{"id":217,"date":"2022-02-18T23:20:27","date_gmt":"2022-02-18T23:20:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/exemplarstatistics\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=217"},"modified":"2022-04-05T19:38:54","modified_gmt":"2022-04-05T19:38:54","slug":"displaying-categorical-data-corequisite-support-activity","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/exemplarstatistics\/chapter\/displaying-categorical-data-corequisite-support-activity\/","title":{"raw":"Displaying Categorical Data: Corequisite Support Activity","rendered":"Displaying Categorical Data: Corequisite Support Activity"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Goals<\/h3>\r\nThis activity provides an opportunity to refresh the following skills:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Round decimals to a specified place value<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#FractionProportion\">Convert decimals and fractions to percents<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#ProportionPercent\">Convert fractions or mixed numbers to decimals<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#PercentNumber\">Find the unknown in a percent problem<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou will also become familiar with these skills:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#FreqTable\">Read and interpret a frequency table<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#BarGraph\">Read and interpret a bar graph<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#PieChart\">Read and interpret a pie chart<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThroughout much of this course you will need to read and interpret <strong>frequency tables<\/strong>, <strong>bar graphs<\/strong>, and <strong>pie charts<\/strong>. These kinds of tables, graphs, and charts help us to visualize data collected about a situation in order to understand it clearly. To help you gain familiarity and practice with these ideas before the course section begins, let's work with a small data set to see what methods are available to us for visualizing the data. You'll also need an understanding of percentages and relative frequencies. Look for the recall boxes in the text and\/or refer to the Student Resource pages indicated there if you need a refresher.\r\n<h2>Shark Attacks<\/h2>\r\nIn this corequisite support activity, we'll look at shark attacks in the United States and internationally. We will see how visual displays like tables and graphs can help us analyze the number of shark attacks that occur in each country or U. S. state.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2412\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"320\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-2412\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/31142708\/Carcharodon_carcharias.jpg\" alt=\"a great white shark, swimming, its mouth slightly open\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" \/> Carcharodon carcharias[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTo frame the landscape for this activity, think about shark attacks for a moment. What areas of the country or the world seem to be associated with a lot of interaction between sharks and humans? The United States and Australia might come to mind. Consider the two questions below.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>In the United States, which state do you think has the most shark attacks?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Which country in the world do you think has the most?\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">We can use data to answer questions like this. We'll need to organize and visualize the data first to make it useful for drawing conclusions. A tool that is commonly used to organize data like the number of shark attacks per location is a frequency table.\r\n<span id=\"FreqTable\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Frequency tables<\/h3>\r\nFrequency tables include information about a number of times something occurs, also known as the <strong>frequency<\/strong> of occurrences. One column in the table lists different categories or groups. Another column lists the frequency of occurrences associated with each category or group.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Interactive Example<\/h3>\r\nSuppose your school has decided to get a large number of people together for an evening to watch the popular TV show,\u00a0<em>Shark Week<\/em>. The refreshment committee sent out a survey asking everyone to list a preference for one of 5 snack options and received 73 responses. The table below lists all the snacks on the survey and the number of people who listed each as their preference.\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\">Refreshment Options for\u00a0<em>Shark Week<\/em> Watch Party<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Snack<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Count<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Pizza<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">22<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Sliders<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Chip and Dip<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">12<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Wings<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">19<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Veggie Tray and Dip<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>How many people said they would prefer chip and dip as the refreshment at the party?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What were the least two favorite snacks of all the responses?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"119543\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"119543\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>12<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Veggie Tray and Chip and Dip<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow you try it with the shark attack data listed below.\r\n\r\nBelow is a frequency table of shark attacks in the United States.[footnote]\u00a0Sharks US only (csv). (n.d.). The Art &amp; Science of Learning from Data. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385\">https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385<\/a>\u00a0[\/footnote]\u00a0A <strong>fre<\/strong><strong>quency table<\/strong> organizes categorical data by listing the different possible categories and the number of times each category occurs in the dataset. For example, in the table below, we see that over some period of time California had [latex]33[\/latex] shark attacks, Florida had [latex]203[\/latex], and so on.\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table style=\"width: 349px; height: 161px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 462.415px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Shark Attacks in the United States<\/strong><em>\r\n<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U.S. State<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Count<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>California<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]33[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Florida<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]203[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Hawaii<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]51[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>North Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]23[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]27[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>South Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]34[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Texas<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]16[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 1<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240628[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"853984\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"853984\"]In the table, find the two highest frequencies of shark attacks and note their associated states.