Learning Outcomes
- Calculate means, medians, and modes for a set of data
- Determine if a mean or median is a better representation for the center of a set of data
The “center” of a data set is also a way of describing location. The two most widely used measures of the “center” of the data are the mean (average) and the median. To calculate the mean weight of [latex]50[/latex] people, add the [latex]50[/latex] weights together and divide by [latex]50[/latex]. To find the median weight of the [latex]50[/latex] people, order the data and find the number that splits the data into two equal parts. The median is generally a better measure of the center when there are extreme values or outliers because it is not affected by the precise numerical values of the outliers. The mean is the most common measure of the center.
Note
The words “mean” and “average” are often used interchangeably. The substitution of one word for the other is common practice. The technical term is “arithmetic mean” and “average” is technically a center location. However, in practice among non-statisticians, “average” is commonly accepted for “arithmetic mean.”
When each value in the data set is not unique, the mean can be calculated by multiplying each distinct value by its frequency and then dividing the sum by the total number of data values. The letter used to represent the sample mean is an [latex]x[/latex] with a bar over it (read “[latex]x[/latex] bar”): [latex]\displaystyle\overline{{x}}[/latex].
The Greek letter [latex]μ[/latex] (pronounced “mew”) represents the population mean. One of the requirements for the sample mean to be a good estimate of the population mean is for the sample taken to be truly random.
To see that both ways of calculating the mean are the same, consider this sample:
[latex]1[/latex]; [latex]1[/latex]; [latex]1[/latex]; [latex]2[/latex]; [latex]2[/latex]; [latex]3[/latex]; [latex]4[/latex]; [latex]4[/latex]; [latex]4[/latex]; [latex]4[/latex]; [latex]4[/latex]
Recall: Evaluating Algebraic Expression
To evaluate an algebraic expression, you replace the variable in the expression with a value.
Example: Evaluate the following algebraic expression where [latex]n=99[/latex].
[latex]\frac{n+1}{2} = \frac{99+1}{2} = \frac{100}{2} = 50[/latex]
Recall: Summation Notation
Summation notation is used when multiple numbers in a set need to be added together. The Greek letter capital sigma, [latex]\sigma[/latex], is used to represent the addition of the numbers in a set.
You can quickly find the location of the median by using the expression [latex]\displaystyle\frac{{{n}+{1}}}{{2}}[/latex].
The letter [latex]n[/latex] is the total number of data values in the sample. If [latex]n[/latex] is an odd number, the median is the middle value of the ordered data (ordered smallest to largest). If [latex]n[/latex] is an even number, the median is equal to the two middle values added together and divided by two after the data has been ordered. For example, if the total number of data values is [latex]97[/latex], then [latex]\displaystyle\frac{{{n}+{1}}}{{2}}=\frac{{{97}+{1}}}{{2}}={49}[/latex]. The median is the [latex]49[/latex]th value in the ordered data. If the total number of data values is [latex]100[/latex], then [latex]\displaystyle\frac{{{n}+{1}}}{{2}}=\frac{{{100}+{1}}}{{2}}[/latex] = [latex]50.5[/latex]. The median occurs midway between the [latex]50[/latex]th and [latex]51[/latex]st values. The location of the median and the value of the median are not the same. The upper case letter [latex]M[/latex] is often used to represent the median. The next example illustrates the location of the median and the value of the median.
Example
AIDS data indicating the number of months a patient with AIDS lives after taking a new antibody drug are as follows (smallest to largest):
[latex]3[/latex]; [latex]4[/latex]; [latex]8[/latex]; [latex]8[/latex]; [latex]10[/latex]; [latex]11[/latex]; [latex]12[/latex]; [latex]13[/latex]; [latex]14[/latex]; [latex]15[/latex]; [latex]15[/latex]; [latex]16[/latex]; [latex]16[/latex]; [latex]17[/latex]; [latex]17[/latex]; [latex]18[/latex]; [latex]21[/latex]; [latex]22[/latex]; [latex]22[/latex]; [latex]24[/latex]; [latex]24[/latex]; [latex]25[/latex]; [latex]26[/latex]; [latex]26[/latex]; [latex]27[/latex]; [latex]27[/latex]; [latex]29[/latex]; [latex]29[/latex]; [latex]31[/latex]; [latex]32[/latex]; [latex]33[/latex]; [latex]33[/latex]; [latex]34[/latex]; [latex]34[/latex]; [latex]35[/latex]; [latex]37[/latex]; [latex]40[/latex]; [latex]44[/latex]; [latex]44[/latex]; [latex]47[/latex]
Calculate the mean and the median.
Finding the Mean and the Median Using the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculator
Clear list L1. Pres STAT 4:ClrList. Enter 2nd 1 for list L1. Press ENTER.
Enter data into the list editor. Press STAT 1:EDIT.
Put the data values into list L1.
