{"id":321,"date":"2021-07-14T15:59:14","date_gmt":"2021-07-14T15:59:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/introstatscorequisite\/chapter\/answers-to-selected-exercises\/"},"modified":"2023-12-05T09:53:35","modified_gmt":"2023-12-05T09:53:35","slug":"answers-to-selected-exercises","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/introstatscorequisite\/chapter\/answers-to-selected-exercises\/","title":{"raw":"Answers to Selected Exercises","rendered":"Answers to Selected Exercises"},"content":{"raw":"

One-Way ANOVA - Practice<\/h2>\r\n1.\u00a0Each population from which a sample is taken is assumed to be normal.\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0The populations are assumed to have equal standard deviations (or variances).\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0The response is a numerical value.\r\n\r\n7.\u00a0Ha<\/sub><\/em>: At least two of the group means \u03bc1<\/sub><\/em>, \u03bc2<\/sub><\/em>, \u03bc3<\/sub><\/em> are not equal.\r\n

The F Distribution and the F-Ratio \u2013 Practice<\/h2>\r\n
\r\n\r\n9.\u00a04,939.2\r\n\r\n11. 2\r\n\r\n13.\u00a02,469.6\r\n\r\n15.\u00a03.7416\r\n\r\n17. 3\r\n\r\n19.\u00a013.2\r\n\r\n21.\u00a00.825\r\n\r\n23.\u00a0Because a one-way ANOVA test is always right-tailed, a high F<\/em> statistic corresponds to a low p<\/em>-value, so it is likely that we will reject the null hypothesis.\r\n

Facts About the F Distribution \u2013 Practice<\/h2>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\n25.\u00a0The curves approximate the normal distribution.\r\n\r\n27. ten\r\n\r\n29.\u00a0SS<\/em> = 237.33; MS<\/em> = 23.73\r\n\r\n31.\u00a00.1614\r\n\r\n33. two\r\n\r\n35.\u00a0SS<\/em> = 5,700.4;,\u00a0MS<\/em> = 2,850.2\r\n\r\n37.\u00a03.6101\r\n\r\n39.\u00a0Yes, there is enough evidence to show that the scores among the groups are statistically significant at the 10% level.\r\n

Test of Two Variances \u2013 Practice<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\n43.\u00a0The populations from which the two samples are drawn are normally distributed.\r\n\r\n45.\u00a0H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c31<\/sub> = \u03c32,\u00a0<\/sub>Ha<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c31<\/sub> < \u03c32,\u00a0<\/sub>or,\u00a0H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>2,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Ha<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n47.\u00a04.11\r\n\r\n49.\u00a00.7159\r\n\r\n51.\u00a0No, at the 10% level of significance, we do not reject the null hypothesis and state that the data do not show that the variation in drive times for the first worker is less than the variation in drive times for the second worker.\r\n\r\n53.\u00a02.8674\r\n\r\n55.\u00a0Reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to say that the variance of the grades for the first student is higher than the variance in the grades for the second student.\r\n\r\n57.\u00a00.7414\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

One-Way ANOVA - Homework<\/h2>\r\n59. SS<\/em>between<\/sub> = 26, SS<\/em>within<\/sub> = 441, F<\/em> = 0.2653\r\n

The F Distribution and the F-Ratio - Homework<\/h2>\r\n62.\u00a0df<\/em>(denom<\/em>) = 15\r\n

