{"id":1297,"date":"2019-01-14T03:00:58","date_gmt":"2019-01-14T03:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/ivytech-sci111\/chapter\/keplers-laws\/"},"modified":"2019-01-28T14:39:51","modified_gmt":"2019-01-28T14:39:51","slug":"keplers-laws","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/ivytech-sci111\/chapter\/keplers-laws\/","title":{"raw":"Module 2 Kepler's Laws","rendered":"Module 2 Kepler’s Laws"},"content":{"raw":"
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Kepler's First Law<\/h2>\r\nKepler's first law is: The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci<\/em>.\r\n
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Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nApply Kepler's first law to describe planetary motion\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Satellites<\/h2>\r\nNatural satellites are celestial objects that orbit a larger body; artificial satellites are manmade objects put in the orbit of the Earth.\r\n
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Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nDefine the concept of a satellite, in the broadest possible terms\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n

Key Points<\/h4>\r\n
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  • The broadest possible definition of a satellite is an object that orbits a larger one due to the force of gravity.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • All satellites follow the laws of orbital mechanics, which can almost always be approximated with Newtonian physics.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Natural satellites are often classified in terms of their size and composition, while artificial satellites are categorized in terms of their orbital parameters.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Artificial Earth-orbiting satellites have orbits categorized by their altitudes, inclinations, and eccentricities.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

    Key Terms<\/h4>\r\n
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    • natural satellite<\/strong>: A natural satellite, moon, or secondary planet is a celestial body that orbits a planet or smaller body, which is called its primary.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • artificial satellite<\/strong>: In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

      Satellites<\/h3>\r\nThe word \"satellite\" has a somewhat ambiguous definition. The broadest possible definition of a satellite is an object that orbits a larger one due to the force of gravity. Natural satellites, often called moons (see ), are celestial bodies that orbit a larger body call a primary<\/em> (often planet, though there are binary asteroids, too). It is technically correct to refer to a planet as a \"satellite\" of its parent star, though this is not common.\r\n
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      Moons of the Solar System<\/strong>: Nineteen natural satellites are large enough to be round, and one, Saturn's Titan, has a substantial atmosphere.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nArtificial satellites (see ) are man made objects put in orbit about the Earth or another planet in the Solar System. All satellites follow the laws of orbital mechanics, which can almost always be approximated with Newtonian physics.\r\n

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      Orbital Altitudes<\/strong>: Orbital Altitudes of several significant satellites of earth.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nNatural satellites are often classified in terms of their size and composition, while artificial satellites are categorized in terms of their orbital parameters.\r\n

      Natural Satellites<\/h3>\r\nFormally classified natural satellites, or moons, include 176 planetary satellites orbiting six of the eight planets, and eight orbiting three of the five IAU-listed dwarf planets. As of January 2012, over 200 minor-planet moons have been discovered. There are 76 objects in the asteroid belt with satellites (five with two satellites each), four Jupiter trojans, 39 near-Earth objects, and 14 Mars-crossers. There are also 84 known natural satellites of trans-Neptunian objects. Planets around other stars are likely to have natural satellites as well, although none have yet been observed.\r\n\r\nOf the inner planets, Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites; Earth has one large natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos. The large gas giants have extensive systems of natural satellites, including half a dozen comparable in size to Earth's Moon: the four Galilean moons, Saturn's Titan, and Neptune's Triton. Saturn has an additional six mid-sized natural satellites massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, and Uranus has five. It has been suggested that some satellites may potentially harbor life, though there is currently no direct evidence.\r\n\r\nThe Earth\u2013Moon system is unique in that the ratio of the mass of the Moon to the mass of the Earth is much greater than that of any other natural satellite to planet ratio in the Solar System. Additionally the Moon's orbit with respect to the Sun is always concave.\r\n\r\nThe seven largest natural satellites in the Solar System (those bigger than 2,500 km across) are Jupiter's Galilean moons (Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa), Saturn's moon Titan, Earth's moon, and Neptune's captured natural satellite Triton.\r\n

      Artificial Satellites<\/h3>\r\nThe first satellite, Sputnik 1, was put into orbit around Earth and was therefore in geocentric orbit. By far this is the most common type of orbit with about 2,500 artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their altitude, inclination and eccentricity.\r\n\r\nThe commonly used altitude classifications are Low Earth orbit (LEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO). Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2000 km, and Medium Earth orbit is any orbit higher than that but still below the altitude for geosynchronous orbit at 35,786 km. High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than the altitude for geosynchronous orbit.\r\n

      Altitude classifications<\/h3>\r\n