{"id":109,"date":"2017-06-19T22:55:06","date_gmt":"2017-06-19T22:55:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/olemiss-writing100\/chapter\/bringing-sources-into-the-conversation\/"},"modified":"2019-10-25T01:15:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-25T01:15:20","slug":"bringing-sources-into-the-conversation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/chapter\/bringing-sources-into-the-conversation\/","title":{"raw":"Bringing Sources into the Conversation","rendered":"Bringing Sources into the Conversation"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify the five components of the \"source sandwich\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nA good way to begin thinking about how to integrate source material into a paper is to consider how we integrate sources into a conversation. \u00a0When you\u2019re discussing a topic in person with a few friends, you might make references to outside sources with phrases like these:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>\u201cWhen I was watching the news, I heard them say that . . . I read in the newspaper that . . . John told me that . . . .\u201d<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\nNotice how we automatically shape our sentences to work source references into the flow of conversation. Think about this next time you try to work a source into a piece of writing: if you were speaking this aloud in conversation, how would you introduce the material to your listeners? What information would you give them to help them understand who the author was and why his or her views were worth referencing? After giving the information, how would you then link it back to the point you were trying to make? Just as you would do this in a conversation if you found it necessary to refer to an outside source, you also need to do this in your writing.\r\n\r\nWhether you use a direct quotation, a summary, or a paraphrase, it is important to distinguish source material from your own ideas and to explain how the cited source fits into your argument. You can think of this process as a sandwich with multiple parts. You\u2019ll want to: transition into and introduce the source, use a signal phrase to actually move into the material from the source, provide a citation that can be easily connected to the full citation material in your bibliography or works cited list, and explain how this material fits into your argument. This pattern, or convention, of source integration is sometimes called a \u201csource sandwich.\u201d \u00a0An illustration of the \u201csource sandwich\u201d appears below.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>The Source sandwich<\/h3>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-2180 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225458\/topbread-300x163.jpg\" alt=\"Transition and Introduction\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>In order to use a new source effectively, you should begin the paragraph in which you will use it with a clear transition from the paragraph that precedes it. This transition should serve both to integrate the new material with the rest of your paper and introduce the new source material.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-2179 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225459\/onions-300x132.jpg\" alt=\"Signal Phrase\" width=\"300\" height=\"132\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70%;\"><strong>\u00a0A signal phrase is an action verb phrase that connects the source's author with its content.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2177\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225501\/lettuce-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"Quotastion, Paraphrase, or Summary\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>The source's content comes after the signal phrase. This content can be summary, paraphrase, or direct quotation.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2178\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225503\/meat-300x189.jpg\" alt=\"Citation\" width=\"300\" height=\"189\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>The in-text citation connects the body of your paper with the references page and identifies the source in relation to the references page.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2176\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225505\/bottombread-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"Explanation of the Material's Relevance\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>The explanation of the source content's relevance is your synthesis or analysis of the content and an illustration that shows how it relates to your own work.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nUse the source sandwich convention to integrate material from sources into your own writing so that your readers will understand the material\u2019s importance and purpose. The activity below will provide practice in constructing a source sandwich. Read the passage about \u201cmindful me\u201d rooms in elementary schools and answer the questions that follow.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>practice<\/h3>\r\nRead the following passage and answer the questions below.\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>Reflective practice has also started to replace detention in schools across the country. Robert W. Coleman Elementary School is one of the first to adopt this method. As of 2014, this school has had no suspensions. When students fight or misbehave, they are sent to a \u201cmindful me\u201d room instead of the principal\u2019s office, and they learn to peacefully solve these conflicts themselves (Khorsandi). Administrators at the school claim to have seen a marked improvement in student behavior. \u00a0Coleman Principal Carillian Thompson explains, \u201cThe mindfulness practices have actually taught the students how to redirect that negative energy into something positive\u201d (Khorsandi). The changes have resulted in more focus on academics and extracurricular activities at Coleman, which has made parents in the district happy. \u00a0In fact, many parents have switched their thinking from once believing punitive measures are necessary to modify children\u2019s behaviors to now seeing reflective practices as meaningful alternatives to detention.<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/5182\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>Use the feedback you got from working through the practice activity to work through the self-check quiz on the next page.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify the five components of the &#8220;source sandwich&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>A good way to begin thinking about how to integrate source material into a paper is to consider how we integrate sources into a conversation. \u00a0When you\u2019re discussing a topic in person with a few friends, you might make references to outside sources with phrases like these:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>\u201cWhen I was watching the news, I heard them say that . . . I read in the newspaper that . . . John told me that . . . .\u201d<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Notice how we automatically shape our sentences to work source references into the flow of conversation. Think about this next time you try to work a source into a piece of writing: if you were speaking this aloud in conversation, how would you introduce the material to your listeners? What information would you give them to help them understand who the author was and why his or her views were worth referencing? After giving the information, how would you then link it back to the point you were trying to make? Just as you would do this in a conversation if you found it necessary to refer to an outside source, you also need to do this in your writing.<\/p>\n<p>Whether you use a direct quotation, a summary, or a paraphrase, it is important to distinguish source material from your own ideas and to explain how the cited source fits into your argument. You can think of this process as a sandwich with multiple parts. You\u2019ll want to: transition into and introduce the source, use a signal phrase to actually move into the material from the source, provide a citation that can be easily connected to the full citation material in your bibliography or works cited list, and explain how this material fits into your argument. This pattern, or convention, of source integration is sometimes called a \u201csource sandwich.\u201d \u00a0An illustration of the \u201csource sandwich\u201d appears below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>The Source sandwich<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2180 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225458\/topbread-300x163.jpg\" alt=\"Transition and Introduction\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\" \/><\/td>\n<td><strong>In order to use a new source effectively, you should begin the paragraph in which you will use it with a clear transition from the paragraph that precedes it. This transition should serve both to integrate the new material with the rest of your paper and introduce the new source material.