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 2<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240630[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"548239\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"548239\"]How many total shark attacks are listed in the table above for all the listed states combined.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 3<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240668[\/ohm_question]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"501422\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"501422\"]What do <em>you<\/em> think?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Relative frequency<\/h3>\r\nWhen considering data in a frequency table, we often want to know how much a certain frequency represents of the total. For example, 23 shark attacks in North Carolina sounds like quite a lot. But how much of all shark attacks do those 23 represent? Knowing the answer to that may help us feel better about deciding on a location for a beach vacation. Listing the relative frequency for each of the counts in a table will help to understand this.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>relative frequency<\/strong>\u00a0is a proportion (or percentage) of a particular category out of the entire group. See the interactive example below for a demonstration of how to calculate the relative frequency of shark attacks in North Carolina. You may wish to refresh your skills to convert fractions to proportions or percentages in the Recall box first.\r\n<span id=\"FractionProportion\"><\/span><span id=\"ProportionPercent\"><\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>recall<\/h3>\r\nTo write the <strong>relative frequency<\/strong> of an item in a frequency table, divide the frequency (count) of an item by the total frequency of the table.\r\n\r\nEx. Calculate the relative frequency of shark attacks in North Carolina as a proportion rounded to [latex]4[\/latex] decimal places.\r\n\r\nCore Skill:\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"379767\"]Convert a fraction to a proportion (decimal) and round.[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"379767\"]\r\n\r\n[latex]23[\/latex] out of the [latex]387[\/latex] attacks occurred in N.C. We'll write this as [latex]\\dfrac{23}{387}[\/latex].\r\n\r\nTo convert a fraction to a proportion (a decimal), divide the numerator by the denominator using a calculator.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]23\\div 387=0.0594315245...[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nTo round a number to a certain number of places, check the number to right of that place.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If the number to the right is [latex]0 - 4[\/latex], keep desired place value the same and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If the number to the right is [latex]5 - 9[\/latex], round the desired place value up one and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\r\nRound the proportion [latex]0.0594315245...[\/latex] to four decimal places.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]0.0594\\fbox{3}...[\/latex] We see that the place to the right of four decimal places includes a [latex]3[\/latex] so we don't need to round up. We'll keep [latex]0.0594[\/latex] and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\r\n<strong>The proportion of attacks in North Carolina is [latex]0.0594[\/latex].<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\nCore Skill:\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"342198\"]Convert a proportion to a percentage.[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"342198\"]\r\n\r\nTo convert a proportion (decimal) to a percentage, multiply the proportion by [latex]100[\/latex] and append a percent symbol, %.\r\n\r\nEx. The proportion of shark attacks occurring in North Carolina was [latex]0.0594[\/latex], rounded to [latex]4[\/latex] decimal places.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Multiply this number by [latex]100[\/latex] and append the percent symbol. To multiply any number by [latex]100[\/latex], move the decimal two places to the right.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]0.0594\\times100=5.94[\/latex].<\/p>\r\n<strong>[latex]5.94[\/latex]% of all shark attacks occurred in North Carolina.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">[Also see Corequisite Support Activities 1E and 2D for more practice.]\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Interactive example<\/h3>\r\nFor example, in the table Shark Attacks in the United States, we can see that the [latex]23[\/latex] shark attacks in North Carolina were\u00a0 out of [latex]387[\/latex] shark attacks in all the states combined. If we want to know what proportion or percentage of the total attacks occurred in North Carolina, we can express them as a ratio (fraction), then convert the ratio to a proportion (decimal) or a percentage.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]\\dfrac{\\text{# attacks in N.C.}}{\\text{# total attacks}}=\\dfrac{23}{387} \\approx0.0594[\/latex] or about [latex]5.94[\/latex]%<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">We can express the relative frequency by saying either of the following.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: center;\"><em style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The proportion of U.S. shark attacks in North Carolina is [latex]0.0594[\/latex]\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\"><em>A<\/em><\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em;\">bout [latex]5.94[\/latex]% of U.S. shark attacks occurred in North Carolina.<\/em><\/p>\r\nCompute the relative frequencies for each of the following location. Recall that there were [latex]387[\/latex] total attacks.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>California: [latex]33[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Florida: [latex]203[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hawaii: [latex]51[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"117054\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"117054\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\dfrac{33}{387}=0.0853\\text{ or } 8.53\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\dfrac{203}{387}=0.5245\\text{ or } 52.45\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\dfrac{51}{387}=0.1318\\text{ or } 13.18\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nFrequency tables commonly include a column for relative frequency, expressed as a proportion (decimal) or a percent. See the Recall box above for a refresher on how to convert fractions to proportions and percentages then complete the missing information in the table below.\r\n\r\nRecall that a relative frequency represents the proportion or percentage of a particular frequency out of the total frequency. The table below contains the same information as the one you examined above, but adds columns for\u00a0<em>Proportion<\/em> and <em>Percent\u00a0<\/em>(%). For example, we can see in the table that the proportion of shark attacks that occurred in California out of the total number of shark attacks is [latex]0.0853[\/latex], which is equivalent to [latex]8.53[\/latex]% of all the shark attacks listed. In the following question, you'll need to compute the missing proportion and percent for the rows <em>Other<\/em>, <em>South Carolina<\/em>, and <em>Texas<\/em>.