{"id":586,"date":"2020-01-06T18:27:36","date_gmt":"2020-01-06T18:27:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/coreqenglish1\/chapter\/text-an-overview-of-the-rhetorical-modes\/"},"modified":"2025-01-24T17:35:31","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T17:35:31","slug":"text-an-overview-of-the-rhetorical-modes","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/text-an-overview-of-the-rhetorical-modes\/","title":{"raw":"Overview of Rhetorical Styles","rendered":"Overview of Rhetorical Styles"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain how and why to use various rhetorical styles<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>What are Rhetorical Styles?<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaway: Rhetorical Styles<\/h3>\r\nNon-fiction writing can be defined by sub-genres, sometimes referred to as the <strong>rhetorical styles,\u00a0<\/strong>modes, or patterns, of communication. These are categories of types of writing, and they help us to anticipate the structure and purpose of the text itself.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThere are four main types of writing and (at least) nine different rhetorical modes.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2875\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2875 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/01\/01162910\/books-1605416_1920-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A woman holding a stack of different books.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Just as books are categorized into different genres, your essays can also be classified into different types and\/or styles of writing.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Types of Writing<\/h2>\r\nThere are four\u00a0main types of writing: expository, persuasive, narrative, and descriptive. Each of these writing styles is used for a specific purpose, but a single text or essay typically employs more than one writing style. Below, we are going to discuss these four general categories of writing.\r\n\r\nOf course there are more than four types of writing, however! For example, you may have written a process essay or a cause-and-effect essay, which can be considered sub-genres of the four main types of writing. Also, you may have encountered different names for some of the types of writing we will discuss below. Don't worry! The goal isn't to identify writing by a type but to learn the different styles and techniques associated with each type in order to be a skilled writer with a range of options at your disposal.\r\n\r\nAfter we discuss the four main types of writing, we will turn to some of the common rhetorical modes (like the argumentative essay) and discuss ways to approach these different types of writing tasks.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> The goal is to be an organic writer, employing multiple styles and rhetorical modes to suit your writing purpose and audience. Sometimes it helps to see some examples and templates to understand how to get started.<\/div>\r\n<h3>Expository<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Expository<\/strong> writing is one of the most common types of writing. When an author writes in an expository style, they are trying to explain a concept, imparting information from themselves to a wider audience. Expository writing does not include the author\u2019s opinion but focuses on accepted ideas or facts about a topic, including statistics or other evidence. Examples of expository writing include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Textbooks<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How-to articles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Recipes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>News stories (not editorials or Op-Eds)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Business, technical, or scientific writing<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Persuasive<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Persuasive<\/strong> writing is the main style of writing you will use in academic papers. When an author writes in a persuasive style, they are trying to convince the audience of their positions or beliefs. Persuasive writing contains the author's opinions and biases, as well as justifications and reasons given by the authors as evidence of the correctness of their positions. Any \u201cargumentative\u201d essay you write in school will be written in a persuasive style. Examples of persuasive writing include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Argumentative essays<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cover letters<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Op-Eds and Editorial newspaper articles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reviews of items<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Letters of complaint<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Advertisements<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Letters of recommendation<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Narrative<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Narrative<\/strong> writing is used in almost every longer piece of writing, whether fiction or nonfiction. When an author writes in a narrative style, they are not just trying to impart information, they are trying to construct and communicate a story, complete with characters, conflict, and settings. Examples of narrative writing include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Oral histories<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Novels\/Novellas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Poetry (especially epic sagas or poems)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Short Stories<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Anecdotes<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Descriptive<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Descriptive<\/strong> writing is often found in fiction, though it can make an