{"id":1280,"date":"2020-03-13T17:19:34","date_gmt":"2020-03-13T17:19:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/chapter\/presentation-logical-arguments\/"},"modified":"2020-03-13T19:14:25","modified_gmt":"2020-03-13T19:14:25","slug":"presentation-logical-arguments","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/irsc-english\/chapter\/presentation-logical-arguments\/","title":{"raw":"Logical Arguments","rendered":"Logical Arguments"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify logical structures in argument<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAnything you read that includes an attempt to persuade you to think a certain way is likely to include logical argument as part of that persuasion.\r\n\r\nThe text below introduces the idea of <strong>premises<\/strong> and <strong>conclusions<\/strong>. As you view this, think about the relationship of premises and conclusions as they align with\u00a0main ideas and supporting evidence in paragraphs that we explored earlier in this module.\r\n<h2>Elements of an Argument<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Argumentation\u00a0Vocabulary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Claim<\/strong>: a statement or opinion that is either true or false\r\n\r\n<strong>Argument<\/strong>: a claim supported by premises\r\n\r\n<strong>Conclusion<\/strong>: the main claim in an argument\r\n\r\n<strong>Premises<\/strong>: claims that support and argument\u2019s conclusion\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nA <strong>claim<\/strong> is an assertion about the truth, existence, or value of something that is either true or false. Claims are also called statements or propositions.\r\n\r\nWhen supported by premises, a claim becomes a conclusion. For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This class is easy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Detroit Lions have the potential to make the NFL playoffs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This chemical structure is unstable.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Democratic socialism is superior to a pure democracy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAn <strong>argument<\/strong> is an assertion that contains both a conclusion and premises. It is a statement of fact or opinion that is based on evidence. Keep in mind that not all statements are arguments, and some statements may contain multiple arguments.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/Nq8-w2BAJkU\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Test It Out<\/h3>\r\nWhich of the following statements is an argument?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vending machines stocked with soda or candy should be removed from all public schools.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Star Wars<\/em> is the best movie ever.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We\u2019d better leave now. If we don\u2019t, we might miss the last train and we\u2019ll be stuck here all night.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"170878\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"170878\"]If you answered #3, then you are correct! The first and second statements are not arguments because they offer no support. The third statement is an argument because it offers support (premises) to support the claim.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nA <strong>conclusion<\/strong> is the main claim of an argument that is supported by a premise. It is the logical result of the relationship between the premises. Identifying the conclusion is the first step in understanding the argument.\r\n\r\nBut how do you identify the conclusion? Follow these steps:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ask, \u201cIs the statement the main point, or is it a claim given to support another statement in the argument?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify the indicator word that often precedes the conclusion, such as<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Therefore<\/td>\r\n<td>Thus<\/td>\r\n<td>As a result<\/td>\r\n<td>That's why<\/td>\r\n<td>Consequently<\/td>\r\n<td>So<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>This Means<\/td>\r\n<td>This shows<\/td>\r\n<td>It follows that<\/td>\r\n<td>This suggests<\/td>\r\n<td>Hence<\/td>\r\n<td>Accordingly<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Test It Out<\/h3>\r\nWhat is the conclusion in each of the following arguments?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abortion is wrong because all human life is sacred.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s flu season and you work with kids, so you should get a flu shot.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We should believe that rocks exist because we are able to see them.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John will probably receive the next promotion since he\u2019s been here the longest.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We must reduce the amount of money we spend on space exploration. Right now, the enemy is launching massive military buildup, and we need additional money to purchase military equipment to help match the anticipated increase in the enemy\u2019s strength.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s a beautiful day. We should go to the park. Besides, I need some exercise.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That movie has had horrible reviews. My sister saw it and said it was boring and her friend spotted three mistakes. Pick a different movie. I am sure we can find something better.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"576671\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"576671\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Conclusion: Abortion is wrong.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conclusion: You should get a flu shot.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conclusion: Rocks exist.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conclusion: John will receive the next promotion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conclusion: We must reduce amount of money we spend on space exploration.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conclusion: We should go to the park.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conclusion: We should pick a different movie.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nA <strong>premise<\/strong> is a reason offered as support, or evidence, for another claim. It is often indicated by these words:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Because<\/td>\r\n<td>For<\/td>\r\n<td>As<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Since<\/td>\r\n<td>Inasmuch as<\/td>\r\n<td>As shown by<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Given that<\/td>\r\n<td>As indicated by<\/td>\r\n<td>The reason is that<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nConsider the following statement: Today\u2019s freshmen cannot write very well. Joe is a freshman, so he must be a poor writer. The premises and conclusion are identified as follows:\r\n<div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Premise<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Today\u2019s freshmen cannot write very well<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Premise<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Joe is a freshman,<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>so he must be a poor writer.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Practice identifying the premises and conclusions<\/h2>\r\nIn order to identify the premises and conclusion, you should first rewrite the argument in standard form. You do this by identifying which claim is the conclusion, then working backwards to identify which claims are premises that support the conclusion. It should look like this:\r\n<div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Standard Form<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Premise 1:<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Premise 2:<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Conclusion:<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nPractice in the following presentation:\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1Aub7a4t2Mn2j0ZZUPADDeR7-ae3UaZa35c5l_EOg-Ds\/embed?start=false&amp;loop=true&amp;delayms=3000\" width=\"480\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify logical structures in argument<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Anything you read that includes an attempt to persuade you to think a certain way is likely to include logical argument as part of that persuasion.<\/p>\n<p>The text below introduces the idea of <strong>premises<\/strong> and <strong>conclusions<\/strong>. As you view this, think about the relationship of premises and conclusions as they align with\u00a0main ideas and supporting evidence in paragraphs that we explored earlier in this module.