\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table style=\"height: 122px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 10px; width: 404.5px;\" colspan=\"4\"><strong>Shark Attacks in the United States<\/strong><strong>\r\n<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U.S. State<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Count<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Proportion<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Percent (%)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>California<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]33[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.0853[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]8.53[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Florida<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]203[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.5245[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]52.45[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Hawaii<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]51[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.1318[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]13.18[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>North Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]23[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.0594[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]5.94[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]27[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>South Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]34[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Texas<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]16[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 4<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240669[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"225903\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"225903\"]See the Recall box above to refresh these skills.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 id=\"BarGraph\">Bar graphs<\/h3>\r\nBar graphs are visual displays of data in which the frequency of each category listed across the horizontal axis is indicated by the height of its corresponding rectangular bar (or the length if the graph is displayed horizontally). Bar graphs can be displayed vertically, as the ones you'll see here, or horizontally. See the interactive example below for a demonstration of how to read a bar graph.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Interactive example<\/h3>\r\nThe graph you see here is a portion of a larger graph that you'll see following this demonstration. The full graph will display data about internationally occurring shark attacks. This portion shows just the attacks in the United States. The states are listed, one by one across the horizontal axis. Each bar rises to a number along the vertical axis representing the number of shark attacks recorded in that state.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1068\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5772\/2022\/02\/14163508\/3A_BarGraph_Example.png\" alt=\"A bar graph Titled Shark Attacks in the U.S. show the states Florida, Hawaii, South Caroline, California, and North Carolina along the horizontal axis. The vertical axis is labeled Count. The bar above Florida rises to just above 200. The bar above Hawaii rises to about 50. The bars above South Carolina and California rise to approximately the same height, at about 35 and the bar above North Carolina rises the least, to about 25.\" width=\"653\" height=\"350\" \/>\r\n\r\nUse this chart (rather than the frequency table you saw earlier) to answer the following questions.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>According to the bar graph, about how many shark attacks occurred in Florida?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What two states appear to have recorded about the same number of attacks?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>About how many attacks does the bar graph indicate occurred in Hawaii?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>About how many attacks occurred in North Carolina?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"718230\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"718230\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>It looks like about 200 attacks were in Florida.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>South Carolina and California appear to have recorded about 35 each.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hawaii had about 50 shark attacks.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>North Carolina had about 25 attacks.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n\r\nNow it's your turn to try reading a bar graph. The image below is\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">a bar graph (also known as a bar chart) of [latex]689[\/latex] shark attacks across the globe.[footnote]Sharks (csv). (n.d.). The Art &amp; Science of Learning from Data. Retrieved from https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharks.csv?ver=1622756678385[\/footnote] Note that each country or state is listed along the horizontal axis. The height of each bar provides a visual representation of the number (count) of shark attacks that occurred in each country. We cannot read the exact frequency of each bar from a bar graph. Rather, the display helps us to visualize the frequencies relative to one another.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1067 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/11233624\/3A-Bar-Chart.png\" alt=\"A bar graph of shark attacks across various regions. The vertical axis is labeled &quot;Count&quot; and numbered in increments of 50 up to 200 and the horizontal is labeled &quot;Region.&quot; The bar for Florida reaches the top of the chart. The bar for Hawaii goes to the line at 50. The bar for South Carolina goes approximately two thirds of the way to the line at 50. The bar for California goes approximately two thirds of the way to the line at 50. The bar for North Carolina goes approximately halfway to the line at 50. The bar for Australia goes to approximately halfway between the line at 100 and the line at 150. The bar for South Africa goes almost to the line at 50. The bar for Reunion Island goes approximately one third of the way to the line at 50. The bar for Brazil goes approximately one third of the way to the line at 50. The bar for the Bahamas goes approximately one fifth of the way to the line at 50. The bar for other regions goes to approximately three quarters of the way between the line at 100 and the line at 150. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"293\" \/>\r\n\r\nUse the chart to answer the questions below.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 5<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240678[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"528508\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"528508\"]The height of the bars in the graph indicate the frequency (count) in each category. [\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 6<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240672[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"797453\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"797453\"]See the Count displayed on the vertical axis. [\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 7<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240673[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"915074\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"915074\"]To estimate a percent, first estimate the ratio of attacks in Australia to the total, then convert the ratio to a percent.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 id=\"PieChart\">Pie Charts<\/h3>\r\nPie charts display data in a round graph, split into \"pie pieces,\" each representing a relative frequency. A key is provided to identify the categories associated with each relative frequency. Pie charts are useful for visually comparing relative frequencies.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Interactive example<\/h3>\r\nLet's say we were interested in comparing the percentage of shark attacks occurring in the United States and Australia versus the rest of the globe. We could create pie chart like the one below. This chart takes [latex]689[\/latex] international shark attacks and divides them into three categories: attacks occurring in the United States, in Australia, and all other locations.