appearance in nonfiction as well (for example, memoirs, first-hand accounts of events, or travel guides). When an author writes in a descriptive style, they are painting a picture in words of a person, place, or thing for their audience. The author might employ metaphor or other literary devices to describe the author\u2019s impressions via their five senses (what they hear, see, smell, taste, or touch). However, the author is not trying to convince the audience of anything or explain the scene \u2013 merely describe things as they are. Examples of descriptive writing include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Poetry<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Journal\/diary writing<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Descriptions of Nature<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fictional novels or plays<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIt's important to keep in mind that the essays you write in college may incorporate more than one of the types of writing.\r\n\r\nFor example, in a research paper, you will probably include a <strong>description<\/strong> of the events or ideas under consideration, and you may even employ <strong>narrative<\/strong> as you describe those events or ideas to your reader. You are likely going to be using <strong>expository<\/strong> writing to explain the concepts and events you are discussing to your reader. Finally, you are likely to employ some elements of <strong>persuasion<\/strong> in order to make the case to your reader about why the events or ideas under consideration in your essay matter or what takeaways you suggest.\r\n<h2>Rhetorical Styles<\/h2>\r\nKeeping these four main writing styles in mind, we can break down types of writing assignments even further and consider the types of <strong>rhetorical modes<\/strong>, or patterns, needed to be successful within the various types of writing. For example, expository writing may rely on the rhetorical styles of comparison, classification, definition, illustration, or process. Persuasive writing will use an argumentative style, but may also still involve cause-and-effect rhetorical patterns, illustration, or others.\r\n\r\nSome generally recognized rhetorical patterns include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>argumentative\/persuasive<\/strong>: defends a certain point of view or persuades<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>comparison and\u00a0contrast<\/strong>: discusses the similarities and differences between two or more things<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cause and effect<\/strong>: examines which events lead to specific results<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>illustration<\/strong>: gives examples<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>narration<\/strong>: tells stories<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>personal essay<\/strong>: tells a story based on your life<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>description<\/strong>: uses the five senses (touch, taste, sight, sound, smell) to provide a vivid idea or picture of what is being represented<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>definition<\/strong>: explains a term, concept, or idea or tells what something means<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>classification and division<\/strong>: sorts a whole group and splits it up into various categories<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>process<\/strong>: provides step-by-step directions or guidance to explain how things happen<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou likely already have experience with rhetorical styles. Maybe you have had to write a compare and contrast essay, or perhaps you learned about using a descriptive style in a narrative essay.\u00a0\u00a0Remember, most essays contain more than one\u00a0rhetorical style,\u00a0but some essay assignments will follow one particular style more than others.\r\n\r\nFor example, an essay that discusses the various means of taking courses may give examples of how each student would manage his or her time while taking a specific course.\u00a0The writer may use the\u00a0illustration\u00a0rhetorical style to give examples of time management techniques in one of the paragraphs in a\u00a0classification and division\u00a0essay. In this case, since the essay categorizes the various means of taking courses, the essay may be called a classification and division essay\u2014even though the illustration rhetorical style is present.\r\n\r\nLearning the different rhetorical styles gives you a variety of tools to develop your writing. While most essays use a mix of strategies, practicing each one individually helps you master its unique organizational techniques. For instance, storytelling (narration) often requires description, comparisons may include examples, and logical arguments frequently involve cause-and-effect reasoning. Mastering these styles helps you blend them effectively in your writing.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nWe will take a look at seven types of rhetorical styles on the coming pages. If you're interested in learning more and seeing examples of the other types, <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/rhetorical-styles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visit the Excelsior OWL website on rhetorical styles<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>expository: <\/strong> writing that\u00a0aims to explain or describe something\r\n\r\n<strong>genre:<\/strong> a category of composition characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter\r\n\r\n<strong>rhetorical style: <\/strong>common patterns and\u00a0characteristics in effective and persuasive communication shared by certain types of writing\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain how and why to use various rhetorical styles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>What are Rhetorical Styles?