{"id":5763,"date":"2016-07-19T18:03:46","date_gmt":"2016-07-19T18:03:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/macroeconomics\/?post_type=chapter&p=5763"},"modified":"2017-08-17T05:27:15","modified_gmt":"2017-08-17T05:27:15","slug":"reading-understanding-economics-and-scarcity","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/hccs-macroeconomics-3\/chapter\/reading-understanding-economics-and-scarcity\/","title":{"raw":"Choices and Opportunity Cost","rendered":"Choices and Opportunity Cost"},"content":{"raw":"\"Photo<\/a>\r\n

Choices<\/h2>\r\nWhen faced with limited resources, we have to make choices. Again, economics is the study of how humans make choices under conditions of scarcity. These decisions can be made by individuals, families, businesses, or societies.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6312\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\"<\/a> The Economic problem of scarcity[\/caption]\r\n\r\n
\r\n

In 1968, the Rolling Stones recorded \u201cYou Can\u2019t Always Get What You Want.\u201d Economists chuckled, because they had been singing a similar tune for decades. English economist Lionel Robbins (1898\u20131984), in his Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science<\/em> in 1932, described not always getting what you want in this way:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

The time at our disposal is limited. There are only twenty-four hours in the day. We have to choose between the different uses to which they may be put. ... Everywhere we turn, if we choose one thing we must relinquish others which, in different circumstances, we would wish not to have relinquished. Scarcity of means to satisfy given ends is an almost ubiquitous condition of human nature.<\/em><\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

The Economic Problem of Scarcity<\/span><\/h2>\r\nEvery society, at every level, must make choices about how to use its resources. Families must decide whether to spend their money on a new car or a fancy vacation. Towns must choose whether to put more of the budget into police and fire protection or into the school system. Nations must decide whether to devote more funds to national defense or to protecting the environment. In most cases, there just isn't enough money in the budget to do everything.\r\n\r\nEconomics helps us understand the decisions that\u00a0individuals, families, businesses, or societies make, given the fact that there are never enough resources to address all needs and desires.\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Opportunity Cost<\/h1>\r\n<\/section>Since resources are limited, every time you make a choice about how to use them, you are also choosing to forego other options. Economists use the term opportunity cost<\/strong> to indicate what must be given up to obtain something that's desired. A fundamental principle of economics is that every choice has an opportunity cost. If you sleep through your economics class (not recommended, by the way), the opportunity cost is the learning you miss. If you spend your income on video games, you cannot spend it on movies. In short, opportunity cost is all around us.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6315\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"375\"]\"\"<\/a> Opportunity cost[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe idea behind opportunity cost is that the cost of one item is the lost opportunity to do or consume something else; in short, opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSince people must choose, they inevitably face trade-offs in which they have to give up things they desire to get other things they desire more<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n
More about opportunity cost:https:\/\/youtu.be\/PSU-_n81QT0\r\n

\u00a0Identifying Opportunity Cost<\/h1>\r\n

In many cases, it is reasonable to refer to the opportunity cost as the price<\/span>. If your cousin buys a new bicycle for $300, then $300 measures the amount of \u201cother consumption\u201d that he has given up. For practical purposes, there may be no special need to identify the specific alternative product or products that could have been bought with that $300, but sometimes the price as measured in dollars may not accurately capture the true opportunity cost. This problem can loom especially large when costs of time are involved<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n

For example, consider a boss who decides that all employees will attend a two-day retreat to \u201cbuild team spirit.\u201d The out-of-pocket monetary cost of the event may involve hiring an outside consulting firm to run the retreat, as well as room and board for all participants. But an opportunity cost exists as well: during the two days of the retreat, none of the employees are doing any other work.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6320\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"375\"]\"\"<\/a> Opportunity Cost[\/caption]\r\n

Attending college is another case where the opportunity cost exceeds the monetary cost<\/strong>. The out-of-pocket costs of attending college include tuition, books, room and board, and other expenses. But in addition, during the hours that you are attending class and studying, it is impossible to work at a paying job. Thus, college imposes both an out-of-pocket cost and an opportunity cost of lost earnings.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n

