{"id":3828,"date":"2022-03-15T23:03:49","date_gmt":"2022-03-15T23:03:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3828"},"modified":"2022-04-28T14:11:44","modified_gmt":"2022-04-28T14:11:44","slug":"corequisite-support-activity-for-5-c","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/chapter\/corequisite-support-activity-for-5-c\/","title":{"raw":"Corequisite Support Activity for 5.C: Interrogating and Critiquing Complex Visual Displays","rendered":"Corequisite Support Activity for 5.C: Interrogating and Critiquing Complex Visual Displays"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>What you'll need to Know:<\/h3>\r\nIn this support activity you\u2019ll become familiar with the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Recognize when a graph includes a missing component.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn the next preview assignment and in the next class, you will need to identify evidence of five criteria of good graphical displays. Displays that are missing one or more of these criteria can be misleading. In this activity, you'll prepare to recognize a misleading graph by learning to identify missing or poorly executed display components.\r\n<h2>Misleading Graphs<\/h2>\r\nMisleading graphs are sometimes created to intentionally misrepresent the data. This is usually done in order to focus a reader\u2019s attention on a specific trend or pattern. In this corequisite support activity, we will learn about a few different ways a graph can be presented with a missing component or be incorrectly created.\r\n<h3>Missing Components<\/h3>\r\nSometimes, a graph may be created with a missing component that causes a misrepresentation of the data. When the graph is corrected by including the missing piece, a very different perspective usually emerges.\r\n\r\nWork with a partner to explore examples of missing display components by answering Questions 1 - 5 .\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Question 1<\/h3>\r\nLooking at the following bar graph,[footnote]Top Drawer Teachers. (n.d.). Misleading scales. https:\/\/topdrawer.aamt.edu.au\/Statistics\/Misunderstandings\/Misleading-graphs\/Misleading-scales[\/footnote] at first glance, what seems true about the average house prices between 1998 and 1999?\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-1165 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023645\/Picture107-300x260.png\" alt=\"A bar graph labeled &quot;Massive increase in house prices this year.&quot; The x-axis is labeled Year and the y-axis is labeled average house price ($). The x-axis has one bar labeled 1998 and another labeled 1999. The y-axis is labeled in increments of 1000 starting at 80000 and going up to 82000. For 1998, the bar reaches us to 80000. For 1999, the bar reaches up to 82000.\" width=\"485\" height=\"420\" \/>\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"211092\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"211092\"]What do <em>you<\/em> think?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nYou can see from Question 1 that it is important to always check the scale of a graph before inferring any message that could lead us to misinterpret the data displayed within it. All the data for prices from $0 to $79,000 was missing from the graph in Question 1.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Question 2<\/h3>\r\nUse the following grid to create a sketch of a corrected bar graph for the average house prices for 1998 and 1999. Recall the bar graphs you've see previously in the course (such as in the section\u00a0<em>Displaying Categorical Data<\/em>\u00a0in Module 2) for the appropriate value to start the scale of the y-axis.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-1166\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023652\/Picture108-232x300.png\" alt=\"A grid\" width=\"1096\" height=\"1417\" \/>\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"431056\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"431056\"]What should should the starting value of the vertical axis be? What should the ending value be at the top of the graph?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe graph you drew for average house prices in Question 2 likely presented a much more reasonable picture of the real situation. The graph's scale should always be checked to see if it communicates misleading information.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>example<\/h3>\r\nWhat key components should be present in a graph?\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"518855\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"518855\"]Horizontal axis, vertical axis, clear data lines or distinct bars, color legend[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nOther graphs may be missing key elements of a graphical display altogether.\u00a0 See Questions 3 - 5 for an example.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Question 3<\/h3>\r\nWhat is missing from the following line plot?[footnote]Collins, K. (2016, March 13). The most misleading charts of 2015, fixed. Quartz. https:\/\/qz.com\/580859\/the-most-misleading-charts-of-2015-fixed\/[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-1167\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023657\/Picture109-300x279.png\" alt=\"A graph titled &quot;Planned Parenthood Federation of America: Abortions Up - Life-Saving Procedures Down.&quot; At the bottom, there is a horizontal axis labeled in increments of one from 2006 to 2013. On the graph, there is a pink line labeled &quot;Cancer screening and prevention services&quot; that has goes downwards and there is a red line labeled &quot;Abortions&quot; that goes upwards and crosses the pink line. The pink line is labeled &quot;2,007,371 in 2006&quot; on the left side and &quot;835,573 in 2013&quot; on the right side. The red line is labeled &quot;289,750 in 2006&quot; on the left side and &quot;327,000 in 2013&quot; on the right side.\" width=\"1011\" height=\"940\" \/>\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"895385\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"895385\"]Compare the numbers vertically to see if it makes sense to place them in their current locations in relation to one another.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 4<\/h3>\r\nWhat are some possible implications for how data could be misinterpreted if there is no y-axis on the graph?\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"833257\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"833257\"]What do <em>you<\/em> think? [\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 5<\/h3>\r\nThe graph from Question 3 was re-created using the data from Planned Parenthood\u2019s annual reports. The following is the new graph.