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1069\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/11233917\/3A-Pie-Chart.png\" alt=\"A pie chart of International Shark Attacks showing 56.2% in the United States, 18.1% in Australia, and 25.7% in other countries\" width=\"555\" height=\"357\" \/>\r\n\r\nUse this pie chart to answer the following questions.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What percent of attacks happened in Australia?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Approximately how many of the total 689 attacks happened in Australia?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nIf needed, see the recall box below to refresh how to determine what number a certain percent represents in a given total.\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"645182\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"645182\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>[latex]18.1\\%[\/latex] of all attacks happened in Australia, which we can read directly from the chart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>About [latex]125[\/latex] attacks happened in Australia.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">This is same as asking the question\u00a0<em>what is<\/em> [latex]\\textit{18.1%}[\/latex] <em>of<\/em> [latex]\\textit{689}[\/latex]?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]0.181\\times689=124.709[\/latex], which rounds up to [latex]125[\/latex].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>Relative frequencies written as percentages are often approximations due to having rounded them for the display. For this reason, the percentages don't always add up to exactly [latex]100[\/latex]%, but they will be close.<\/em><\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>recall<\/h3>\r\nWhen working with percentages, it is often helpful to convert them to counts.\r\n\r\nCore skill:\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"66574\"]Given a total, convert a percent of the total into a number.[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"66574\"]\r\n\r\nLet's use the percentage of shark attacks in North Carolina from the table above as an example.\r\n\r\nWe know that [latex]23[\/latex] of the U.S. attacks happened in North Carolina, which represented [latex]5.94[\/latex]% of the total [latex]387[\/latex] attacks. Let's work backwards to obtain the number [latex]23[\/latex] given the percent and total.\r\n\r\nEx. Given that [latex]5.94[\/latex]% of [latex]387[\/latex] attacks occurred in North Carolina, how many attacks is that?\r\n\r\nFirst, we'll need to translate [latex]5.94[\/latex]% into a number. To do so, drop the percent symbol and divide by [latex]100[\/latex] (move the decimal two places to the left).\u00a0[latex]5.94[\/latex]% becomes [latex]0.0594[\/latex].\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]\\dfrac{5.94}{100}=0.0594[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nThen, multiply the total by [latex]0.0594[\/latex] ([latex]5.94[\/latex]%\u00a0<em>of<\/em> [latex]387[\/latex]; commonly in math the word\u00a0<em>of<\/em> translates to\u00a0<em>multiply<\/em>)\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]\\dfrac{5.94}{100}\\times387=0.0594 \\times 387 = 22.9878 \\approx 23[\/latex].<\/p>\r\n<strong>[latex]5.94[\/latex]% of the total represents about [latex]23[\/latex] shark attacks.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhy did we obtain [latex]22.9878[\/latex] as our answer rather than [latex]23[\/latex]? Recall that we had rounded the answer to [latex]\\frac{23}{387}[\/latex] to obtain the proportion [latex]0.0594[\/latex] and percent [latex]5.94[\/latex]%.\u00a0We've reversed the process we initially applied to write [latex]\\frac{23}{387}[\/latex] as a percent!\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow it's your turn. Here is the pie chart from the interactive example above showing the relative frequencies of all [latex]689[\/latex] international shark attacks that occurred in the U.S., Australia, and all other locations.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1069\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/11233917\/3A-Pie-Chart.png\" alt=\"A pie chart of International Shark Attacks showing 56.2% in the United States, 18.1% in Australia, and 25.7% in other countries\" width=\"555\" height=\"357\" \/>\r\n\r\nUse the pie chart above to answer the following two questions.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 8<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240674[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"667791\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"667791\"]Use the key to discover which pie slice represents the percentage of attacks in the U.S.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 9<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240675[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"998027\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"998027\"]See the recall box for help converting a percent to a count.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nLet's try one more.\u00a0The following is a pie chart of [latex]387[\/latex] shark attacks in the United States. Use the information from the table to determine how many shark attacks in each of the two categories shown.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1070\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/11234032\/3A-Pie-Chart-2.png\" alt=\"A pie chart of shark attacks in the United States showing 52.5% in Florida and 47.5% in all other states\" width=\"589\" height=\"378\" \/>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 10<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240676[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"216877\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"216877\"]There were 387 total attacks (given in the text above). See the pie chart key to obtain the necessary percentage. Round to the nearest whole number (up or down).[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 11<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240677[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"17985\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"17985\"]There were 387 total attacks (given in the text above). See the pie chart key to obtain the necessary percentage. Round to the nearest whole number (up or down).[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nYou've seen how to read information presented in frequency tables, bar charts, and pie charts and you've learned to calculate relative frequencies. You've also seen how to interpret the information displayed, and that sometimes it is helpful to convert numbers between ratios, proportions, and percentages in doing so. If you feel comfortable with these skills, then it's time to move on to the next section.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Goals<\/h3>\n<p>This activity provides an opportunity to refresh the following skills:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Round decimals to a specified place value<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#FractionProportion\">Convert decimals and fractions to percents<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ProportionPercent\">Convert fractions or mixed numbers to decimals<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#PercentNumber\">Find the unknown in a percent problem<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You will also become familiar with these skills:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#FreqTable\">Read and interpret a frequency table<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#BarGraph\">Read and interpret a bar graph<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#PieChart\">Read and interpret a pie chart<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Throughout much of this course you will need to read and interpret <strong>frequency tables<\/strong>, <strong>bar graphs<\/strong>, and <strong>pie charts<\/strong>. These kinds of tables, graphs, and charts help us to visualize data collected about a situation in order to understand it clearly. To help you gain familiarity and practice with these ideas before the course section begins, let&#8217;s work with a small data set to see what methods are available to us for visualizing the data. You&#8217;ll also need an understanding of percentages and relative frequencies. Look for the recall boxes in the text and\/or refer to the Student Resource pages indicated there if you need a refresher.