(theCRAAPTest)_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"How Library Stuff Works: How to Evaluate Resources (the CRAAP test) here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Examine the criteria used in the CRAAP Method<\/li>\n<li>Use the CRAAP method to analyze the currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, reliability, and purpose of a source<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Using the acronym CRAAP, we can carefully evaluate the effectiveness, authority, and credibility of a source. CRAAP stands for currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1351\" style=\"width: 365px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1351\" class=\"wp-image-1351\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/07\/30190552\/Doing-research-graphic-analyze-300x271.jpg\" alt=\"A graphic titled &quot;Analyze&quot; with the C.R.A.A.P. source analysis acronym spelled out: Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose.\" width=\"355\" height=\"320\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1351\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Taking into account every aspect of the CRAAP\u00a0acronym will help you to choose the most reliable and applicable sources which will increase your credibility as a writer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a closer look at each of these pieces below.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Currency: The timeliness of the information<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><strong>Key Question<\/strong>: When was the item of information published or produced?<\/span><\/div>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"216\">Determining when information was published or produced is key to evaluating its relevance. The publication date helps assess its <strong data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"141\">currency<\/strong>\u2014how recent it is or how closely it aligns with your topic\u2019s time period.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"218\" data-end=\"254\">There are two aspects to consider:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"361\">\n<li data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"296\">Is this the most recent version?<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"361\">Is this the original research, description, or account?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"363\" data-end=\"435\">The importance of these factors depends on your research.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example: Currency<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"763\">\n<li data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"562\">If you are researching car crash survival rates, you need the latest data on crash tests, materials, and mortality statistics.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"763\">If you are studying college students&#8217; views on the Vietnam War in the 1960s, you need primary sources from that time (e.g., student writings) and possibly secondary sources analyzing that era.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"813\">Key indicators of a source\u2019s currency include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"814\" data-end=\"939\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li>date of copyright<\/li>\n<li>date of publication<\/li>\n<li>date of revision or edition<\/li>\n<li>dates of sources cited<\/li>\n<li>date of patent or trademark<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Relevance: The importance of the information for your needs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><strong>Key Question:<\/strong> How does this source contribute to my research paper? <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"062b0aa8-5f61-4ae8-a17b-a1b2a7f51bc6\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark\">\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"158\">Suitability is essentially the same as relevance. When evaluating a source, consider how well it supports your argument and how you\u2019ll use it in your paper. <span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">You should also consider whether the source provides sufficient coverage of the topic.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Information sources with broad, shallow coverage mean that you need to find other sources of information to obtain adequate details about your topic.<\/li>\n<li>Information sources with a very narrow focus or a distinct bias mean that you need to find additional sources to obtain information on other aspects of your topic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some questions to consider are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does the information relate to my topic or answer my question?<\/li>\n<li>Who is the intended audience?<\/li>\n<li>Is the information at an appropriate level (i.e. not too simple or advanced) for my needs?<\/li>\n<li>Did I look at a variety of sources before deciding to use this one?<\/li>\n<li>Would I be comfortable using this source for my college research paper?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7b14b87f-bf98-44af-ba50-2da8f326865d\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7b14b87f-bf98-44af-ba50-2da8f326865d?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7b14b87f-bf98-44af-ba50-2da8f326865d\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Authority: The source of the information<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox\"><strong>Key Question<\/strong>: Is the person, organization, or institution responsible for the intellectual content of the information knowledgeable in that subject?<\/div>\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"3d684427-0a27-4766-a551-e2647360a0a6\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark\">\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"221\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Assessing an author&#8217;s knowledge and expertise is key to evaluating a source&#8217;s reliability. Anyone can make a claim about some thing, event, or idea, but only someone who knows or understands what that thing, event, or idea is can make a reasonably reliable statement or assertion about it. Some external indications of knowledge of or expertise are:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>a formal academic degree in a subject area<\/li>\n<li>professional or work-related experience&#8211;businessmen, government agency personnel, sports figures, etc. have expertise in their area of work<\/li>\n<li>active involvement in a subject or organization by serious amateurs who spend substantial amounts of personal time researching and studying that subject area.