[footnote]Collins, K. (2016, March 13). The most misleading charts of 2015, fixed. Quartz. https:\/\/qz.com\/580859\/the-most-misleading-charts-of-2015-fixed\/[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-1168\" style=\"font-size: 1em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023702\/Picture110-300x194.png\" alt=\"A graph titled &quot;Planned Parenthood services. Beneath the title is a legend that shows the red line is for abortion procedures and the blue line is for cancer screening and preventative services. The horizontal axis of the graph is labeled by increments of one from '06 to '13. The y-axis is labeled in half millions, from 0 to 2.5 million. On the graph, the blue line starts at approximately 2 million on the y-axis in 2006 and drops to approximately 1 million by 2013. The red line begins in 2006 at approximately 0.3 million and ends at approximately 0.35 million in 2013.\" width=\"991\" height=\"641\" \/>\r\n\r\nPart A: What missing component was added to the graph?\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"955374\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"955374\"]What key component was missing previously?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart B: Compare the information communicated in the graph in Question 3 to the information communicated in the re-created graph in Question 5.\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"928053\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"928053\"]What do <em>you<\/em> think?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>\u00a0Color<\/h3>\r\nIt is important to use good design principles when using color to communicate information. You'll learn more about the principles of design specific to graphical displays of data in the course material for this section. For now, see Question 6 for an example of an incorrect use of color in a display.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Question 6<\/h3>\r\nThe use of color in a graph can be used inappropriately and can potentially lead to the misinterpretation of a graph. For Parts A and B, refer to the following graph[footnote]McCready, R. (2020, April 17). 5 ways writers use misleading graphs to manipulate you [Infographic]. Venngage. https:\/\/venngage.com\/blog\/misleading-graphs\/[\/footnote] showing information about the number of confirmed cases of coronavirus around the world.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-1169\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023709\/Picture1111-300x288.png\" alt=\"A map titled &quot;Coronavirus around the world.&quot; Beneath the title, it says &quot;The outbreak began in China and has infected over 1.8 million people, leaving over 100,000 dead. More than 200 countries have reported isolated cases.&quot; At the bottom, there is a legend for Confirmed Cases. &quot;1-10&quot; is a grayish red color, &quot;10-100&quot; is a slightly brighter red, &quot;100-1K&quot; is a vibrant right, &quot;1K-10K&quot; is an even more neon red, &quot;10K-100K&quot; is a darker red, and &quot;100K+&quot; is an even darker red. Additionally, there is a nearby heading that reads &quot;Total Confirmed Cases&quot; above a red bar that has the umber 1,860,011 at the end of it. Beneath that is another heading reading &quot;Total Deaths&quot; above a yellow bar that has the number 114,983 at the end of it, and there is a last heading that reads &quot;Total Recovered&quot; above a green bar with the number 438,516 at the end of it. Nearly all of the countries on the map are some form of red from the legend, except for a few that are simply gray. \" width=\"916\" height=\"879\" \/>\r\n\r\nPart A: What do you notice about the colors on the graph?\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"466901\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"466901\"]Are all the colors on the map included in the key? Are some difficult to identify in the map?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart B: Would you change the color palette used for this graph? If so, what colors would you use in the color palette of the legend?\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"134772\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"134772\"]What do <em>you<\/em> think?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nHopefully, you are starting to understand how graphical displays can be used to deliberately mislead, as well as how an incorrect use of design principles can make it difficult for the audience to understand what information the designer wishes to communicate. Move on to the course section now, where you will learn to identify evidence of key design criteria in graphical displays.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>What you&#8217;ll need to Know:<\/h3>\n<p>In this support activity you\u2019ll become familiar with the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recognize when a graph includes a missing component.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the next preview assignment and in the next class, you will need to identify evidence of five criteria of good graphical displays. Displays that are missing one or more of these criteria can be misleading. In this activity, you&#8217;ll prepare to recognize a misleading graph by learning to identify missing or poorly executed display components.<\/p>\n<h2>Misleading Graphs<\/h2>\n<p>Misleading graphs are sometimes created to intentionally misrepresent the data. This is usually done in order to focus a reader\u2019s attention on a specific trend or pattern. In this corequisite support activity, we will learn about a few different ways a graph can be presented with a missing component or be incorrectly created.<\/p>\n<h3>Missing Components<\/h3>\n<p>Sometimes, a graph may be created with a missing component that causes a misrepresentation of the data. When the graph is corrected by including the missing piece, a very different perspective usually emerges.<\/p>\n<p>Work with a partner to explore examples of missing display components by answering Questions 1 &#8211; 5 .<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Question 1<\/h3>\n<p>Looking at the following bar graph,<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Top Drawer Teachers. (n.d.). Misleading scales. https:\/\/topdrawer.aamt.edu.au\/Statistics\/Misunderstandings\/Misleading-graphs\/Misleading-scales\" id=\"return-footnote-3828-1\" href=\"#footnote-3828-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> at first glance, what seems true about the average house prices between 1998 and 1999?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1165 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023645\/Picture107-300x260.png\" alt=\"A bar graph labeled &quot;Massive increase in house prices this year.&quot; The x-axis is labeled Year and the y-axis is labeled average house price ($). The x-axis has one bar labeled 1998 and another labeled 1999. The y-axis is labeled in increments of 1000 starting at 80000 and going up to 82000. For 1998, the bar reaches us to 80000. For 1999, the bar reaches up to 82000.