<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaway: Rhetorical Styles<\/h3>\n<p>Non-fiction writing can be defined by sub-genres, sometimes referred to as the <strong>rhetorical styles,\u00a0<\/strong>modes, or patterns, of communication. These are categories of types of writing, and they help us to anticipate the structure and purpose of the text itself.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are four main types of writing and (at least) nine different rhetorical modes.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2875\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2875\" class=\"wp-image-2875 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/01\/01162910\/books-1605416_1920-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A woman holding a stack of different books.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2875\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Just as books are categorized into different genres, your essays can also be classified into different types and\/or styles of writing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Types of Writing<\/h2>\n<p>There are four\u00a0main types of writing: expository, persuasive, narrative, and descriptive. Each of these writing styles is used for a specific purpose, but a single text or essay typically employs more than one writing style. Below, we are going to discuss these four general categories of writing.<\/p>\n<p>Of course there are more than four types of writing, however! For example, you may have written a process essay or a cause-and-effect essay, which can be considered sub-genres of the four main types of writing. Also, you may have encountered different names for some of the types of writing we will discuss below. Don&#8217;t worry! The goal isn&#8217;t to identify writing by a type but to learn the different styles and techniques associated with each type in order to be a skilled writer with a range of options at your disposal.<\/p>\n<p>After we discuss the four main types of writing, we will turn to some of the common rhetorical modes (like the argumentative essay) and discuss ways to approach these different types of writing tasks.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> The goal is to be an organic writer, employing multiple styles and rhetorical modes to suit your writing purpose and audience. Sometimes it helps to see some examples and templates to understand how to get started.<\/div>\n<h3>Expository<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Expository<\/strong> writing is one of the most common types of writing. When an author writes in an expository style, they are trying to explain a concept, imparting information from themselves to a wider audience. Expository writing does not include the author\u2019s opinion but focuses on accepted ideas or facts about a topic, including statistics or other evidence. Examples of expository writing include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Textbooks<\/li>\n<li>How-to articles<\/li>\n<li>Recipes<\/li>\n<li>News stories (not editorials or Op-Eds)<\/li>\n<li>Business, technical, or scientific writing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Persuasive<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Persuasive<\/strong> writing is the main style of writing you will use in academic papers. When an author writes in a persuasive style, they are trying to convince the audience of their positions or beliefs. Persuasive writing contains the author&#8217;s opinions and biases, as well as justifications and reasons given by the authors as evidence of the correctness of their positions. Any \u201cargumentative\u201d essay you write in school will be written in a persuasive style. Examples of persuasive writing include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Argumentative essays<\/li>\n<li>Cover letters<\/li>\n<li>Op-Eds and Editorial newspaper articles<\/li>\n<li>Reviews of items<\/li>\n<li>Letters of complaint<\/li>\n<li>Advertisements<\/li>\n<li>Letters of recommendation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Narrative<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Narrative<\/strong> writing is used in almost every longer piece of writing, whether fiction or nonfiction. When an author writes in a narrative style, they are not just trying to impart information, they are trying to construct and communicate a story, complete with characters, conflict, and settings. Examples of narrative writing include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oral histories<\/li>\n<li>Novels\/Novellas<\/li>\n<li>Poetry (especially epic sagas or poems)<\/li>\n<li>Short Stories<\/li>\n<li>Anecdotes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Descriptive<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Descriptive<\/strong> writing is often found in fiction, though it can make an appearance in nonfiction as well (for example, memoirs, first-hand accounts of events, or travel guides). When an author writes in a descriptive style, they are painting a picture in words of a person, place, or thing for their audience. The author might employ metaphor or other literary devices to describe the author\u2019s impressions via their five senses (what they hear, see, smell, taste, or touch). However, the author is not trying to convince the audience of anything or explain the scene \u2013 merely describe things as they are. Examples of descriptive writing include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Poetry<\/li>\n<li>Journal\/diary writing<\/li>\n<li>Descriptions of Nature<\/li>\n<li>Fictional novels or plays<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It&#8217;s important to keep in mind that the essays you write in college may incorporate more than one of the types of writing.<\/p>\n<p>For example, in a research paper, you will probably include a <strong>description<\/strong> of the events or ideas under consideration, and you may even employ <strong>narrative<\/strong> as you describe those events or ideas to your reader. You are likely going to be using <strong>expository<\/strong> writing to explain the concepts and events you are discussing to your reader. Finally, you are likely to employ some elements of <strong>persuasion<\/strong> in order to make the case to your reader about why the events or ideas under consideration in your essay matter or what takeaways you suggest.