{"id":63,"date":"2022-04-04T15:50:48","date_gmt":"2022-04-04T15:50:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/esc-businesscomskills\/chapter\/guidelines-for-ethical-communication\/"},"modified":"2022-04-19T14:56:30","modified_gmt":"2022-04-19T14:56:30","slug":"guidelines-for-ethical-communication","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/esc-businesscomskills\/chapter\/guidelines-for-ethical-communication\/","title":{"raw":"Guidelines for Ethical Communication","rendered":"Guidelines for Ethical Communication"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify key guidelines for ethical business communication<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIt\u2019s not enough for a communicator to craft a message that\u2019s clearly understood by an audience, the goal should be to leverage the seven principles of business communication. Here is the list of the seven pillars about communication:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Objective.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understanding the audience's knowledge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Relevant.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Concise.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consistent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Complete.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Considerate of the knowledge the audience possesses.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1231\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"349\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1231\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1972\/2017\/07\/09211501\/doors-1767564_960_720-300x160.png\" alt=\"A number of doors along a wall.\" width=\"349\" height=\"186\" \/> Figure 1. How might ethics affect the decisions you make as an employee?[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn reality, if you adhere to the seven principles, you will communicate ethically. \u00a0For instance, if you craft a message that is not clear and concise, and you use tricky language that manipulates your consideration for your audience\u2019s knowledge, then you are not being ethical. If you\u2019re not being objective, and you are trying to communicate your opinion (or the opinion of others) as fact, then you are not being ethical. If you purposely do not disclose complete information, then you are not being ethical.\r\n\r\nYou don't have to look too far today to see examples of unethical communication; they\u2019re all over the media. \u201cFake news\u201d media sites abound, even though social media outlets like Facebook and Twitter are making efforts to prevent them from being posted and shared. Is fake news ethical?\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Daily World Update<\/h3>\r\n<em>Daily World Update<\/em> is a fake news site that posted an article called \u201cBlack Woman Who Won Georgia Primary Arrested for Election Fraud\" in 2018. The story talks about Michelle Agabobo Willford, running for governor of Georgia, who paid for \u201ctens of thousands of votes\u201d by promising free welfare. This story runs parallel to a real-life story of Stacy Abrahms. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/05\/22\/us\/politics\/georgia-primary-abrams-results.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abrahms recently won a primary elections as a candidate for Georgia governor<\/a>\u00a0(without paying for votes). Her success made news, because, if she wins, she will be the nation\u2019s first black female governor.\r\n\r\nNow, the <em>Daily World Update<\/em> claims to be a satirical site, and this article about Michelle Agabobo Willford fake, but if this news story is shared on social media, people just see the headline and jump to their own conclusions about what happened in Georgia. Is this ethical communication? Does it meet those seven business communication objectives above?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>General Motors<\/h3>\r\nGeneral Motors now admits that over 100 people died because of faulty ignition switches that were not recalled. In an article in <em>Forbes<\/em> magazine, reporter Carmine Gallo claimed that \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/carminegallo\/2014\/06\/09\/two-misleading-words-triggered-gms-catastrophic-communication-breakdown\/#22a0187a5ca0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Two Misleading Words Triggered GM\u2019s Catastrophic Communication Breakdown<\/a>.\u201d The article discusses that the ignition issue was mis-labeled as a \u201ccustomer convenience\u201d issue and therefore didn\u2019t get the attention it needed. Data about the issue was buried in the back of a 72-page PowerPoint deck. These were communication choices made by human beings. Was it a mistake, or was it unethical?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe seven principles of business communication should be enough to keep your messages ethical. But if you want further guidance as to what is and is not ethical in business communication, the International Association of Business Communicators outlines a code of ethics for all its members:[footnote]International Association of Business Communicators, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iabc.com\/About\/Purpose\/Code-of-Ethics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IABC Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators<\/a>.\"[\/footnote]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I am honest\u2014my actions bring respect for and trust in the communication profession.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I communicate accurate information and promptly correct any errors.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I obey laws and public policies; if I violate any law or public policy, I act promptly to correct the situation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I protect confidential information while acting within the law.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I support the ideals of free speech, freedom of assembly, and access to an open marketplace of ideas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I am sensitive to others\u2019 cultural values and beliefs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I give credit to others for their work and cite my sources.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I do not use confidential information for personal benefit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I do not represent conflicting or competing interests without full disclosure and the written consent of those involved.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I do not accept undisclosed gifts or payments for professional services from anyone other than a client or employer.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I do not guarantee results that are beyond my power to deliver.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIf you have any question regarding the ethics of a particular message, these guidelines should serve you well. \u00a0Betraying the trust of your audience is lethal to effective communication.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/8496\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Principles of Ethical Decision Making<\/h2>\r\nAfter ethical intensity, a thoughtful manager will consider the principles that might apply to an issue. There is no one set of principles to check off, but the seven listed here are common to most people.