<\/li>\n<li>organizations, agencies, institutions, and corporations with active involvement or work in a particular subject area.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> Be careful of opinions stated by professionals outside of their area of work expertise.<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example: Authority<\/h3>\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"7f5c213f-c15b-43ea-9485-ff7dd62072e1\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark\">\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"263\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">If a cardiologist with years of medical training writes an article on heart disease, you could consider it a reliable source. Meanwhile, if a celebrity shares their thoughts on heart health in a magazine interview, it would likely not be considered a reliable source. The doctor\u2019s expertise gives their information more credibility.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_63b051dd-17c3-474e-98f2-78f636325024\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/63b051dd-17c3-474e-98f2-78f636325024?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_63b051dd-17c3-474e-98f2-78f636325024\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Accuracy: The reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the information<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><strong>Key Question<\/strong>: How free from error is this piece of information?<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"ae079c22-bca0-4739-9fcf-b491be53c525\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark\">\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"368\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Establishing the accuracy, or relative accuracy, of information is an important part of evaluating a source\u2019s reliability. Facts are easier to verify than opinions, interpretations, or ideas.\u00a0 The more an idea deviates from widely accepted views, the harder it is to confirm\u2014though it may still be accurate. In such cases, corroboration becomes both more necessary and more difficult. An important aspect of accuracy is the intellectual integrity of the item.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Are the sources appropriately cited in the text and listed in the references?<\/li>\n<li>Are quotations cited correctly and in context? Out of context quotations can be misleading and sometimes completely erroneous.<\/li>\n<li>Are there exaggerations, omissions, or errors? These are difficult to identify if you use only one source of information. Always use several different sources of information on your topic. Analyzing what different sources say about a topic is one way to understand that topic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition to errors of fact and integrity, you need to watch for errors of logic. Errors of logic occur primarily in the presentation of conclusions, opinions, interpretations, editorials, ideas, etc. Some indications that the information is accurate are:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>the same information can be found in other reliable sources<\/li>\n<li>the experiment can be replicated and returns the same results<\/li>\n<li>the documentation provided in support of the information is substantive<\/li>\n<li>the sources used for documentation are known to be generally reliable<\/li>\n<li>the author of the information is known to have expertise in that subject<\/li>\n<li>the presentation is free from logical fallacies or errors<\/li>\n<li>quotations are &#8220;in context&#8221;-the meaning of the original work is kept in the work which quotes the original<\/li>\n<li>quotations are correctly cited<\/li>\n<li>acronyms are clearly defined at the beginning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some indications that information may <strong>not<\/strong> be accurate are:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>facts cannot be verified or are contradicted in other sources<\/li>\n<li>sources used are known to be unreliable or highly biased<\/li>\n<li>bibliography of sources used is inadequate or nonexistent<\/li>\n<li>quotations are taken out of context and given a different meaning<\/li>\n<li>acronyms are not defined and the intended audience is a general one<\/li>\n<li>presence of one or more logical fallacies<\/li>\n<li>authority cited is another part of the same organization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_37eb0044-a25e-41db-9c9d-24e9bcd808a2\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/37eb0044-a25e-41db-9c9d-24e9bcd808a2?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_37eb0044-a25e-41db-9c9d-24e9bcd808a2\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Purpose: The reason the information exists<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><strong>Key Question<\/strong>: Who is this information written for or is this product developed for? <\/span><\/div>\n<p data-start=\"22\" data-end=\"217\">Identifying a source\u2019s intended audience helps determine its relevance, reliability, and level of detail. The audience influences the style, technical complexity, and depth of coverage.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example: Impact of the audience<\/h3>\n<p>For example, books on food sanitation will differ significantly based on whether they are written for children, restaurant workers, or microbiologists, despite covering the same topic.