<\/p>\n<h2>Rhetorical Styles<\/h2>\n<p>Keeping these four main writing styles in mind, we can break down types of writing assignments even further and consider the types of <strong>rhetorical modes<\/strong>, or patterns, needed to be successful within the various types of writing. For example, expository writing may rely on the rhetorical styles of comparison, classification, definition, illustration, or process. Persuasive writing will use an argumentative style, but may also still involve cause-and-effect rhetorical patterns, illustration, or others.<\/p>\n<p>Some generally recognized rhetorical patterns include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>argumentative\/persuasive<\/strong>: defends a certain point of view or persuades<\/li>\n<li><strong>comparison and\u00a0contrast<\/strong>: discusses the similarities and differences between two or more things<\/li>\n<li><strong>cause and effect<\/strong>: examines which events lead to specific results<\/li>\n<li><strong>illustration<\/strong>: gives examples<\/li>\n<li><strong>narration<\/strong>: tells stories<\/li>\n<li><strong>personal essay<\/strong>: tells a story based on your life<\/li>\n<li><strong>description<\/strong>: uses the five senses (touch, taste, sight, sound, smell) to provide a vivid idea or picture of what is being represented<\/li>\n<li><strong>definition<\/strong>: explains a term, concept, or idea or tells what something means<\/li>\n<li><strong>classification and division<\/strong>: sorts a whole group and splits it up into various categories<\/li>\n<li><strong>process<\/strong>: provides step-by-step directions or guidance to explain how things happen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You likely already have experience with rhetorical styles. Maybe you have had to write a compare and contrast essay, or perhaps you learned about using a descriptive style in a narrative essay.\u00a0\u00a0Remember, most essays contain more than one\u00a0rhetorical style,\u00a0but some essay assignments will follow one particular style more than others.<\/p>\n<p>For example, an essay that discusses the various means of taking courses may give examples of how each student would manage his or her time while taking a specific course.\u00a0The writer may use the\u00a0illustration\u00a0rhetorical style to give examples of time management techniques in one of the paragraphs in a\u00a0classification and division\u00a0essay. In this case, since the essay categorizes the various means of taking courses, the essay may be called a classification and division essay\u2014even though the illustration rhetorical style is present.<\/p>\n<p>Learning the different rhetorical styles gives you a variety of tools to develop your writing. While most essays use a mix of strategies, practicing each one individually helps you master its unique organizational techniques. For instance, storytelling (narration) often requires description, comparisons may include examples, and logical arguments frequently involve cause-and-effect reasoning. Mastering these styles helps you blend them effectively in your writing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>We will take a look at seven types of rhetorical styles on the coming pages. If you&#8217;re interested in learning more and seeing examples of the other types, <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/rhetorical-styles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visit the Excelsior OWL website on rhetorical styles<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>expository: <\/strong> writing that\u00a0aims to explain or describe something<\/p>\n<p><strong>genre:<\/strong> a category of composition characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter<\/p>\n<p><strong>rhetorical style: <\/strong>common patterns and\u00a0characteristics in effective and persuasive communication shared by certain types of writing<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-586\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>What are Rhetorical Modes?. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Paragraph on nine rhetorical modes. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Marianne Botos, Lynn McClelland, Stephanie Polliard, Pamela Osback . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pvccenglish.files.wordpress.com\/2010\/09\/eng-101-inside-pages-proof2-no-pro.pdf\">https:\/\/pvccenglish.files.wordpress.com\/2010\/09\/eng-101-inside-pages-proof2-no-pro.pdf<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Horse of a Different Color: English Composition and Rhetoric . <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Rhetorical modes definitions. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhetorical_modes\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhetorical_modes<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Types of Writing Styles. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Robin Jeffrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openoregon.pressbooks.pub\/aboutwriting\/chapter\/types-of-writing-styles\/\">https:\/\/openoregon.pressbooks.pub\/aboutwriting\/chapter\/types-of-writing-styles\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: About Writing: A Guide. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of woman holding books. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: MorningbirdPhoto. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/books-reading-girl-people-1605416\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/books-reading-girl-people-1605416\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: https:\/\/pixabay.com\/service\/terms\/#license<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t 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