<\/p>\n<h2>Shark Attacks<\/h2>\n<p>In this corequisite support activity, we&#8217;ll look at shark attacks in the United States and internationally. We will see how visual displays like tables and graphs can help us analyze the number of shark attacks that occur in each country or U. S. state.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2412\" style=\"width: 330px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2412\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2412\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/31142708\/Carcharodon_carcharias.jpg\" alt=\"a great white shark, swimming, its mouth slightly open\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2412\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carcharodon carcharias<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>To frame the landscape for this activity, think about shark attacks for a moment. What areas of the country or the world seem to be associated with a lot of interaction between sharks and humans? The United States and Australia might come to mind. Consider the two questions below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>In the United States, which state do you think has the most shark attacks?<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Which country in the world do you think has the most?\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">We can use data to answer questions like this. We&#8217;ll need to organize and visualize the data first to make it useful for drawing conclusions. A tool that is commonly used to organize data like the number of shark attacks per location is a frequency table.<br \/>\n<span id=\"FreqTable\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Frequency tables<\/h3>\n<p>Frequency tables include information about a number of times something occurs, also known as the <strong>frequency<\/strong> of occurrences. One column in the table lists different categories or groups. Another column lists the frequency of occurrences associated with each category or group.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Interactive Example<\/h3>\n<p>Suppose your school has decided to get a large number of people together for an evening to watch the popular TV show,\u00a0<em>Shark Week<\/em>. The refreshment committee sent out a survey asking everyone to list a preference for one of 5 snack options and received 73 responses. The table below lists all the snacks on the survey and the number of people who listed each as their preference.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\">Refreshment Options for\u00a0<em>Shark Week<\/em> Watch Party<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Snack<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Count<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Pizza<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Sliders<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Chip and Dip<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Wings<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Veggie Tray and Dip<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol>\n<li>How many people said they would prefer chip and dip as the refreshment at the party?<\/li>\n<li>What were the least two favorite snacks of all the responses?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q119543\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q119543\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>12<\/li>\n<li>Veggie Tray and Chip and Dip<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now you try it with the shark attack data listed below.<\/p>\n<p>Below is a frequency table of shark attacks in the United States.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u00a0Sharks US only (csv). (n.d.). The Art &amp; Science of Learning from Data. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385\u00a0\" id=\"return-footnote-217-1\" href=\"#footnote-217-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0A <strong>fre<\/strong><strong>quency table<\/strong> organizes categorical data by listing the different possible categories and the number of times each category occurs in the dataset. For example, in the table below, we see that over some period of time California had [latex]33[\/latex] shark attacks, Florida had [latex]203[\/latex], and so on.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table style=\"width: 349px; height: 161px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 462.415px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Shark Attacks in the United States<\/strong><em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U.S. State<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Count<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>California<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]33[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Florida<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]203[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Hawaii<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]51[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>North Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]23[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]27[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>South Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]34[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Texas<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]16[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 1<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240628\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240628&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240628\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q853984\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q853984\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">In the table, find the two highest frequencies of shark attacks and note their associated states.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 2<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240630\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240630&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240630\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q548239\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q548239\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">How many total shark attacks are listed in the table above for all the listed states combined.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 3<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240668\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240668&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240668\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q501422\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q501422\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">What do <em>you<\/em> think?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Relative frequency<\/h3>\n<p>When considering data in a frequency table, we often want to know how much a certain frequency represents of the total. For example, 23 shark attacks in North Carolina sounds like quite a lot. But how much of all shark attacks do those 23 represent? Knowing the answer to that may help us feel better about deciding on a location for a beach vacation. Listing the relative frequency for each of the counts in a table will help to understand this.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>relative frequency<\/strong>\u00a0is a proportion (or percentage) of a particular category out of the entire group. See the interactive example below for a demonstration of how to calculate the relative frequency of shark attacks in North Carolina. You may wish to refresh your skills to convert fractions to proportions or percentages in the Recall box first.