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2179 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225459\/onions-300x132.jpg\" alt=\"Signal Phrase\" width=\"300\" height=\"132\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70%;\"><strong>\u00a0A signal phrase is an action verb phrase that connects the source&#8217;s author with its content.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2177\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225501\/lettuce-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"Quotastion, Paraphrase, or Summary\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" \/><\/td>\n<td><strong>The source&#8217;s content comes after the signal phrase. This content can be summary, paraphrase, or direct quotation.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2178\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225503\/meat-300x189.jpg\" alt=\"Citation\" width=\"300\" height=\"189\" \/><\/td>\n<td><strong>The in-text citation connects the body of your paper with the references page and identifies the source in relation to the references page.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2176\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225505\/bottombread-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"Explanation of the Material's Relevance\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" \/><\/td>\n<td><strong>The explanation of the source content&#8217;s relevance is your synthesis or analysis of the content and an illustration that shows how it relates to your own work.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Use the source sandwich convention to integrate material from sources into your own writing so that your readers will understand the material\u2019s importance and purpose. The activity below will provide practice in constructing a source sandwich. Read the passage about \u201cmindful me\u201d rooms in elementary schools and answer the questions that follow.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>practice<\/h3>\n<p>Read the following passage and answer the questions below.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>Reflective practice has also started to replace detention in schools across the country. Robert W. Coleman Elementary School is one of the first to adopt this method. As of 2014, this school has had no suspensions. When students fight or misbehave, they are sent to a \u201cmindful me\u201d room instead of the principal\u2019s office, and they learn to peacefully solve these conflicts themselves (Khorsandi). Administrators at the school claim to have seen a marked improvement in student behavior. \u00a0Coleman Principal Carillian Thompson explains, \u201cThe mindfulness practices have actually taught the students how to redirect that negative energy into something positive\u201d (Khorsandi). The changes have resulted in more focus on academics and extracurricular activities at Coleman, which has made parents in the district happy. \u00a0In fact, many parents have switched their thinking from once believing punitive measures are necessary to modify children\u2019s behaviors to now seeing reflective practices as meaningful alternatives to detention.<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_5182\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=5182&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_5182\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>Use the feedback you got from working through the practice activity to work through the self-check quiz on the next page.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-109\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Using Sources Creatively section. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Heather Logan. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of Richmond Writing Center. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/writing2.richmond.edu\/writing\/wweb\/creatsrc.html\">http:\/\/writing2.richmond.edu\/writing\/wweb\/creatsrc.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-ND: Attribution-NoDerivatives<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Quoting examples from Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Steven D. Krause. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stevendkrause.com\/tprw\/chapter3.html\">http:\/\/www.stevendkrause.com\/tprw\/chapter3.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Quote Sandwich, from Chapter 5: Critical Thinking, Source Evaluations, and Analyzing Academic Writing. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Denise Snee, Kristin Houlton, Nancy Heckel. Edited by Kimberly Jacobs. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/679\/734444\/Snee_2012_Research_Analysis_and_Writing.pdf\">http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/679\/734444\/Snee_2012_Research_Analysis_and_Writing.pdf<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Research, Writing, and Analysis. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Information on Quoting and Paraphrasing from the Academic Integrity Tutorial. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: DiMenna-Nyselius Library. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Fairfield University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/librarybestbets.fairfield.edu\/c.php?g=476878&#038;p=3335282\">http:\/\/librarybestbets.fairfield.edu\/c.php?g=476878&#038;p=3335282<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>How to Summarize Accurately, section on summary. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.groundsforargument.org\/drupal\/evidence\/sidebar\/summarize\">http:\/\/www.groundsforargument.org\/drupal\/evidence\/sidebar\/summarize<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Grounds for Argument. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Fast food 01 vector . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: zcool.com.cn . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/all-free-download.com\/free-vector\/download\/fast-food-01-vector_156256.html\">http:\/\/all-free-download.com\/free-vector\/download\/fast-food-01-vector_156256.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Free for non-commercial use <\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":163,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Using Sources Creatively section\",\"author\":\"Heather Logan\",\"organization\":\"University of Richmond Writing Center\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/writing2.richmond.edu\/writing\/wweb\/creatsrc.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Quoting examples from Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism\",\"author\":\"Steven D. Krause\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.stevendkrause.com\/tprw\/chapter3.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Quote Sandwich, from Chapter 5: Critical Thinking, Source Evaluations, and Analyzing Academic Writing\",\"author\":\"Denise Snee, Kristin Houlton, Nancy Heckel. Edited by Kimberly Jacobs\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/679\/734444\/Snee_2012_Research_Analysis_and_Writing.pdf\",\"project\":\"Research, Writing, and Analysis\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Information on Quoting and Paraphrasing from the Academic Integrity Tutorial\",\"author\":\"DiMenna-Nyselius Library\",\"organization\":\"Fairfield University\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/librarybestbets.fairfield.edu\/c.php?g=476878&p=3335282\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"How to Summarize Accurately, section on summary\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.groundsforargument.org\/drupal\/evidence\/sidebar\/summarize\",\"project\":\"Grounds for Argument\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Fast food 01 vector \",\"author\":\"zcool.com.cn \",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/all-free-download.com\/free-vector\/download\/fast-food-01-vector_156256.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Free for non-commercial use \"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"d8543e5c-8990-499c-9fd5-04edf86d6d84, 4f358872-fa0a-4c4f-93e8-349c0d706bd6","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-109","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":99,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/163"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1053,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/109\/revisions\/1053"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/99"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/109\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=109"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=109"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}