Facts About the F Distribution - Homework<\/h2>\r\n64.\r\n\r\n
\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u00b5L<\/sub><\/em> = \u00b5T<\/sub><\/em> = \u00b5J<\/sub><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
  2. at least any two of the means are different<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. df<\/em>(num<\/em>) = 2; df<\/em>(denom<\/em>) = 12<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. F<\/em> distribution<\/li>\r\n \t
  5. 0.67<\/li>\r\n \t
  6. 0.5305<\/li>\r\n \t
  7. Check student\u2019s solution.<\/li>\r\n \t
  8. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis; Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the means are different.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
    67.
    \r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. Ha<\/sub><\/em>: \u00b5<\/em>d<\/sub> = \u00b5<\/em>n<\/sub> = \u00b5<\/em>h<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
    2. At least any two of the magazines have different mean lengths.<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. df<\/em>(num<\/em>) = 2, df<\/em>(denom<\/em>) = 12<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. F<\/em> distribtuion<\/li>\r\n \t
    5. F<\/em> = 15.28<\/li>\r\n \t
    6. p<\/em>-value = 0.001<\/li>\r\n \t
    7. Check student\u2019s solution.\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. Alpha: 0.05<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. Decision: Reject the Null Hypothesis.<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. Reason for decision: p<\/em>-value < alpha<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean lengths of the magazines are different.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n69.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03bco<\/sub><\/em> = \u03bch<\/sub><\/em> = \u03bcf<\/sub><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
        2. At least two of the means are different.<\/li>\r\n \t
        3. df<\/em>(n<\/em>) = 2, df<\/em>(d<\/em>) = 13<\/li>\r\n \t
        4. F<\/em>2,13<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
        5. 0.64<\/li>\r\n \t
        6. 0.5437<\/li>\r\n \t
        7. Check student\u2019s solution.\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. Alpha: 0.05<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis.<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. Reason for decision: p<\/em>-value > alpha<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. Conclusion: The mean scores of different class delivery are not different.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/section><\/section><\/section><\/section>71.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03bcp<\/sub><\/em> = \u03bcm<\/sub><\/em> = \u03bch<\/sub><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
            2. At least any two of the means are different.<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. df<\/em>(n<\/em>) = 2, df<\/em>(d<\/em>) = 12<\/li>\r\n \t
            4. F<\/em>2,12<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
            5. 3.13<\/li>\r\n \t
            6. 0.0807<\/li>\r\n \t
            7. Check student\u2019s solution.\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. Alpha: 0.05<\/li>\r\n \t
              2. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis.<\/li>\r\n \t
              3. Reason for decision: p<\/em>-value > alpha<\/li>\r\n \t
              4. Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean numbers of daily visitors are different.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n73.\r\n\r\n
                \r\n

                The data appear normally distributed from the chart and of a similar spread. There do not appear to be any serious outliers, so we may proceed with our ANOVA calculations, to see if we have good evidence of a difference between the three groups.<\/p>\r\n

                H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03bc<\/em>1<\/sub> = \u03bc<\/em>2<\/sub> = \u03bc<\/em>3<\/sub>;<\/p>\r\n

                H<\/em>a<\/sub>: \u03bc<\/em>i<\/sub> \u2260 \u03bc<\/em>j<\/sub> some i<\/em> \u2260 j<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n

                Define \u03bc<\/em>1<\/sub>, \u03bc<\/em>2<\/sub>, \u03bc<\/em>3<\/sub>, as the population mean number of eggs laid by the three groups of fruit flies.<\/p>\r\n

                F<\/em> statistic = 8.6657;<\/p>\r\n

                p<\/em>-value = 0.0004<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                \"This<\/span><\/figure>\r\n

                Decision:<\/u><\/strong> Since the p<\/em>-value is less than the level of significance of 0.01, we reject the null hypothesis.<\/p>\r\n

                Conclusion:<\/u><\/strong> We have good evidence that the average number of eggs laid during the first 14 days of life for these three strains of fruitflies is different.<\/p>\r\n

