Factoring by Grouping

Trinomials with leading coefficients other than 1 are slightly more complicated to factor. For these trinomials, we can factor by grouping by dividing the x term into the sum of two terms, factoring each portion of the expression separately, and then factoring out the GCF of the entire expression. The trinomial [latex]2{x}^{2}+5x+3[/latex] can be rewritten as [latex]\left(2x+3\right)\left(x+1\right)[/latex] using this process. We begin by rewriting the original expression as [latex]2{x}^{2}+2x+3x+3[/latex] and then factor each portion of the expression to obtain [latex]2x\left(x+1\right)+3\left(x+1\right)[/latex]. We then pull out the GCF of [latex]\left(x+1\right)[/latex] to find the factored expression.

A General Note: Factor by Grouping

To factor a trinomial in the form [latex]a{x}^{2}+bx+c[/latex] by grouping, we find two numbers with a product of [latex]ac[/latex] and a sum of [latex]b[/latex]. We use these numbers to divide the [latex]x[/latex] term into the sum of two terms and factor each portion of the expression separately, then factor out the GCF of the entire expression.

How To: Given a trinomial in the form [latex]a{x}^{2}+bx+c[/latex], factor by grouping.

  1. List factors of [latex]ac[/latex].
  2. Find [latex]p[/latex] and [latex]q[/latex], a pair of factors of [latex]ac[/latex] with a sum of [latex]b[/latex].
  3. Rewrite the original expression as [latex]a{x}^{2}+px+qx+c[/latex].
  4. Pull out the GCF of [latex]a{x}^{2}+px[/latex].
  5. Pull out the GCF of [latex]qx+c[/latex].
  6. Factor out the GCF of the expression.

Example 3: Factoring a Trinomial by Grouping

Factor [latex]5{x}^{2}+7x - 6[/latex] by grouping.

Solution

We have a trinomial with [latex]a=5,b=7[/latex], and [latex]c=-6[/latex]. First, determine [latex]ac=-30[/latex]. We need to find two numbers with a product of [latex]-30[/latex] and a sum of [latex]7[/latex]. In the table, we list factors until we find a pair with the desired sum.

Factors of [latex]-30[/latex] Sum of Factors
[latex]1,-30[/latex] [latex]-29[/latex]
[latex]-1,30[/latex] 29
[latex]2,-15[/latex] [latex]-13[/latex]
[latex]-2,15[/latex] 13
[latex]3,-10[/latex] [latex]-7[/latex]
[latex]-3,10[/latex] 7

So [latex]p=-3[/latex] and [latex]q=10[/latex].

[latex]\begin{array}{cc}5{x}^{2}-3x+10x - 6 \hfill & \text{Rewrite the original expression as }a{x}^{2}+px+qx+c.\hfill \\ x\left(5x - 3\right)+2\left(5x - 3\right)\hfill & \text{Factor out the GCF of each part}.\hfill \\ \left(5x - 3\right)\left(x+2\right)\hfill & \text{Factor out the GCF}\text{ }\text{ of the expression}.\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

Analysis of the Solution

We can check our work by multiplying. Use FOIL to confirm that [latex]\left(5x - 3\right)\left(x+2\right)=5{x}^{2}+7x - 6[/latex].

Try It 3

Factor the following.

a.[latex]2{x}^{2}+9x+9[/latex]
b. [latex]6{x}^{2}+x - 1[/latex]

Solution