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Legal and regulatory requirements<\/strong> set the minimum standard for behavior. Any company or individual can disagree with the law, but given the consequences, such disagreement must be done carefully. The Hobby Lobby stores refused, on religious grounds, to follow the Affordable Care Act requirements for certain health benefits. The US Supreme Court found in their favor in 2014.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Long-term self-interest<\/strong> means the pursuit of outcomes that will benefit the self in the long run. For example, a company must make choices to ensure its continued existence. The costs and harm from failure are substantial.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Personal virtue<\/strong> refers to conformity to a standard of righteousness. You should make choices that are honest and truthful individually. The good of the company does not justify lying.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Utilitarianism<\/strong> seeks the greatest benefit for the maximum number of people. This is often difficult to judge over large groups of people.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Individual rights<\/strong> are related to the freedom to act and think without punishment through regulatory, legal, or societal means. For example, we make individual health decisions to smoke or drink beverages loaded with sugar even though the health costs are borne by many through private and government insurance programs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Distributive justice<\/strong> is the fairness of the outcomes. That is, how are the benefits shared or distributed among the individuals in a group? The US market system can have winner-take-all outcomes. Our welfare system redistributes a little to the losers in the market game who are also part of our society.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Religious injunction<\/strong> is the main moral and ethical guide for many people.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWatch the following video for an overview of the ethical decision making process:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IwK-CshmH7M\r\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div>\r\n<a style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10OsVjngeBXf9CYoicg0Nb_U4-aZlxRrJJkhl5rFjX7Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify key guidelines for ethical business communication<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>It\u2019s not enough for a communicator to craft a message that\u2019s clearly understood by an audience, the goal should be to leverage the seven principles of business communication. Here is the list of the seven pillars about communication:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Objective.<\/li>\n<li>Understanding the audience&#8217;s knowledge.<\/li>\n<li>Relevant.<\/li>\n<li>Concise.<\/li>\n<li>Consistent.<\/li>\n<li>Complete.<\/li>\n<li>Considerate of the knowledge the audience possesses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_1231\" style=\"width: 359px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1231\" class=\"wp-image-1231\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1972\/2017\/07\/09211501\/doors-1767564_960_720-300x160.png\" alt=\"A number of doors along a wall.\" width=\"349\" height=\"186\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1231\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. How might ethics affect the decisions you make as an employee?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In reality, if you adhere to the seven principles, you will communicate ethically. \u00a0For instance, if you craft a message that is not clear and concise, and you use tricky language that manipulates your consideration for your audience\u2019s knowledge, then you are not being ethical. If you\u2019re not being objective, and you are trying to communicate your opinion (or the opinion of others) as fact, then you are not being ethical. If you purposely do not disclose complete information, then you are not being ethical.<\/p>\n<p>You don&#8217;t have to look too far today to see examples of unethical communication; they\u2019re all over the media. \u201cFake news\u201d media sites abound, even though social media outlets like Facebook and Twitter are making efforts to prevent them from being posted and shared. Is fake news ethical?<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Daily World Update<\/h3>\n<p><em>Daily World Update<\/em> is a fake news site that posted an article called \u201cBlack Woman Who Won Georgia Primary Arrested for Election Fraud&#8221; in 2018. The story talks about Michelle Agabobo Willford, running for governor of Georgia, who paid for \u201ctens of thousands of votes\u201d by promising free welfare. This story runs parallel to a real-life story of Stacy Abrahms. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/05\/22\/us\/politics\/georgia-primary-abrams-results.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abrahms recently won a primary elections as a candidate for Georgia governor<\/a>\u00a0(without paying for votes). Her success made news, because, if she wins, she will be the nation\u2019s first black female governor.<\/p>\n<p>Now, the <em>Daily World Update<\/em> claims to be a satirical site, and this article about Michelle Agabobo Willford fake, but if this news story is shared on social media, people just see the headline and jump to their own conclusions about what happened in Georgia. Is this ethical communication? Does it meet those seven business communication objectives above?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>General Motors<\/h3>\n<p>General Motors now admits that over 100 people died because of faulty ignition switches that were not recalled. In an article in <em>Forbes<\/em> magazine, reporter Carmine Gallo claimed that \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/carminegallo\/2014\/06\/09\/two-misleading-words-triggered-gms-catastrophic-communication-breakdown\/#22a0187a5ca0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Two Misleading Words Triggered GM\u2019s Catastrophic Communication Breakdown<\/a>.\u201d The article discusses that the ignition issue was mis-labeled as a \u201ccustomer convenience\u201d issue and therefore didn\u2019t get the attention it needed. Data about the issue was buried in the back of a 72-page PowerPoint deck. These were communication choices made by human beings. Was it a mistake, or was it unethical?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The seven principles of business communication should be enough to keep your messages ethical. But if you want further guidance as to what is and is not ethical in business communication, the International Association of Business Communicators outlines a code of ethics for all its members:<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"International Association of Business Communicators, &quot;IABC Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators.&quot;\" id=\"return-footnote-63-1\" href=\"#footnote-63-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I am honest\u2014my actions bring respect for and trust in the communication profession.