                Interestingly, if you perform a two-sample t<\/em>-test to compare the RS and NS groups they are significantly different (p<\/em> = 0.0013). Similarly, SS and NS are significantly different (p<\/em> = 0.0006). However, the two selected groups, RS and SS are not<\/em> significantly different (p<\/em> = 0.5176). Thus we appear to have good evidence that selection either for resistance or for susceptibility involves a reduced rate of egg production (for these specific strains) as compared to flies that were not selected for resistance or susceptibility to DDT. Here, genetic selection has apparently involved a loss of fecundity.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                Test of Two Variances - Homework<\/h2>\r\n<\/section>75.\r\nH<\/span>0<\/span><\/span>:\u00a0<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span>=<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\nH<\/span>a<\/span><\/span>:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span>\u2260<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\ndf<\/em>(num<\/em>) = 4; df<\/em>(denom<\/em>) = 4\r\nF<\/em>4, 4<\/sub>\r\n3.00\r\n2(0.1563) = 0.3126. Using the TI-83+\/84+ function 2-SampFtest, you get the test statistic as 2.9986 and p<\/em>-value directly as 0.3127. If you input the lists in a different order, you get a test statistic of 0.3335 but the p<\/em>-value is the same because this is a two-tailed test.\r\nCheck student't solution.\r\nDecision: Do not reject the null hypothesis; Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the variances are different.\r\n\r\n<\/section>78.\u00a0The answers may vary. Sample answer: Home decorating magazines and news magazines have different variances.\r\n\r\n80.\r\n\r\n
                \r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. H0<\/sub><\/em>: = \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                2. Ha<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2260 \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                3. df<\/em>(n<\/em>) = 7, df<\/em>(d<\/em>) = 6<\/li>\r\n \t
                4. F<\/em>7,6<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
                5. 0.8117<\/li>\r\n \t
                6. 0.7825<\/li>\r\n \t
                7. Check student\u2019s solution.\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. Alpha: 0.05<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  3. Reason for decision: p<\/em>-value > alpha<\/li>\r\n \t
                  4. Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the variances are different.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                    82. Here is a strip chart of the silver content of the coins:\r\n
                    \"This<\/span><\/figure>\r\n

                    While there are differences in spread, it is not unreasonable to use ANOVA techniques. Here is the completed ANOVA table:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                    Source of Variation<\/th>\r\nSum of Squares (SS<\/em>)<\/th>\r\nDegrees of Freedom (df<\/em>)<\/th>\r\nMean Square (MS<\/em>)<\/th>\r\nF<\/em><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                    Factor (Between)<\/td>\r\n37.748<\/td>\r\n4 \u2013 1 = 3<\/td>\r\n12.5825<\/td>\r\n26.272<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Error (Within)<\/td>\r\n11.015<\/td>\r\n27 \u2013 4 = 23<\/td>\r\n0.4789<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Total<\/td>\r\n48.763<\/td>\r\n27 \u2013 1 = 26<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                    P<\/em>(F<\/em> > 26.272) = 0;<\/p>\r\n

                    Reject the null hypothesis for any alpha. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean silver content among the four coinages is different. From the strip chart, it appears that the first and second coinages had higher silver contents than the third and fourth.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>83.\r\n\r\n

                    Here is a stripchart of the number of wins for the 14 teams in the AL for the 2012 season.\r\n
                    \"This<\/span><\/figure>\r\n

                    While the spread seems similar, there may be some question about the normality of the data, given the wide gaps in the middle near the 0.500 mark of 82 games (teams play 162 games each season in MLB). However, one-way ANOVA is robust.<\/p>\r\n

                    Here is the ANOVA table for the data:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                    Source of Variation<\/th>\r\nSum of Squares (SS<\/em>)<\/th>\r\nDegrees of Freedom (df<\/em>)<\/th>\r\nMean Square (MS<\/em>)<\/th>\r\nF<\/em><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                    Factor (Between)<\/td>\r\n344.16<\/td>\r\n3 \u2013 1 = 2<\/td>\r\n172.08<\/td>\r\n26.272<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Error (Within)<\/td>\r\n1,219.55<\/td>\r\n14 \u2013 3 = 11<\/td>\r\n110.87<\/td>\r\n1.5521<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Total<\/td>\r\n1,563.71<\/td>\r\n14 \u2013 1 = 13<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                    P<\/em>(F<\/em> > 1.5521) = 0.2548<\/p>\r\nSince the p<\/em>-value is so large, there is not good evidence against the null hypothesis of equal means. We decline to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, for 2012, there is not any have any good evidence of a significant difference in the mean number of wins between the divisions of the American League.\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/section> ","rendered":"

                    One-Way ANOVA – Practice<\/h2>\n

                    1.\u00a0Each population from which a sample is taken is assumed to be normal.<\/p>\n