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WHAT IS THE OPPORTUNITY COST ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED AIRPORT SECURITY MEASURES?<\/div>\r\n<\/header>
\r\n

After the terrorist plane hijackings on September 11, 2001, many steps were proposed to improve air travel safety. For example, the federal government could provide armed \u201csky marshals\u201d who would travel inconspicuously with the rest of the passengers. The cost of having a sky marshal on every flight would be roughly $3 billion per year. Retrofitting all U.S. planes with reinforced cockpit doors to make it harder for terrorists to take over the plane would have a price tag of $450 million. Buying more sophisticated security equipment for airports, like three-dimensional baggage scanners and cameras linked to face recognition software, could cost another $2 billion.<\/p>\r\n

But the single biggest cost of greater airline security does not involve spending money. It is the opportunity cost of additional waiting time<\/strong> at the airport. According to the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), more than 800 million passengers took plane trips in the United States in 2012. Since the 9\/11 hijackings, security screening has become more intensive, and consequently, the procedure takes longer than in the past. Say that, on average, each air passenger spends an extra 30 minutes in the airport per trip. Economists commonly place a value on time to convert an opportunity cost in time into a monetary figure. Because many air travelers are relatively high-paid business people, conservative estimates set the average price of time for air travelers at $20 per hour. By these back-of-the-envelope calculations, the opportunity cost of delays in airports could be as much as 800 million \u00d7 0.5 hours \u00d7 $20\/hour, or $8 billion per year. Clearly, the opportunity costs of waiting time can be just as important as costs that involve direct spending.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n
\r\n
In some cases, realizing the opportunity cost can alter behavior. Imagine, for example, that you spend $8 on lunch every day at work. You may know perfectly well that bringing a lunch from home would cost only $3 a day, so the opportunity cost of buying lunch at the restaurant is $5 each day (that is, the $8 buying lunch costs minus the $3 your lunch from home would cost). $5 each day does not seem to be that much. However, if you project what that adds up to in a year\u2014250 days a year \u00d7 $5 per day equals $1,250, the cost, perhaps, of a decent vacation. If the opportunity cost is described as \u201ca nice vacation\u201d instead of \u201c$5 a day,\u201d you might make different choices.<\/div>\r\n<\/header><\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"

\"Photo<\/a><\/p>\n

Choices<\/h2>\n

When faced with limited resources, we have to make choices. Again, economics is the study of how humans make choices under conditions of scarcity. These decisions can be made by individuals, families, businesses, or societies.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

The Economic problem of scarcity<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

In 1968, the Rolling Stones recorded \u201cYou Can\u2019t Always Get What You Want.\u201d Economists chuckled, because they had been singing a similar tune for decades. English economist Lionel Robbins (1898\u20131984), in his Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science<\/em> in 1932, described not always getting what you want in this way:<\/p>\n

The time at our disposal is limited. There are only twenty-four hours in the day. We have to choose between the different uses to which they may be put. … Everywhere we turn, if we choose one thing we must relinquish others which, in different circumstances, we would wish not to have relinquished. Scarcity of means to satisfy given ends is an almost ubiquitous condition of human nature.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n

The Economic Problem of Scarcity<\/span><\/h2>\n

Every society, at every level, must make choices about how to use its resources. Families must decide whether to spend their money on a new car or a fancy vacation. Towns must choose whether to put more of the budget into police and fire protection or into the school system. Nations must decide whether to devote more funds to national defense or to protecting the environment. In most cases, there just isn’t enough money in the budget to do everything.<\/p>\n

Economics helps us understand the decisions that\u00a0individuals, families, businesses, or societies make, given the fact that there are never enough resources to address all needs and desires.<\/p>\n