<br \/>\n<span id=\"FractionProportion\"><\/span><span id=\"ProportionPercent\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>recall<\/h3>\n<p>To write the <strong>relative frequency<\/strong> of an item in a frequency table, divide the frequency (count) of an item by the total frequency of the table.<\/p>\n<p>Ex. Calculate the relative frequency of shark attacks in North Carolina as a proportion rounded to [latex]4[\/latex] decimal places.<\/p>\n<p>Core Skill:<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q379767\">Convert a fraction to a proportion (decimal) and round.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q379767\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>[latex]23[\/latex] out of the [latex]387[\/latex] attacks occurred in N.C. We&#8217;ll write this as [latex]\\dfrac{23}{387}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p>To convert a fraction to a proportion (a decimal), divide the numerator by the denominator using a calculator.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]23\\div 387=0.0594315245...[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>To round a number to a certain number of places, check the number to right of that place.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If the number to the right is [latex]0 - 4[\/latex], keep desired place value the same and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If the number to the right is [latex]5 - 9[\/latex], round the desired place value up one and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\n<p>Round the proportion [latex]0.0594315245...[\/latex] to four decimal places.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]0.0594\\fbox{3}...[\/latex] We see that the place to the right of four decimal places includes a [latex]3[\/latex] so we don&#8217;t need to round up. We&#8217;ll keep [latex]0.0594[\/latex] and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The proportion of attacks in North Carolina is [latex]0.0594[\/latex].<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Core Skill:<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q342198\">Convert a proportion to a percentage.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q342198\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>To convert a proportion (decimal) to a percentage, multiply the proportion by [latex]100[\/latex] and append a percent symbol, %.<\/p>\n<p>Ex. The proportion of shark attacks occurring in North Carolina was [latex]0.0594[\/latex], rounded to [latex]4[\/latex] decimal places.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Multiply this number by [latex]100[\/latex] and append the percent symbol. To multiply any number by [latex]100[\/latex], move the decimal two places to the right.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]0.0594\\times100=5.94[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>[latex]5.94[\/latex]% of all shark attacks occurred in North Carolina.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">[Also see Corequisite Support Activities 1E and 2D for more practice.]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Interactive example<\/h3>\n<p>For example, in the table Shark Attacks in the United States, we can see that the [latex]23[\/latex] shark attacks in North Carolina were\u00a0 out of [latex]387[\/latex] shark attacks in all the states combined. If we want to know what proportion or percentage of the total attacks occurred in North Carolina, we can express them as a ratio (fraction), then convert the ratio to a proportion (decimal) or a percentage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]\\dfrac{\\text{# attacks in N.C.}}{\\text{# total attacks}}=\\dfrac{23}{387} \\approx0.0594[\/latex] or about [latex]5.94[\/latex]%<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">We can express the relative frequency by saying either of the following.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: center;\"><em style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The proportion of U.S. shark attacks in North Carolina is [latex]0.0594[\/latex]\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\"><em>A<\/em><\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em;\">bout [latex]5.94[\/latex]% of U.S. shark attacks occurred in North Carolina.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Compute the relative frequencies for each of the following location. Recall that there were [latex]387[\/latex] total attacks.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>California: [latex]33[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\n<li>Florida: [latex]203[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\n<li>Hawaii: [latex]51[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q117054\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q117054\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>[latex]\\dfrac{33}{387}=0.0853\\text{ or } 8.53\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]\\dfrac{203}{387}=0.5245\\text{ or } 52.45\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]\\dfrac{51}{387}=0.1318\\text{ or } 13.18\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Frequency tables commonly include a column for relative frequency, expressed as a proportion (decimal) or a percent. See the Recall box above for a refresher on how to convert fractions to proportions and percentages then complete the missing information in the table below.<\/p>\n<p>Recall that a relative frequency represents the proportion or percentage of a particular frequency out of the total frequency. The table below contains the same information as the one you examined above, but adds columns for\u00a0<em>Proportion<\/em> and <em>Percent\u00a0<\/em>(%). For example, we can see in the table that the proportion of shark attacks that occurred in California out of the total number of shark attacks is [latex]0.0853[\/latex], which is equivalent to [latex]8.53[\/latex]% of all the shark attacks listed. In the following question, you&#8217;ll need to compute the missing proportion and percent for the rows <em>Other<\/em>, <em>South Carolina<\/em>, and <em>Texas<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table style=\"height: 122px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 10px; width: 404.5px;\" colspan=\"4\"><strong>Shark Attacks in the United States<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U.S. State<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Count<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Proportion<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Percent (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>California<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]33[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.0853[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]8.53[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Florida<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]203[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.5245[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]52.45[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Hawaii<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]51[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.1318[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]13.18[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>North Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]23[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.0594[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]5.94[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]27[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>South Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]34[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Texas<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]16[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 4<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240669\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240669&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240669\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q225903\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q225903\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">See the Recall box above to refresh these skills.