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I communicate accurate information and promptly correct any errors.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I obey laws and public policies; if I violate any law or public policy, I act promptly to correct the situation.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I protect confidential information while acting within the law.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I support the ideals of free speech, freedom of assembly, and access to an open marketplace of ideas.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I am sensitive to others\u2019 cultural values and beliefs.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I give credit to others for their work and cite my sources.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I do not use confidential information for personal benefit.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I do not represent conflicting or competing interests without full disclosure and the written consent of those involved.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I do not accept undisclosed gifts or payments for professional services from anyone other than a client or employer.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I do not guarantee results that are beyond my power to deliver.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you have any question regarding the ethics of a particular message, these guidelines should serve you well. \u00a0Betraying the trust of your audience is lethal to effective communication.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_8496\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=8496&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_8496\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Principles of Ethical Decision Making<\/h2>\n<p>After ethical intensity, a thoughtful manager will consider the principles that might apply to an issue. There is no one set of principles to check off, but the seven listed here are common to most people.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Legal and regulatory requirements<\/strong> set the minimum standard for behavior. Any company or individual can disagree with the law, but given the consequences, such disagreement must be done carefully. The Hobby Lobby stores refused, on religious grounds, to follow the Affordable Care Act requirements for certain health benefits. The US Supreme Court found in their favor in 2014.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Long-term self-interest<\/strong> means the pursuit of outcomes that will benefit the self in the long run. For example, a company must make choices to ensure its continued existence. The costs and harm from failure are substantial.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Personal virtue<\/strong> refers to conformity to a standard of righteousness. You should make choices that are honest and truthful individually. The good of the company does not justify lying.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Utilitarianism<\/strong> seeks the greatest benefit for the maximum number of people. This is often difficult to judge over large groups of people.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Individual rights<\/strong> are related to the freedom to act and think without punishment through regulatory, legal, or societal means. For example, we make individual health decisions to smoke or drink beverages loaded with sugar even though the health costs are borne by many through private and government insurance programs.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Distributive justice<\/strong> is the fairness of the outcomes. That is, how are the benefits shared or distributed among the individuals in a group? The US market system can have winner-take-all outcomes. Our welfare system redistributes a little to the losers in the market game who are also part of our society.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Religious injunction<\/strong> is the main moral and ethical guide for many people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Watch the following video for an overview of the ethical decision making process:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Integrating Ethics: Ethical Decision-Making\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IwK-CshmH7M?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div>\n<p><a style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10OsVjngeBXf9CYoicg0Nb_U4-aZlxRrJJkhl5rFjX7Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-63\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Guidelines for Ethical Communication. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Freedom Learning Group. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Principles of Ethical Decision Making. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Talia Lambarki and Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-principlesofmanagement\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-principlesofmanagement<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image: Doors. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: qimono. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/doors-choices-choose-open-decision-1767564\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/doors-choices-choose-open-decision-1767564\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Video: Integrating Ethics: Ethical Decision-Making. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Academic Technologies (AT) at The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), in partnership with the Texas Holocaust and Genocide Commission. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/IwK-CshmH7M\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/IwK-CshmH7M<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-63-1\">International Association of Business Communicators, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iabc.com\/About\/Purpose\/Code-of-Ethics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IABC Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators<\/a>.\" <a href=\"#return-footnote-63-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":395986,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Principles of Ethical Decision Making\",\"author\":\"Talia Lambarki and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-principlesofmanagement\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image: Doors\",\"author\":\"qimono\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/doors-choices-choose-open-decision-1767564\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Video: Integrating Ethics: Ethical Decision-Making\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Academic Technologies (AT) at The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), in partnership with the Texas Holocaust and Genocide Commission\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/IwK-CshmH7M\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Guidelines for Ethical Communication\",\"author\":\"Freedom Learning Group\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"d4f8a620-35dc-4c42-8b50-e862da9ae14c, 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