18C/D

$3.33 $2.48 $2.35 $2.59
$2.46 $2.97 $2.59 $2.60
$2.96 $2.57 $3.21 $2.55
$2.87 $2.49 $3.56
$2.64 $2.42 $2.59
Skill or Concept: I can . . . Questions to check your understanding Rating
from 1 to 5
Identify observational units and types of variables. 1–3
Describe how to simulate a random process using coins. 4 and 5

6, Parts A and B
Determine whether data provide evidence against a null hypothesis based on a P-value. 6, Parts C and D

A number line labeled “US Gas Prices (dollars per gallon)” and showing numbers from 2.4 to 3.6 in increments on 0.2. A photograph of Mars. An illustration of 5 cards. The first one has a yellow circle, the second has a red circle, the third has a there blue squiggly lines, the fourth has a black square, and the fifth has a green star. A circle with an arrow pointing to the upper left side from the center.

Take food supplement? Male Female Total
Yes 52 132 184
No 524 672 1,196
Total 576 804 1,380
Treated with calcifediol Untreated with calcifediol Total
Admitted to ICU
Not admitted to ICU
Total
Treated with calcifediol Untreated with calcifediol Total
Admitted to ICU
Not admitted to ICU
Total
Peanut avoiders Peanut eaters Total
Allergic
Not allergic
Total
Skill or Concept: I can . . . Questions to check your understanding Rating
from 1 to 5
Identify observational units and types of variables. 1 and 2
Describe how to simulate the random assignment of treatments to experimental groups. 5, Part A
Determine whether data provide evidence against a null hypothesis based on a simulated null distribution of sample statistics. 3 and 4

5, Part B

6
Tip percentage

Candy

 Tip percentage

No candy
15.12 15.79
13.58 12.85
16.25 13.88
15.29 13.21
15.58 13.07
15.58 15
13.04 13.61
17.07 13.64
14.29 12.38
18.38 14.33
15.16 14.99
20.46 15.03
21.99 13.2
15.61 15.45
15.01 14.72
19.18 16.64
15.84 14.12
18.49 14.23
23.81 14.61
16.47 14.51
15.84 13.42
19.01 13.79
16.6 17.52
17.19 14.42
19.82 14.2
16.69 9.89
17.87 16.79
15.17 16.57
17.48 16.03
16.02 17.36
15.35 13.7
14.85 14.78
20.82 14.99
16.1 17.27
19.17 15.16
29.21 18.09
18.21 16.46
20.72 17.88
19.38 16.6
19.86 15.7
17.67 11.66
20.46 13.78
22.8 19.22
18.1 16.47
22.77 17.52
17.32 18.15

A vertical stacked bar chart. On the x-axis, it is labeled “Sex” and on the y-axis, it is labeled “Proportion.” To the right of the graph is a legend labeled “Supplement” showing that pink indicates “no” and blue indicates “yes.” For “female,” the blue portion of the bar goes to approximately 0.15 and the pink portion goes the rest of the way to 1. For “male,” the blue portion of the bar goes to approximately 0.1 and the pink portion goes the rest of the way to 1. A pile of clear yellow pills. A graph labeled “Difference in proportion with allergies (avoider - eater)” and numbered in increments of 0.05 from -0.10 to 0.10. It shows a peak around 0.00 and decreases to near zero around -0.10 and 0.10.

A vertical stacked bar chart. On the x-axis, it is labeled “Treatment” and on the y-axis, it is labeled “Proportion.” To the right of the graph is a legend labeled “ICU” showing that pink indicates “no” and blue indicates “yes.” For “Calcifediol,” the blue portion of the bar goes to approximately 0.05 and the pink portion goes the rest of the way to 1. For “Untreated,” the blue portion of the bar goes to approximately 0.5 and the pink portion goes the rest of the way to 1.

Glossary 18D

randomization test
simulating many randomizations under the null hypothesis and calculating the proportion of randomizations that produce results like the hypothesis.