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"BarGraph\">Bar graphs<\/h3>\n<p>Bar graphs are visual displays of data in which the frequency of each category listed across the horizontal axis is indicated by the height of its corresponding rectangular bar (or the length if the graph is displayed horizontally). Bar graphs can be displayed vertically, as the ones you&#8217;ll see here, or horizontally. See the interactive example below for a demonstration of how to read a bar graph.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Interactive example<\/h3>\n<p>The graph you see here is a portion of a larger graph that you&#8217;ll see following this demonstration. The full graph will display data about internationally occurring shark attacks. This portion shows just the attacks in the United States. The states are listed, one by one across the horizontal axis. Each bar rises to a number along the vertical axis representing the number of shark attacks recorded in that state.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1068\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5772\/2022\/02\/14163508\/3A_BarGraph_Example.png\" alt=\"A bar graph Titled Shark Attacks in the U.S. show the states Florida, Hawaii, South Caroline, California, and North Carolina along the horizontal axis. The vertical axis is labeled Count. The bar above Florida rises to just above 200. The bar above Hawaii rises to about 50. The bars above South Carolina and California rise to approximately the same height, at about 35 and the bar above North Carolina rises the least, to about 25.\" width=\"653\" height=\"350\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Use this chart (rather than the frequency table you saw earlier) to answer the following questions.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>According to the bar graph, about how many shark attacks occurred in Florida?<\/li>\n<li>What two states appear to have recorded about the same number of attacks?<\/li>\n<li>About how many attacks does the bar graph indicate occurred in Hawaii?<\/li>\n<li>About how many attacks occurred in North Carolina?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q718230\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q718230\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>It looks like about 200 attacks were in Florida.<\/li>\n<li>South Carolina and California appear to have recorded about 35 each.<\/li>\n<li>Hawaii had about 50 shark attacks.<\/li>\n<li>North Carolina had about 25 attacks.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p>Now it&#8217;s your turn to try reading a bar graph. The image below is\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">a bar graph (also known as a bar chart) of [latex]689[\/latex] shark attacks across the globe.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Sharks (csv). (n.d.). The Art &amp; Science of Learning from Data. Retrieved from https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharks.csv?ver=1622756678385\" id=\"return-footnote-217-2\" href=\"#footnote-217-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> Note that each country or state is listed along the horizontal axis. The height of each bar provides a visual representation of the number (count) of shark attacks that occurred in each country. We cannot read the exact frequency of each bar from a bar graph. Rather, the display helps us to visualize the frequencies relative to one another.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1067 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/11233624\/3A-Bar-Chart.png\" alt=\"A bar graph of shark attacks across various regions. The vertical axis is labeled &quot;Count&quot; and numbered in increments of 50 up to 200 and the horizontal is labeled &quot;Region.&quot; The bar for Florida reaches the top of the chart. The bar for Hawaii goes to the line at 50. The bar for South Carolina goes approximately two thirds of the way to the line at 50. The bar for California goes approximately two thirds of the way to the line at 50. The bar for North Carolina goes approximately halfway to the line at 50. The bar for Australia goes to approximately halfway between the line at 100 and the line at 150. The bar for South Africa goes almost to the line at 50. The bar for Reunion Island goes approximately one third of the way to the line at 50. The bar for Brazil goes approximately one third of the way to the line at 50. The bar for the Bahamas goes approximately one fifth of the way to the line at 50. The bar for other regions goes to approximately three quarters of the way between the line at 100 and the line at 150.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"293\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Use the chart to answer the questions below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 5<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240678\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240678&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240678\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q528508\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q528508\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The height of the bars in the graph indicate the frequency (count) in each category. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 6<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240672\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240672&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240672\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q797453\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q797453\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">See the Count displayed on the vertical axis. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 7<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240673\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240673&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240673\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q915074\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q915074\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">To estimate a percent, first estimate the ratio of attacks in Australia to the total, then convert the ratio to a percent.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"PieChart\">Pie Charts<\/h3>\n<p>Pie charts display data in a round graph, split into &#8220;pie pieces,&#8221; each representing a relative frequency. A key is provided to identify the categories associated with each relative frequency. Pie charts are useful for visually comparing relative frequencies.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Interactive example<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s say we were interested in comparing the percentage of shark attacks occurring in the United States and Australia versus the rest of the globe. We could create pie chart like the one below. This chart takes [latex]689[\/latex] international shark attacks and divides them into three categories: attacks occurring in the United States, in Australia, and all other locations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1069\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/11233917\/3A-Pie-Chart.png\" alt=\"A pie chart of International Shark Attacks showing 56.2% in the United States, 18.1% in Australia, and 25.7% in other countries\" width=\"555\" height=\"357\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Use this pie chart to answer the following questions.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>What percent of attacks happened in Australia?<\/li>\n<li>Approximately how many of the total 689 attacks happened in Australia?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>If needed, see the recall box below to refresh how to determine what number a certain percent represents in a given total.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q645182\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q645182\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>[latex]18.1\\%[\/latex] of all attacks happened in Australia, which we can read directly from the chart.