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"537\" data-end=\"727\">Also, consider the author\u2019s objectivity\u2014are they trying to persuade? Do they present bias? While it is unlikely that anything humans do is ever absolutely objective, it is important to establish that the information you intend to use is reasonably objective, or if it is not, to establish exactly what the point of view or bias is. There are times when information expressing a particular point of view or bias is useful, but you must use it consciously. You must know what the point of view is and why that point of view is important to your project.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"537\" data-end=\"727\">Determining the intended audience of a particular piece of information will help you decide whether or not the information will be too basic, too technical, too general, or just right for your needs. The intended audience can also indicate the potential reliability of the item because some audiences require more documentation than others.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example: Intended Audience<\/h3>\n<p>For example, items produced for scholarly or professional audiences are generally produced by experts and go through a peer evaluation process. Items produced for the mass market frequently are not produced by experts and generally do not go through an evaluation process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Some indications of the intended audience are:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>highly technical language, complex analysis, and very sophisticated\/technical tools can indicate a technical, professional, or scholarly audience<\/li>\n<li>how-to information or current practices in &#8220;X&#8221; are frequently written by experts for practitioners in that field<\/li>\n<li>substantive and serious presentations of a topic with not too much technical language are generally written for the educated lay audience<\/li>\n<li>popular language, fairly simple presentations of a topic, little or no analysis, and inexpensive tools can indicate a general or popular audience<\/li>\n<li>bibliographies, especially long bibliographies, are generally compiled by and for those doing research on that topic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emich.edu\/library\/help\/tutorials\/assets\/reliability\/story_html5.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Review the steps of the CRAAP method and practice evaluating sources in this tutorial<\/a> from Eastern Michigan University.\u00a0Be sure to complete the practice exercises at the end of the tutorial.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video for a recap of each of the components of the CRAAP method.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_M1-aMCJHFg\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/HowLibraryStuffWorks-HowtoEvaluateResources(theCRAAPTest)_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;How Library Stuff Works: How to Evaluate Resources (the CRAAP test) here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3110\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Evaluating Information. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The University of Rhode Island. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/uri.libguides.com\/start\/craap\">http:\/\/uri.libguides.com\/start\/craap<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li><strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Virginia Tech. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/info-skills.lib.vt.edu\/evaluating_info\/2.html\">http:\/\/info-skills.lib.vt.edu\/evaluating_info\/2.html<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>:  University Libraries Information Skills Modules. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>CRAAP Tutorial. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Bill Marino. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Eastern Michigan University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.emich.edu\/library\/help\/reliability\/\">http:\/\/www.emich.edu\/library\/help\/reliability\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Analyze sources using the CRAAP method image. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Kim Louie for Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>How Library Stuff Works: How to Evaluate Resources (the CRAAP Test). <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: McMaster Libraries. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=115&#038;v=_M1-aMCJHFg&#038;feature=emb_logo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=115&#038;v=_M1-aMCJHFg&#038;feature=emb_logo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":15,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Evaluating Information\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The University of Rhode Island\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/uri.libguides.com\/start\/craap\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Virginia Tech\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/info-skills.lib.vt.edu\/evaluating_info\/2.html\",\"project\":\" University Libraries Information Skills Modules\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"CRAAP Tutorial\",\"author\":\"Bill Marino\",\"organization\":\"Eastern Michigan University\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.emich.edu\/library\/help\/reliability\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Analyze sources using the CRAAP method image\",\"author\":\"Kim Louie for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"How Library Stuff Works: How to Evaluate Resources (the CRAAP Test)\",\"author\":\"McMaster Libraries\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=115&v=_M1-aMCJHFg&feature=emb_logo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"b589f8a0-858f-4bea-94cf-c58bcfcd8da3, 23af7832-a938-4e97-baed-4af3d637438f, 30b36cd8-6546-482b-b18b-e236ec9e0401","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3110","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3100,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3110\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6283,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3110\/revisions\/6283"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3100"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3110\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3110"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3110"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}