<\/p>\n<h2>Elements of an Argument<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Argumentation\u00a0Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Claim<\/strong>: a statement or opinion that is either true or false<\/p>\n<p><strong>Argument<\/strong>: a claim supported by premises<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong>: the main claim in an argument<\/p>\n<p><strong>Premises<\/strong>: claims that support and argument\u2019s conclusion<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>A <strong>claim<\/strong> is an assertion about the truth, existence, or value of something that is either true or false. Claims are also called statements or propositions.<\/p>\n<p>When supported by premises, a claim becomes a conclusion. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This class is easy.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Detroit Lions have the potential to make the NFL playoffs.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This chemical structure is unstable.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Democratic socialism is superior to a pure democracy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>An <strong>argument<\/strong> is an assertion that contains both a conclusion and premises. It is a statement of fact or opinion that is based on evidence. Keep in mind that not all statements are arguments, and some statements may contain multiple arguments.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"What is an Argument?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Nq8-w2BAJkU?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Test It Out<\/h3>\n<p>Which of the following statements is an argument?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vending machines stocked with soda or candy should be removed from all public schools.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>Star Wars<\/em> is the best movie ever.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We\u2019d better leave now. If we don\u2019t, we might miss the last train and we\u2019ll be stuck here all night.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q170878\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q170878\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">If you answered #3, then you are correct! The first and second statements are not arguments because they offer no support. The third statement is an argument because it offers support (premises) to support the claim.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>A <strong>conclusion<\/strong> is the main claim of an argument that is supported by a premise. It is the logical result of the relationship between the premises. Identifying the conclusion is the first step in understanding the argument.<\/p>\n<p>But how do you identify the conclusion? Follow these steps:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ask, \u201cIs the statement the main point, or is it a claim given to support another statement in the argument?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify the indicator word that often precedes the conclusion, such as<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Therefore<\/td>\n<td>Thus<\/td>\n<td>As a result<\/td>\n<td>That&#8217;s why<\/td>\n<td>Consequently<\/td>\n<td>So<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>This Means<\/td>\n<td>This shows<\/td>\n<td>It follows that<\/td>\n<td>This suggests<\/td>\n<td>Hence<\/td>\n<td>Accordingly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Test It Out<\/h3>\n<p>What is the conclusion in each of the following arguments?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abortion is wrong because all human life is sacred.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s flu season and you work with kids, so you should get a flu shot.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We should believe that rocks exist because we are able to see them.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John will probably receive the next promotion since he\u2019s been here the longest.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We must reduce the amount of money we spend on space exploration. Right now, the enemy is launching massive military buildup, and we need additional money to purchase military equipment to help match the anticipated increase in the enemy\u2019s strength.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s a beautiful day. We should go to the park. Besides, I need some exercise.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That movie has had horrible reviews. My sister saw it and said it was boring and her friend spotted three mistakes. Pick a different movie. I am sure we can find something better.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q576671\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q576671\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Conclusion: Abortion is wrong.<\/li>\n<li>Conclusion: You should get a flu shot.<\/li>\n<li>Conclusion: Rocks exist.<\/li>\n<li>Conclusion: John will receive the next promotion.<\/li>\n<li>Conclusion: We must reduce amount of money we spend on space exploration.<\/li>\n<li>Conclusion: We should go to the park.<\/li>\n<li>Conclusion: We should pick a different movie.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>A <strong>premise<\/strong> is a reason offered as support, or evidence, for another claim. It is often indicated by these words:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Because<\/td>\n<td>For<\/td>\n<td>As<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Since<\/td>\n<td>Inasmuch as<\/td>\n<td>As shown by<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Given that<\/td>\n<td>As indicated by<\/td>\n<td>The reason is that<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Consider the following statement: Today\u2019s freshmen cannot write very well. Joe is a freshman, so he must be a poor writer. The premises and conclusion are identified as follows:<\/p>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Premise<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Today\u2019s freshmen cannot write very well<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Premise<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Joe is a freshman,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>so he must be a poor writer.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Practice identifying the premises and conclusions<\/h2>\n<p>In order to identify the premises and conclusion, you should first rewrite the argument in standard form. You do this by identifying which claim is the conclusion, then working backwards to identify which claims are premises that support the conclusion. It should look like this:<\/p>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Standard Form<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Premise 1:<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Premise 2:<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Conclusion:<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Practice in the following presentation:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1Aub7a4t2Mn2j0ZZUPADDeR7-ae3UaZa35c5l_EOg-Ds\/embed?start=false&amp;loop=true&amp;delayms=3000\" width=\"480\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1280\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Understanding Logical Argumentation, Structure, and Reasoning, modified. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: mrbelprez. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/mrbelprez\/part-2-5-fixed-all-sections-2014-logic-and-argumentation\">http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/mrbelprez\/part-2-5-fixed-all-sections-2014-logic-and-argumentation<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>What is an argument?. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Kevin deLaplante. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Nq8-w2BAJkU\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Nq8-w2BAJkU<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Critical Thinking Academy. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":24,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Understanding Logical Argumentation, Structure, and Reasoning, modified\",\"author\":\"mrbelprez\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/mrbelprez\/part-2-5-fixed-all-sections-2014-logic-and-argumentation\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"What is an argument?\",\"author\":\"Kevin deLaplante\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Nq8-w2BAJkU\",\"project\":\"Critical Thinking Academy\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"2d9615f1-6c4e-4936-a732-29506a6c9a22, 27b23ca8-cb0e-4f26-ae02-b3b7c7da334a, 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