                    3.\u00a0The populations are assumed to have equal standard deviations (or variances).<\/p>\n

                    5.\u00a0The response is a numerical value.<\/p>\n

                    7.\u00a0Ha<\/sub><\/em>: At least two of the group means \u03bc1<\/sub><\/em>, \u03bc2<\/sub><\/em>, \u03bc3<\/sub><\/em> are not equal.<\/p>\n

                    The F Distribution and the F-Ratio \u2013 Practice<\/h2>\n
                    \n

                    9.\u00a04,939.2<\/p>\n

                    11. 2<\/p>\n

                    13.\u00a02,469.6<\/p>\n

                    15.\u00a03.7416<\/p>\n

                    17. 3<\/p>\n

                    19.\u00a013.2<\/p>\n

                    21.\u00a00.825<\/p>\n

                    23.\u00a0Because a one-way ANOVA test is always right-tailed, a high F<\/em> statistic corresponds to a low p<\/em>-value, so it is likely that we will reject the null hypothesis.<\/p>\n

                    Facts About the F Distribution \u2013 Practice<\/h2>\n
                    \n
                    \n
                    \n

                    25.\u00a0The curves approximate the normal distribution.<\/p>\n

                    27. ten<\/p>\n

                    29.\u00a0SS<\/em> = 237.33; MS<\/em> = 23.73<\/p>\n

                    31.\u00a00.1614<\/p>\n

                    33. two<\/p>\n

                    35.\u00a0SS<\/em> = 5,700.4;,\u00a0MS<\/em> = 2,850.2<\/p>\n

                    37.\u00a03.6101<\/p>\n

                    39.\u00a0Yes, there is enough evidence to show that the scores among the groups are statistically significant at the 10% level.<\/p>\n

                    Test of Two Variances \u2013 Practice<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                    \n

                    43.\u00a0The populations from which the two samples are drawn are normally distributed.<\/p>\n

                    45.\u00a0H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c31<\/sub> = \u03c32,\u00a0<\/sub>Ha<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c31<\/sub> < \u03c32,\u00a0<\/sub>or,\u00a0H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>2,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Ha<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                    47.\u00a04.11<\/p>\n

                    49.\u00a00.7159<\/p>\n

                    51.\u00a0No, at the 10% level of significance, we do not reject the null hypothesis and state that the data do not show that the variation in drive times for the first worker is less than the variation in drive times for the second worker.<\/p>\n

                    53.\u00a02.8674<\/p>\n

                    55.\u00a0Reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to say that the variance of the grades for the first student is higher than the variance in the grades for the second student.<\/p>\n

                    57.\u00a00.7414<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                    One-Way ANOVA – Homework<\/h2>\n

