{"id":3174,"date":"2020-04-06T15:28:51","date_gmt":"2020-04-06T15:28:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/coreqenglish1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3174"},"modified":"2025-02-20T22:21:27","modified_gmt":"2025-02-20T22:21:27","slug":"narrowing-the-topic","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/narrowing-the-topic\/","title":{"raw":"Narrowing the Topic","rendered":"Narrowing the Topic"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe strategies for narrowing a topic for a research paper<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Types of Research Papers<\/h2>\r\nMost research assignments ask you to engage in one of two approaches:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Explore and evaluate (present an analysis)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Persuade (present an argument)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nYour professor may allow you to choose between these strategies or may ask you to use only one. If you\u2019re not sure which type you should use, be sure to ask!\r\n<h3>Analytic Papers<\/h3>\r\nIn a paper that explores and evaluates, you may present a specific analysis of a literary text, examine how a historical figure came to his or her beliefs, or analyze how changes in a particular animal\u2019s habitat have affected its breeding patterns.\r\n\r\nYour purpose is not to rebut another critic\u2019s reading of that text, challenge another writer\u2019s analysis of that historical figure\u2019s growth, or disprove another experimenter\u2019s theorem. Instead, your focus is on researching and presenting your own analysis of a set of materials or experiments.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Analytical questions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>How does Coleridge\u2019s poem, \u201cRime of the Ancient Mariner,\u201d use an extended metaphor for colonial exploration?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why was Martin Luther King, Jr.\u2019s stance against the Vietnam War so controversial in the Civil Rights Movement?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What methods are available to governments and zoos to ensure the preservation of endangered tigers?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Argumentative Papers<\/h3>\r\nIn an argumentative paper, the writer takes a position on a debatable question. Here, you review the various arguments surrounding that question and present material arguing for a particular answer.\r\n\r\nA good argument paper not only fairly and clearly presents the views of those with whom you disagree, but also points out where and how you believe those arguments are flawed.\r\n\r\nIn this paper, you need to show why your argument presents a stronger response to the question than the responses of others who might disagree with your position.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Argumentative Questions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Should employers be allowed to monitor the content of their employees\u2019 email and internet browsing?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Should the U.S. government subsidize the development of ethanol-based biofuels?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Planning<\/h3>\r\nPatience is critical to constructing and finishing a solid research paper. Give yourself time. In some cases, when you have a class project, a college research paper requires ten to fourteen weeks of work, but you may take a course requiring a research paper in a shorter time frame.\r\n\r\nClick below to view the timeline for research papers over the course of eight weeks. Please note that some research papers are written in an even shorter time frame. If that\u2019s the case for you, you\u2019ll want to adjust your schedule accordingly.\r\n\r\nRemember, even if you have a shorter time frame, you should not leave out the steps of a good process!\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290978864315764088\/embed[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Narrowing the Topic<\/h2>\r\nSuppose you want to write your research paper on World War II. The material written on World War II has filled whole libraries, so you obviously won\u2019t be able to complete a research paper on <em>all<\/em> of WWII in just a few weeks or months.\r\n<h3>First-level Narrowing<\/h3>\r\nThe first question to ask yourself is: \u201cWhat aspect of WWII am I interested in understanding better?\u201d\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Strategies?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Weapons?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Major characters?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Specific battles?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLet\u2019s say you want to understand more about WWII weapons. Which types of weapons were used in WWII?\r\n<h3>Second-level Narrowing<\/h3>\r\nYou consult a couple of encyclopedia articles on WWII weapons and discover that the general categories of weapons at that time were tanks, artillery, and firearms.\r\n\r\nEach of these categories includes several dozen to several hundred specific weapons.\r\n\r\nCan you cover all of these in one paper? Sure, if you write a sentence on each one. But then you\u2019re not really writing a research paper; you\u2019re writing a list. You need to go deep with your analysis, not wide. In other words, you want to fully explore your topic and not treat it in a very superficial manner.\r\n<h3>Third-level Narrowing<\/h3>\r\nYou continue to survey general information sources on WWII weapons. You read a little bit about each of the categories listed in the Second-Level Narrowing tab and decide that the one you are most interested in is artillery. Now what kind?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Surface-to-air missiles (SAMS)?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Machine guns?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Anti-aircraft guns (Flaks)?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs you continue to poke around, you learn that air defense tactics and the various models of anti-aircraft guns were extremely critical in various battles, so you decide to focus on that.\r\n<h3>Fourth-level Narrowing<\/h3>\r\nLook at your previous terminology: \u201ccritical in various battles.\u201d Do you think you\u2019ll be able to do a paper on the role of anti-aircraft guns in all battles of WWII? No, you won\u2019t. So the next logical step is to look at encyclopedias and websites to determine what were some of the major battles of WWII where the use of anti-aircraft guns was critical.\r\n\r\nYou remember hearing something about \u201cthe Blitz\u201d of London, so you look that up and decide to focus on the role of anti-aircraft guns in defending London from German aerial attacks.