{"id":3459,"date":"2020-04-13T14:03:03","date_gmt":"2020-04-13T14:03:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/coreqenglish1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3459"},"modified":"2025-02-25T22:14:31","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T22:14:31","slug":"apa-in-text-citations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/apa-in-text-citations\/","title":{"raw":"APA In-Text Citations","rendered":"APA In-Text Citations"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Successfully identify\u00a0the components of APA in-text citations<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAPA citations follow specific conventions that distinguish them from other styles. In most cases, APA citations in your text will follow the guidelines illustrated below.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\r\nThis video will show you what in-text citations should look like and explain why you must use them.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=h5p_embed&amp;id=427\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/wp-content\/plugins\/h5p\/h5p-php-library\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\nYou can view the<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/APAIn-TextCitationsSeventhEdition_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> transcript for \"APA In-Text Citations Seventh Edition\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Single Author<\/h2>\r\nWhen listing the source of information you are using in your paper, list the last name of the author (without their initials), followed by a comma, and then the year of publication. When referring to the author(s) directly in the text (also called a narrative citation), then list only the year (and page number, if needed for a direct quote). For example:\r\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>One scholar argued that it is impossible to measure social class (Calvert, 1982).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Calvert (1982) argued that it is impossible to measure social class.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Two Authors<\/h2>\r\nAuthors should be presented in the order that they appear in the published article. If they are cited within closed brackets, use the ampersand (&amp;) between them. If they are not enclosed in brackets, then use the spelled-out \u201cand.\u201d For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">A well-known study argued that social class is rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert &amp; Liu, 1987).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Calvert and Liu (1987) argued that social class is rapidly becoming obsolete.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Three or More Authors<\/h2>\r\nStarting with the first author mentioned in the text, the correct format is (Author et al., year). This includes even the first citation. All authors, up to 20, should be listed in the corresponding reference.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Calvert et al. (1987) argued that the concept of social class is rapidly becoming obsolete.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">The concept of social class is rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert et al., 1987).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Group Authors<\/h2>\r\n<h3>With Abbreviations<\/h3>\r\nFor group authors with abbreviations, use the full name and the abbreviation in the first citation. Then, use only the abbreviation in subsequent citations.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2019), women between the ages of 40 and 59 have the highest rates of depression in the United States.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Women between the ages of 40 and 50 have the highest rates of depression in the United States (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2019).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Without Abbreviations<\/h3>\r\nFor group authors without abbreviations, simply list the group author with the usual citation format.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">According to Stanford University (2018), first-generation college students face many obstacles as they work to complete their degrees.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">First-generation college students face many obstacles as they work to complete their degrees (Stanford University, 2018).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Multiple Publications, Same Author<\/h2>\r\nIf an author has multiple publications you need to cite, use a comma to separate the years of publication in chronological order (oldest to most recent). If the publications occur in the same year, the American Psychological Association Publication Manual recommends using suffixes a, b, c, etc.\u00a0<strong style=\"font-size: 1em;\">NOTE:<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">\u00a0The corresponding letters should be used in the reference list, and these references should be ordered alphabetically by title.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"example\">A recent study argued for the abolition of social class (Calvert, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Multiple Publications, Different Authors<\/h2>\r\nWhen citing multiple authors for the same information, use semicolons to separate the different citations. The authors should be cited in alphabetical order, and, if there is a need to cite more than one source by the same author within a citation for multiple publications, place the years of publication in chronological order (oldest to most recent).\r\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A recent study argued for the abolition of social class (Calvert, 1987; Liu, 2004, 2005; Smith, 2003).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Direct Quotes<\/h2>\r\nWhen citing a direct quotation, follow the corresponding rules for the in-text citation type and add a page number to the end of the citation.\r\n\r\nWhen using the author or authors\u2019 names within the text (also called a narrative citation), the year citation comes after the author\u2019s name, and the page number citation should be placed after the direct quotation. Be sure to put quoted material inside quotation marks. Place the period after the citation for all quotes shorter than 40 words.\r\n<div class=\"purple-example \">\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>According to Smith (2018), \u201cthe number of birds in North America has declined by 2.9 billion since 1970\u201d (p. 31).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u201cThe number of birds in North America has declined by 2.9 billion since 1970\u201d (Smith, 2018. p. 31).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"teal-example \">\r\n<div class=\"fa-icon\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"example\"><strong>NOTE:<\/strong>\u00a0For multiple pages, use pp. instead of the single p.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>No Page Numbers<\/h3>\r\nTo cite quotations of material without page numbers, the American Psychological Publication Manual recommends providing section names, heading names, or paragraph numbers\u2014essentially providing readers with the necessary information to locate the quotation.\r\n<div class=\"purple-example \">\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>According to Williams (2019), \u201cgravity is actually the bending of space\u201d (para. 5).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\r\nIf you have questions or need further instruction, visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/products\/publication-manual-7th-edition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style Guide<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/citation-and-documentation\/apa-style\/apa-in-text-citations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excelsior Online Writing Lab<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_style_introduction.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Purdue Online Writing Lab,<\/a>\u00a0or the <a href=\"https:\/\/sfcollege.libguides.com\/apa7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Guide from Santa Fe College.<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Successfully identify\u00a0the components of APA in-text citations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>APA citations follow specific conventions that distinguish them from other styles. In most cases, APA citations in your text will follow the guidelines illustrated below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\n<p>This video will show you what in-text citations should look like and explain why you must use them.