                    59. SS<\/em>between<\/sub> = 26, SS<\/em>within<\/sub> = 441, F<\/em> = 0.2653<\/p>\n

                    The F Distribution and the F-Ratio – Homework<\/h2>\n

                    62.\u00a0df<\/em>(denom<\/em>) = 15<\/p>\n

                    Facts About the F Distribution – Homework<\/h2>\n

                    64.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                      \n
                    1. H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u00b5L<\/sub><\/em> = \u00b5T<\/sub><\/em> = \u00b5J<\/sub><\/em><\/li>\n
                    2. at least any two of the means are different<\/li>\n
                    3. df<\/em>(num<\/em>) = 2; df<\/em>(denom<\/em>) = 12<\/li>\n
                    4. F<\/em> distribution<\/li>\n
                    5. 0.67<\/li>\n
                    6. 0.5305<\/li>\n
                    7. Check student\u2019s solution.<\/li>\n
                    8. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis; Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the means are different.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                      67.<\/p>\n
                      \n
                        \n
                      1. Ha<\/sub><\/em>: \u00b5<\/em>d<\/sub> = \u00b5<\/em>n<\/sub> = \u00b5<\/em>h<\/sub><\/li>\n
                      2. At least any two of the magazines have different mean lengths.<\/li>\n
                      3. df<\/em>(num<\/em>) = 2, df<\/em>(denom<\/em>) = 12<\/li>\n
                      4. F<\/em> distribtuion<\/li>\n
                      5. F<\/em> = 15.28<\/li>\n
                      6. p<\/em>-value = 0.001<\/li>\n
                      7. Check student\u2019s solution.\n
                          \n
                        1. Alpha: 0.05<\/li>\n
                        2. Decision: Reject the Null Hypothesis.<\/li>\n
                        3. Reason for decision: p<\/em>-value < alpha<\/li>\n
                        4. Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean lengths of the magazines are different.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          69.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                            \n
                          1. H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03bco<\/sub><\/em> = \u03bch<\/sub><\/em> = \u03bcf<\/sub><\/em><\/li>\n
                          2. At least two of the means are different.<\/li>\n
                          3. df<\/em>(n<\/em>) = 2, df<\/em>(d<\/em>) = 13<\/li>\n
                          4. F<\/em>2,13<\/sub><\/li>\n
                          5. 0.64<\/li>\n
                          6. 0.5437<\/li>\n
                          7. Check student\u2019s solution.\n
                              \n
                            1. Alpha: 0.05<\/li>\n
                            2. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis.<\/li>\n
                            3. Reason for decision: p<\/em>-value > alpha<\/li>\n
                            4. Conclusion: The mean scores of different class delivery are not different.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                               <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

                              71.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                                \n
                              1. H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03bcp<\/sub><\/em> = \u03bcm<\/sub><\/em> = \u03bch<\/sub><\/em><\/li>\n
                              2. At least any two of the means are different.<\/li>\n
                              3. df<\/em>(n<\/em>) = 2, df<\/em>(d<\/em>) = 12<\/li>\n
                              4. F<\/em>2,12<\/sub><\/li>\n
                              5. 3.13<\/li>\n
                              6. 0.0807<\/li>\n
                              7. Check student\u2019s solution.\n
                                  \n
                                1. Alpha: 0.05<\/li>\n
                                2. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis.<\/li>\n
                                3. Reason for decision: p<\/em>-value > alpha<\/li>\n
                                4. Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean numbers of daily visitors are different.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  73.<\/p>\n

                                  \n

                                  The data appear normally distributed from the chart and of a similar spread. There do not appear to be any serious outliers, so we may proceed with our ANOVA calculations, to see if we have good evidence of a difference between the three groups.<\/p>\n

                                  H0<\/sub><\/em>: \u03bc<\/em>1<\/sub> = \u03bc<\/em>2<\/sub> = \u03bc<\/em>3<\/sub>;<\/p>\n

                                  H<\/em>a<\/sub>: \u03bc<\/em>i<\/sub> \u2260 \u03bc<\/em>j<\/sub> some i<\/em> \u2260 j<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                                  Define \u03bc<\/em>1<\/sub>, \u03bc<\/em>2<\/sub>, \u03bc<\/em>3<\/sub>, as the population mean number of eggs laid by the three groups of fruit flies.<\/p>\n

                                  F<\/em> statistic = 8.6657;<\/p>\n

                                  p<\/em>-value = 0.0004<\/p>\n

                                  \"This<\/span><\/figure>\n

                                  Decision:<\/u><\/strong> Since the p<\/em>-value is less than the level of significance of 0.01, we reject the null hypothesis.<\/p>\n

                                  Conclusion:<\/u><\/strong> We have good evidence that the average number of eggs laid during the first 14 days of life for these three strains of fruitflies is different.<\/p>\n

                                  Interestingly, if you perform a two-sample t<\/em>-test to compare the RS and NS groups they are significantly different (p<\/em> = 0.0013). Similarly, SS and NS are significantly different (p<\/em> = 0.0006). However, the two selected groups, RS and SS are not<\/em> significantly different (p<\/em> = 0.5176). Thus we appear to have good evidence that selection either for resistance or for susceptibility involves a reduced rate of egg production (for these specific strains) as compared to flies that were not selected for resistance or susceptibility to DDT. Here, genetic selection has apparently involved a loss of fecundity.<\/p>\n

                                  Test of Two Variances – Homework<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n