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6c988bc4-1d3c-48ab-880d-4905ac89dabb\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/f5bd7cde-387a-46f8-8898-06afc8dbf4d8\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Preliminary Search Tips<\/h3>\r\nEven when you are early in the stages of your paper, just deciding on a topic, you'll need to use outside sources to help you decide how to narrow your focus. At this stage, you should bookmark and save websites or sources you think will be useful later on, but the focus at this point will be gathering general information to see what jumps out to you as interesting or helpful. Below are some preliminary search tips:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Start with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikipedia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a> as a reference, but do not use it as an official source. Look at the links and references at the bottom of the page for more ideas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use \u201cCtrl+F\u201d to find certain words within a webpage in order to jump to the sections of the article that interest you.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/advanced_search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Advanced Search<\/a>\u00a0to be more specific in your search. You can also use\u00a0tricks to be more specific within the main <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Search Engine<\/a>:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Use quotation marks to narrow your search from just tanks in WWII to \u201cTanks in WWII\u201d or \u201cTanks\u201d in \u201cWWII\u201d.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find specific types of websites by adding \u201csite:.gov\u201d or \u201csite:.edu\u201d or \u201csite:.org\u201d. You can also search for specific file types like \"filetype:.pdf\".<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click on \"Search Tools\" under the search bar in Google and select \"Any time\" to see a list of options for time periods to help limit your search. You can find information just in the past month or year, or even for a custom range.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThis first stage of gathering information is sometimes called pre-research. Watch this video to learn more:\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1291658&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=ocz7b0HeOaI&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-ga3xtnoo-ocz7b0HeOaI\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/course-building\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/Doing+Background+Checks+on+Your+Research+.rtf\">transcript for \"Doing Some Background Checks on Your Research\" here (download).<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe strategies for narrowing a topic for a research paper<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Types of Research Papers<\/h2>\n<p>Most research assignments ask you to engage in one of two approaches:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Explore and evaluate (present an analysis)<\/li>\n<li>Persuade (present an argument)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Your professor may allow you to choose between these strategies or may ask you to use only one. If you\u2019re not sure which type you should use, be sure to ask!<\/p>\n<h3>Analytic Papers<\/h3>\n<p>In a paper that explores and evaluates, you may present a specific analysis of a literary text, examine how a historical figure came to his or her beliefs, or analyze how changes in a particular animal\u2019s habitat have affected its breeding patterns.<\/p>\n<p>Your purpose is not to rebut another critic\u2019s reading of that text, challenge another writer\u2019s analysis of that historical figure\u2019s growth, or disprove another experimenter\u2019s theorem. Instead, your focus is on researching and presenting your own analysis of a set of materials or experiments.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Analytical questions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>How does Coleridge\u2019s poem, \u201cRime of the Ancient Mariner,\u201d use an extended metaphor for colonial exploration?<\/li>\n<li>Why was Martin Luther King, Jr.\u2019s stance against the Vietnam War so controversial in the Civil Rights Movement?<\/li>\n<li>What methods are available to governments and zoos to ensure the preservation of endangered tigers?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Argumentative Papers<\/h3>\n<p>In an argumentative paper, the writer takes a position on a debatable question. Here, you review the various arguments surrounding that question and present material arguing for a particular answer.<\/p>\n<p>A good argument paper not only fairly and clearly presents the views of those with whom you disagree, but also points out where and how you believe those arguments are flawed.<\/p>\n<p>In this paper, you need to show why your argument presents a stronger response to the question than the responses of others who might disagree with your position.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Argumentative Questions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Should employers be allowed to monitor the content of their employees\u2019 email and internet browsing?<\/li>\n<li>Should the U.S. government subsidize the development of ethanol-based biofuels?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Planning<\/h3>\n<p>Patience is critical to constructing and finishing a solid research paper. Give yourself time. In some cases, when you have a class project, a college research paper requires ten to fourteen weeks of work, but you may take a course requiring a research paper in a shorter time frame.<\/p>\n<p>Click below to view the timeline for research papers over the course of eight weeks. Please note that some research papers are written in an even shorter time frame. If that\u2019s the case for you, you\u2019ll want to adjust your schedule accordingly.<\/p>\n<p>Remember, even if you have a shorter time frame, you should not leave out the steps of a good process!<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290978864315764088\/embed\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"500\" height=\"750\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Narrowing the Topic<\/h2>\n<p>Suppose you want to write your research paper on World War II. The material written on World War II has filled whole libraries, so you obviously won\u2019t be able to complete a research paper on <em>all<\/em> of WWII in just a few weeks or months.