Press STAT and arrow to CALC. Press 1:1-VarStats. Press 2nd 1 for L1 and then ENTER.
Press the down and up arrow keys to scroll.
[latex]\displaystyle\overline{{x}}[/latex]= [latex]23.6[/latex], [latex]M[/latex] = [latex]24[/latex]
Try It
The following data show the number of months patients typically wait on a transplant list before getting surgery. The data are ordered from smallest to largest. Calculate the mean and median.
[latex]3[/latex]; [latex]4[/latex]; [latex]5[/latex]; [latex]7[/latex]; [latex]7[/latex]; [latex]7[/latex]; [latex]7[/latex]; [latex]8[/latex]; [latex]8[/latex]; [latex]9[/latex]; [latex]9[/latex]; [latex]10[/latex]; [latex]10[/latex]; [latex]10[/latex];[latex]10[/latex]; [latex]10[/latex]; [latex]11[/latex]; [latex]12[/latex]; [latex]12[/latex]; [latex]13[/latex]; [latex]14[/latex]; [latex]14[/latex]; [latex]15[/latex]; [latex]15[/latex]; [latex]17[/latex]; [latex]17[/latex]; [latex]18[/latex]; [latex]19[/latex];[latex]19[/latex]; [latex]19[/latex]; [latex]21[/latex]; [latex]21[/latex]; [latex]22[/latex]; [latex]22[/latex]; [latex]23[/latex]; [latex]24[/latex]; [latex]24[/latex]; [latex]24[/latex]; [latex]24[/latex]
example
Suppose that in a small town of [latex]50[/latex] people, one person earns $[latex]5,000,000[/latex] per year and the other [latex]49[/latex] each earn $[latex]30,000 [/latex]. Which is the better measure of the “center”: the mean or the median?
Try It
In a sample of [latex]60[/latex] households, one house is worth $[latex]2,500,000[/latex]. Half of the rest are worth $[latex]280,000[/latex], and all the others are worth $[latex]315,000[/latex]. Which is the better measure of the “center”: the mean or the median?
Another measure of the center is the mode. The mode is the most frequent value. There can be more than one mode in a data set as long as those values have the same frequency and that frequency is the highest. A data set with two modes is called bimodal.
Example
Statistics exam scores for [latex]20[/latex] students are as follows:
[latex]50[/latex], [latex]53[/latex], [latex]59[/latex], [latex]59[/latex], [latex]63[/latex], [latex]63[/latex], [latex]72[/latex], [latex]72[/latex], [latex]72[/latex], [latex]72[/latex], [latex]72[/latex], [latex]76[/latex], [latex]78[/latex], [latex]81[/latex], [latex]83[/latex], [latex]84[/latex], [latex]84[/latex], [latex]84[/latex], [latex]90[/latex], [latex]93[/latex]
Find the mode.
Try It
The number of books checked out from the library from [latex]25[/latex] students are as follows:
[latex]0[/latex], [latex]0[/latex], [latex]0[/latex], [latex]1[/latex], [latex]2[/latex], [latex]3[/latex], [latex]3[/latex], [latex]4[/latex], [latex]4[/latex], [latex]5[/latex], [latex]5[/latex], [latex]7[/latex], [latex]7[/latex], [latex]7[/latex], [latex]7[/latex], [latex]8[/latex], [latex]8[/latex], [latex]8[/latex], [latex]9[/latex], [latex]10[/latex], [latex]10[/latex], [latex]11[/latex], [latex]11[/latex], [latex]12[/latex], [latex]12[/latex]
Find the mode.
Example
Five real estate exam scores are [latex]430[/latex], [latex]430[/latex], [latex]480[/latex], [latex]480[/latex], [latex]495[/latex]. The data set is bimodal because the scores [latex]430[/latex] and [latex]480[/latex] each occur twice.
When is the mode the best measure of the “center”? Consider a weight loss program that advertises a mean weight loss of six pounds the first week of the program. The mode might indicate that most people lose two pounds the first week, making the program less appealing.
Note
The mode can be calculated for qualitative data as well as for quantitative data. For example, if the data set is: red, red, red, green, green, yellow, purple, black, blue, the mode is red.
Statistical software will easily calculate the mean, the median, and the mode. Some graphing calculators can also make these calculations. In the real world, people make these calculations using software.
Try It
Five credit scores are [latex]680[/latex], [latex]680[/latex], [latex]700[/latex], [latex]720[/latex], [latex]720[/latex]. The data set is bimodal because the scores [latex]680[/latex] and [latex]720[/latex] each occur twice. Consider the annual earnings of workers at a factory. The mode is [latex]$25,000[/latex] and occurs [latex]150[/latex] times out of [latex]301[/latex]. The median is [latex]$50,000[/latex] and the mean is [latex]$47,500[/latex]. What would be the best measure of the “center”?
Watch the following video from Khan Academy on finding the mean, median, and mode of a set of data.