\n

Opportunity Cost<\/h1>\n<\/section>\n

Since resources are limited, every time you make a choice about how to use them, you are also choosing to forego other options. Economists use the term opportunity cost<\/strong> to indicate what must be given up to obtain something that’s desired. A fundamental principle of economics is that every choice has an opportunity cost. If you sleep through your economics class (not recommended, by the way), the opportunity cost is the learning you miss. If you spend your income on video games, you cannot spend it on movies. In short, opportunity cost is all around us.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Opportunity cost<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The idea behind opportunity cost is that the cost of one item is the lost opportunity to do or consume something else; in short, opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Since people must choose, they inevitably face trade-offs in which they have to give up things they desire to get other things they desire more<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

More about opportunity cost:https:\/\/youtu.be\/PSU-_n81QT0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Identifying Opportunity Cost<\/h1>\n

In many cases, it is reasonable to refer to the opportunity cost as the price<\/span>. If your cousin buys a new bicycle for $300, then $300 measures the amount of \u201cother consumption\u201d that he has given up. For practical purposes, there may be no special need to identify the specific alternative product or products that could have been bought with that $300, but sometimes the price as measured in dollars may not accurately capture the true opportunity cost. This problem can loom especially large when costs of time are involved<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

For example, consider a boss who decides that all employees will attend a two-day retreat to \u201cbuild team spirit.\u201d The out-of-pocket monetary cost of the event may involve hiring an outside consulting firm to run the retreat, as well as room and board for all participants. But an opportunity cost exists as well: during the two days of the retreat, none of the employees are doing any other work.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Opportunity Cost<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Attending college is another case where the opportunity cost exceeds the monetary cost<\/strong>. The out-of-pocket costs of attending college include tuition, books, room and board, and other expenses. But in addition, during the hours that you are attending class and studying, it is impossible to work at a paying job. Thus, college imposes both an out-of-pocket cost and an opportunity cost of lost earnings.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
WHAT IS THE OPPORTUNITY COST ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED AIRPORT SECURITY MEASURES?<\/div>\n<\/header>\n
\n

After the terrorist plane hijackings on September 11, 2001, many steps were proposed to improve air travel safety. For example, the federal government could provide armed \u201csky marshals\u201d who would travel inconspicuously with the rest of the passengers. The cost of having a sky marshal on every flight would be roughly $3 billion per year. Retrofitting all U.S. planes with reinforced cockpit doors to make it harder for terrorists to take over the plane would have a price tag of $450 million. Buying more sophisticated security equipment for airports, like three-dimensional baggage scanners and cameras linked to face recognition software, could cost another $2 billion.<\/p>\n

But the single biggest cost of greater airline security does not involve spending money. It is the opportunity cost of additional waiting time<\/strong> at the airport. According to the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), more than 800 million passengers took plane trips in the United States in 2012. Since the 9\/11 hijackings, security screening has become more intensive, and consequently, the procedure takes longer than in the past. Say that, on average, each air passenger spends an extra 30 minutes in the airport per trip. Economists commonly place a value on time to convert an opportunity cost in time into a monetary figure. Because many air travelers are relatively high-paid business people, conservative estimates set the average price of time for air travelers at $20 per hour. By these back-of-the-envelope calculations, the opportunity cost of delays in airports could be as much as 800 million \u00d7 0.5 hours \u00d7 $20\/hour, or $8 billion per year. Clearly, the opportunity costs of waiting time can be just as important as costs that involve direct spending.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n
In some cases, realizing the opportunity cost can alter behavior. Imagine, for example, that you spend $8 on lunch every day at work. You may know perfectly well that bringing a lunch from home would cost only $3 a day, so the opportunity cost of buying lunch at the restaurant is $5 each day (that is, the $8 buying lunch costs minus the $3 your lunch from home would cost). $5 each day does not seem to be that much. However, if you project what that adds up to in a year\u2014250 days a year \u00d7 $5 per day equals $1,250, the cost, perhaps, of a decent vacation. If the opportunity cost is described as \u201ca nice vacation\u201d instead of \u201c$5 a day,\u201d you might make different choices.<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t
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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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CC licensed content, Original<\/div>