<\/p>\n<h3>First-level Narrowing<\/h3>\n<p>The first question to ask yourself is: \u201cWhat aspect of WWII am I interested in understanding better?\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strategies?<\/li>\n<li>Weapons?<\/li>\n<li>Major characters?<\/li>\n<li>Specific battles?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let\u2019s say you want to understand more about WWII weapons. Which types of weapons were used in WWII?<\/p>\n<h3>Second-level Narrowing<\/h3>\n<p>You consult a couple of encyclopedia articles on WWII weapons and discover that the general categories of weapons at that time were tanks, artillery, and firearms.<\/p>\n<p>Each of these categories includes several dozen to several hundred specific weapons.<\/p>\n<p>Can you cover all of these in one paper? Sure, if you write a sentence on each one. But then you\u2019re not really writing a research paper; you\u2019re writing a list. You need to go deep with your analysis, not wide. In other words, you want to fully explore your topic and not treat it in a very superficial manner.<\/p>\n<h3>Third-level Narrowing<\/h3>\n<p>You continue to survey general information sources on WWII weapons. You read a little bit about each of the categories listed in the Second-Level Narrowing tab and decide that the one you are most interested in is artillery. Now what kind?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Surface-to-air missiles (SAMS)?<\/li>\n<li>Machine guns?<\/li>\n<li>Anti-aircraft guns (Flaks)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you continue to poke around, you learn that air defense tactics and the various models of anti-aircraft guns were extremely critical in various battles, so you decide to focus on that.<\/p>\n<h3>Fourth-level Narrowing<\/h3>\n<p>Look at your previous terminology: \u201ccritical in various battles.\u201d Do you think you\u2019ll be able to do a paper on the role of anti-aircraft guns in all battles of WWII? No, you won\u2019t. So the next logical step is to look at encyclopedias and websites to determine what were some of the major battles of WWII where the use of anti-aircraft guns was critical.<\/p>\n<p>You remember hearing something about \u201cthe Blitz\u201d of London, so you look that up and decide to focus on the role of anti-aircraft guns in defending London from German aerial attacks.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_6c988bc4-1d3c-48ab-880d-4905ac89dabb\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6c988bc4-1d3c-48ab-880d-4905ac89dabb?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_6c988bc4-1d3c-48ab-880d-4905ac89dabb\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_f5bd7cde-387a-46f8-8898-06afc8dbf4d8\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/f5bd7cde-387a-46f8-8898-06afc8dbf4d8?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_f5bd7cde-387a-46f8-8898-06afc8dbf4d8\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Preliminary Search Tips<\/h3>\n<p>Even when you are early in the stages of your paper, just deciding on a topic, you&#8217;ll need to use outside sources to help you decide how to narrow your focus. At this stage, you should bookmark and save websites or sources you think will be useful later on, but the focus at this point will be gathering general information to see what jumps out to you as interesting or helpful. Below are some preliminary search tips:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Start with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikipedia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a> as a reference, but do not use it as an official source. Look at the links and references at the bottom of the page for more ideas.<\/li>\n<li>Use \u201cCtrl+F\u201d to find certain words within a webpage in order to jump to the sections of the article that interest you.<\/li>\n<li>Use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/advanced_search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Advanced Search<\/a>\u00a0to be more specific in your search. You can also use\u00a0tricks to be more specific within the main <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Search Engine<\/a>:\n<ol>\n<li>Use quotation marks to narrow your search from just tanks in WWII to \u201cTanks in WWII\u201d or \u201cTanks\u201d in \u201cWWII\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Find specific types of websites by adding \u201csite:.gov\u201d or \u201csite:.edu\u201d or \u201csite:.org\u201d. You can also search for specific file types like &#8220;filetype:.pdf&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Click on &#8220;Search Tools&#8221; under the search bar in Google and select &#8220;Any time&#8221; to see a list of options for time periods to help limit your search. You can find information just in the past month or year, or even for a custom range.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>This first stage of gathering information is sometimes called pre-research. Watch this video to learn more:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1291658&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=ocz7b0HeOaI&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-ga3xtnoo-ocz7b0HeOaI\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/course-building\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/Doing+Background+Checks+on+Your+Research+.rtf\">transcript for &#8220;Doing Some Background Checks on Your Research&#8221; here (download).<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3174\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Preliminary Search Tips. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Assignment Analysis and Narrowing Process. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Excelsior College Online Writing Lab. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/research\/narrowing-and-developing\/narrowing-and-developing-narrowing-process\/\">https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/research\/narrowing-and-developing\/narrowing-and-developing-narrowing-process\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Doing Background Checks on Your Research. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Imagine Easy Solutions. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ocz7b0HeOaI\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/ocz7b0HeOaI<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Preliminary Search Tips\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Assignment Analysis and Narrowing Process\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Excelsior College Online Writing Lab\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/research\/narrowing-and-developing\/narrowing-and-developing-narrowing-process\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Doing 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