                                  75.
                                  \nH<\/span>0<\/span><\/span>:\u00a0<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span>=<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
                                  \nH<\/span>a<\/span><\/span>:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span>\u2260<\/span>\u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
                                  \ndf<\/em>(num<\/em>) = 4; df<\/em>(denom<\/em>) = 4
                                  \nF<\/em>4, 4<\/sub>
                                  \n3.00
                                  \n2(0.1563) = 0.3126. Using the TI-83+\/84+ function 2-SampFtest, you get the test statistic as 2.9986 and p<\/em>-value directly as 0.3127. If you input the lists in a different order, you get a test statistic of 0.3335 but the p<\/em>-value is the same because this is a two-tailed test.
                                  \nCheck student’t solution.
                                  \nDecision: Do not reject the null hypothesis; Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the variances are different.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

                                  78.\u00a0The answers may vary. Sample answer: Home decorating magazines and news magazines have different variances.<\/p>\n

                                  80.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                    \n
                                  1. H0<\/sub><\/em>: = \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
                                  2. Ha<\/sub><\/em>: \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2260 \u03c3<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
                                  3. df<\/em>(n<\/em>) = 7, df<\/em>(d<\/em>) = 6<\/li>\n
                                  4. F<\/em>7,6<\/sub><\/li>\n
                                  5. 0.8117<\/li>\n
                                  6. 0.7825<\/li>\n
                                  7. Check student\u2019s solution.\n
                                      \n
                                    1. Alpha: 0.05<\/li>\n
                                    2. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis.<\/li>\n
                                    3. Reason for decision: p<\/em>-value > alpha<\/li>\n
                                    4. Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the variances are different.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                      82. Here is a strip chart of the silver content of the coins:<\/p>\n
                                      \"This<\/span><\/figure>\n

                                      While there are differences in spread, it is not unreasonable to use ANOVA techniques. Here is the completed ANOVA table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      Source of Variation<\/th>\nSum of Squares (SS<\/em>)<\/th>\nDegrees of Freedom (df<\/em>)<\/th>\nMean Square (MS<\/em>)<\/th>\nF<\/em><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                      Factor (Between)<\/td>\n37.748<\/td>\n4 \u2013 1 = 3<\/td>\n12.5825<\/td>\n26.272<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Error (Within)<\/td>\n11.015<\/td>\n27 \u2013 4 = 23<\/td>\n0.4789<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Total<\/td>\n48.763<\/td>\n27 \u2013 1 = 26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      P<\/em>(F<\/em> > 26.272) = 0;<\/p>\n

                                      Reject the null hypothesis for any alpha. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean silver content among the four coinages is different. From the strip chart, it appears that the first and second coinages had higher silver contents than the third and fourth.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

                                      83.<\/p>\n

                                      Here is a stripchart of the number of wins for the 14 teams in the AL for the 2012 season.<\/p>\n
                                      \"This<\/span><\/figure>\n

                                      While the spread seems similar, there may be some question about the normality of the data, given the wide gaps in the middle near the 0.500 mark of 82 games (teams play 162 games each season in MLB). However, one-way ANOVA is robust.<\/p>\n

                                      Here is the ANOVA table for the data:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      Source of Variation<\/th>\nSum of Squares (SS<\/em>)<\/th>\nDegrees of Freedom (df<\/em>)<\/th>\nMean Square (MS<\/em>)<\/th>\nF<\/em><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                      Factor (Between)<\/td>\n344.16<\/td>\n3 \u2013 1 = 2<\/td>\n172.08<\/td>\n26.272<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Error (Within)<\/td>\n1,219.55<\/td>\n14 \u2013 3 = 11<\/td>\n110.87<\/td>\n1.5521<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Total<\/td>\n1,563.71<\/td>\n14 \u2013 1 = 13<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      P<\/em>(F<\/em> > 1.5521) = 0.2548<\/p>\n

                                      Since the p<\/em>-value is so large, there is not good evidence against the null hypothesis of equal means. We decline to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, for 2012, there is not any have any good evidence of a significant difference in the mean number of wins between the divisions of the American League.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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