<\/li>\n<li>About [latex]125[\/latex] attacks happened in Australia.\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">This is same as asking the question\u00a0<em>what is<\/em> [latex]\\textit{18.1%}[\/latex] <em>of<\/em> [latex]\\textit{689}[\/latex]?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>[latex]0.181\\times689=124.709[\/latex], which rounds up to [latex]125[\/latex].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>Relative frequencies written as percentages are often approximations due to having rounded them for the display. For this reason, the percentages don&#8217;t always add up to exactly [latex]100[\/latex]%, but they will be close.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>recall<\/h3>\n<p>When working with percentages, it is often helpful to convert them to counts.<\/p>\n<p>Core skill:<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q66574\">Given a total, convert a percent of the total into a number.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q66574\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>Let&#8217;s use the percentage of shark attacks in North Carolina from the table above as an example.<\/p>\n<p>We know that [latex]23[\/latex] of the U.S. attacks happened in North Carolina, which represented [latex]5.94[\/latex]% of the total [latex]387[\/latex] attacks. Let&#8217;s work backwards to obtain the number [latex]23[\/latex] given the percent and total.<\/p>\n<p>Ex. Given that [latex]5.94[\/latex]% of [latex]387[\/latex] attacks occurred in North Carolina, how many attacks is that?<\/p>\n<p>First, we&#8217;ll need to translate [latex]5.94[\/latex]% into a number. To do so, drop the percent symbol and divide by [latex]100[\/latex] (move the decimal two places to the left).\u00a0[latex]5.94[\/latex]% becomes [latex]0.0594[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]\\dfrac{5.94}{100}=0.0594[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>Then, multiply the total by [latex]0.0594[\/latex] ([latex]5.94[\/latex]%\u00a0<em>of<\/em> [latex]387[\/latex]; commonly in math the word\u00a0<em>of<\/em> translates to\u00a0<em>multiply<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]\\dfrac{5.94}{100}\\times387=0.0594 \\times 387 = 22.9878 \\approx 23[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>[latex]5.94[\/latex]% of the total represents about [latex]23[\/latex] shark attacks.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Why did we obtain [latex]22.9878[\/latex] as our answer rather than [latex]23[\/latex]? Recall that we had rounded the answer to [latex]\\frac{23}{387}[\/latex] to obtain the proportion [latex]0.0594[\/latex] and percent [latex]5.94[\/latex]%.\u00a0We&#8217;ve reversed the process we initially applied to write [latex]\\frac{23}{387}[\/latex] as a percent!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now it&#8217;s your turn. Here is the pie chart from the interactive example above showing the relative frequencies of all [latex]689[\/latex] international shark attacks that occurred in the U.S., Australia, and all other locations.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1069\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/11233917\/3A-Pie-Chart.png\" alt=\"A pie chart of International Shark Attacks showing 56.2% in the United States, 18.1% in Australia, and 25.7% in other countries\" width=\"555\" height=\"357\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Use the pie chart above to answer the following two questions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 8<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240674\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240674&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240674\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q667791\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q667791\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Use the key to discover which pie slice represents the percentage of attacks in the U.S.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 9<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240675\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240675&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240675\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q998027\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q998027\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">See the recall box for help converting a percent to a count.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Let&#8217;s try one more.\u00a0The following is a pie chart of [latex]387[\/latex] shark attacks in the United States. Use the information from the table to determine how many shark attacks in each of the two categories shown.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1070\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/11234032\/3A-Pie-Chart-2.png\" alt=\"A pie chart of shark attacks in the United States showing 52.5% in Florida and 47.5% in all other states\" width=\"589\" height=\"378\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 10<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240676\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240676&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240676\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q216877\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q216877\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">There were 387 total attacks (given in the text above). See the pie chart key to obtain the necessary percentage. Round to the nearest whole number (up or down).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 11<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240677\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240677&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240677\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q17985\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q17985\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">There were 387 total attacks (given in the text above). See the pie chart key to obtain the necessary percentage. Round to the nearest whole number (up or down).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>You&#8217;ve seen how to read information presented in frequency tables, bar charts, and pie charts and you&#8217;ve learned to calculate relative frequencies. You&#8217;ve also seen how to interpret the information displayed, and that sometimes it is helpful to convert numbers between ratios, proportions, and percentages in doing so. If you feel comfortable with these skills, then it&#8217;s time to move on to the next section.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-217\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introductory Statistics: Analyzing Data with Purpose, First Edition 2021. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.utdanacenter.org\/our-work\/higher-education\/curricular-resources-higher-education\/introductory-statistics-analyzing-data-purpose-isap\">https:\/\/www.utdanacenter.org\/our-work\/higher-education\/curricular-resources-higher-education\/introductory-statistics-analyzing-data-purpose-isap<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-217-1\">\u00a0Sharks US only (csv). (n.d.). The Art &amp; Science of Learning from Data. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385\">https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385<\/a>\u00a0 <a href=\"#return-footnote-217-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-217-2\">Sharks (csv). (n.d.). The Art &amp; Science of Learning from Data. Retrieved from https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharks.csv?ver=1622756678385 <a href=\"#return-footnote-217-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":175116,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Introductory Statistics: Analyzing Data with Purpose, First Edition 2021\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The Charles A. 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