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=h5p_embed&amp;id=427\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/wp-content\/plugins\/h5p\/h5p-php-library\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>You can view the<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/APAIn-TextCitationsSeventhEdition_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> transcript for &#8220;APA In-Text Citations Seventh Edition&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Single Author<\/h2>\n<p>When listing the source of information you are using in your paper, list the last name of the author (without their initials), followed by a comma, and then the year of publication. When referring to the author(s) directly in the text (also called a narrative citation), then list only the year (and page number, if needed for a direct quote). For example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\n<div class=\"example\">\n<ul>\n<li>One scholar argued that it is impossible to measure social class (Calvert, 1982).<\/li>\n<li>Calvert (1982) argued that it is impossible to measure social class.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Two Authors<\/h2>\n<p>Authors should be presented in the order that they appear in the published article. If they are cited within closed brackets, use the ampersand (&amp;) between them. If they are not enclosed in brackets, then use the spelled-out \u201cand.\u201d For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">A well-known study argued that social class is rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert &amp; Liu, 1987).<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Calvert and Liu (1987) argued that social class is rapidly becoming obsolete.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Three or More Authors<\/h2>\n<p>Starting with the first author mentioned in the text, the correct format is (Author et al., year). This includes even the first citation. All authors, up to 20, should be listed in the corresponding reference.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Calvert et al. (1987) argued that the concept of social class is rapidly becoming obsolete.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">The concept of social class is rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert et al., 1987).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Group Authors<\/h2>\n<h3>With Abbreviations<\/h3>\n<p>For group authors with abbreviations, use the full name and the abbreviation in the first citation. Then, use only the abbreviation in subsequent citations.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2019), women between the ages of 40 and 59 have the highest rates of depression in the United States.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Women between the ages of 40 and 50 have the highest rates of depression in the United States (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2019).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Without Abbreviations<\/h3>\n<p>For group authors without abbreviations, simply list the group author with the usual citation format.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">According to Stanford University (2018), first-generation college students face many obstacles as they work to complete their degrees.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">First-generation college students face many obstacles as they work to complete their degrees (Stanford University, 2018).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Multiple Publications, Same Author<\/h2>\n<p>If an author has multiple publications you need to cite, use a comma to separate the years of publication in chronological order (oldest to most recent). If the publications occur in the same year, the American Psychological Association Publication Manual recommends using suffixes a, b, c, etc.\u00a0<strong style=\"font-size: 1em;\">NOTE:<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">\u00a0The corresponding letters should be used in the reference list, and these references should be ordered alphabetically by title.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"example\">A recent study argued for the abolition of social class (Calvert, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Multiple Publications, Different Authors<\/h2>\n<p>When citing multiple authors for the same information, use semicolons to separate the different citations. The authors should be cited in alphabetical order, and, if there is a need to cite more than one source by the same author within a citation for multiple publications, place the years of publication in chronological order (oldest to most recent).<\/p>\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\n<div class=\"example\">\n<ul>\n<li>A recent study argued for the abolition of social class (Calvert, 1987; Liu, 2004, 2005; Smith, 2003).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Direct Quotes<\/h2>\n<p>When citing a direct quotation, follow the corresponding rules for the in-text citation type and add a page number to the end of the citation.<\/p>\n<p>When using the author or authors\u2019 names within the text (also called a narrative citation), the year citation comes after the author\u2019s name, and the page number citation should be placed after the direct quotation. Be sure to put quoted material inside quotation marks. Place the period after the citation for all quotes shorter than 40 words.<\/p>\n<div class=\"purple-example\">\n<div class=\"example\">\n<ul>\n<li>According to Smith (2018), \u201cthe number of birds in North America has declined by 2.9 billion since 1970\u201d (p. 31).<\/li>\n<li>\u201cThe number of birds in North America has declined by 2.9 billion since 1970\u201d (Smith, 2018. p. 31).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"teal-example\">\n<div class=\"fa-icon\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"example\"><strong>NOTE:<\/strong>\u00a0For multiple pages, use pp. instead of the single p.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>No Page Numbers<\/h3>\n<p>To cite quotations of material without page numbers, the American Psychological Publication Manual recommends providing section names, heading names, or paragraph numbers\u2014essentially providing readers with the necessary information to locate the quotation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"purple-example\">\n<div class=\"example\">\n<ul>\n<li>According to Williams (2019), \u201cgravity is actually the bending of space\u201d (para. 5).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\n<p>If you have questions or need further instruction, visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/products\/publication-manual-7th-edition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style Guide<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/citation-and-documentation\/apa-style\/apa-in-text-citations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excelsior Online Writing Lab<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_style_introduction.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Purdue Online Writing Lab,<\/a>\u00a0or the <a href=\"https:\/\/sfcollege.libguides.com\/apa7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Guide from Santa Fe College.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3459\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>APA In-Text Citations. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Excelsior College Online Writing Lab. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/citation-and-documentation\/apa-style\/apa-in-text-citations\/\">https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/citation-and-documentation\/apa-style\/apa-in-text-citations\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":21,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"APA In-Text 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c25307af-7588-4044-beda-1cfa7a53e3b6","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3459","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":133,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3459","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3459\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6336,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3459\/revisions\/6336"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/133"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3459\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3459"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3459"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3459"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3459"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}