\" width=\"485\" height=\"420\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q211092\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q211092\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">What do <em>you<\/em> think?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>You can see from Question 1 that it is important to always check the scale of a graph before inferring any message that could lead us to misinterpret the data displayed within it. All the data for prices from $0 to $79,000 was missing from the graph in Question 1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Question 2<\/h3>\n<p>Use the following grid to create a sketch of a corrected bar graph for the average house prices for 1998 and 1999. Recall the bar graphs you&#8217;ve see previously in the course (such as in the section\u00a0<em>Displaying Categorical Data<\/em>\u00a0in Module 2) for the appropriate value to start the scale of the y-axis.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1166\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023652\/Picture108-232x300.png\" alt=\"A grid\" width=\"1096\" height=\"1417\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q431056\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q431056\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">What should should the starting value of the vertical axis be? What should the ending value be at the top of the graph?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The graph you drew for average house prices in Question 2 likely presented a much more reasonable picture of the real situation. The graph&#8217;s scale should always be checked to see if it communicates misleading information.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>example<\/h3>\n<p>What key components should be present in a graph?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q518855\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q518855\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Horizontal axis, vertical axis, clear data lines or distinct bars, color legend<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Other graphs may be missing key elements of a graphical display altogether.\u00a0 See Questions 3 &#8211; 5 for an example.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Question 3<\/h3>\n<p>What is missing from the following line plot?<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Collins, K. (2016, March 13). The most misleading charts of 2015, fixed. Quartz. https:\/\/qz.com\/580859\/the-most-misleading-charts-of-2015-fixed\/\" id=\"return-footnote-3828-2\" href=\"#footnote-3828-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1167\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023657\/Picture109-300x279.png\" alt=\"A graph titled &quot;Planned Parenthood Federation of America: Abortions Up - Life-Saving Procedures Down.&quot; At the bottom, there is a horizontal axis labeled in increments of one from 2006 to 2013. On the graph, there is a pink line labeled &quot;Cancer screening and prevention services&quot; that has goes downwards and there is a red line labeled &quot;Abortions&quot; that goes upwards and crosses the pink line. The pink line is labeled &quot;2,007,371 in 2006&quot; on the left side and &quot;835,573 in 2013&quot; on the right side. The red line is labeled &quot;289,750 in 2006&quot; on the left side and &quot;327,000 in 2013&quot; on the right side.\" width=\"1011\" height=\"940\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q895385\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q895385\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Compare the numbers vertically to see if it makes sense to place them in their current locations in relation to one another.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 4<\/h3>\n<p>What are some possible implications for how data could be misinterpreted if there is no y-axis on the graph?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q833257\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q833257\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">What do <em>you<\/em> think? <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 5<\/h3>\n<p>The graph from Question 3 was re-created using the data from Planned Parenthood\u2019s annual reports. The following is the new graph.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Collins, K. (2016, March 13). The most misleading charts of 2015, fixed. Quartz. https:\/\/qz.com\/580859\/the-most-misleading-charts-of-2015-fixed\/\" id=\"return-footnote-3828-3\" href=\"#footnote-3828-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1168\" style=\"font-size: 1em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023702\/Picture110-300x194.png\" alt=\"A graph titled &quot;Planned Parenthood services. Beneath the title is a legend that shows the red line is for abortion procedures and the blue line is for cancer screening and preventative services. The horizontal axis of the graph is labeled by increments of one from '06 to '13. The y-axis is labeled in half millions, from 0 to 2.5 million. On the graph, the blue line starts at approximately 2 million on the y-axis in 2006 and drops to approximately 1 million by 2013. The red line begins in 2006 at approximately 0.3 million and ends at approximately 0.35 million in 2013.\" width=\"991\" height=\"641\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Part A: What missing component was added to the graph?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q955374\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q955374\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">What key component was missing previously?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part B: Compare the information communicated in the graph in Question 3 to the information communicated in the re-created graph in Question 5.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q928053\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q928053\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">What do <em>you<\/em> think?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>\u00a0Color<\/h3>\n<p>It is important to use good design principles when using color to communicate information. You&#8217;ll learn more about the principles of design specific to graphical displays of data in the course material for this section. For now, see Question 6 for an example of an incorrect use of color in a display.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Question 6<\/h3>\n<p>The use of color in a graph can be used inappropriately and can potentially lead to the misinterpretation of a graph. For Parts A and B, refer to the following graph<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"McCready, R. (2020, April 17). 5 ways writers use misleading graphs to manipulate you [Infographic]. Venngage. https:\/\/venngage.com\/blog\/misleading-graphs\/\" id=\"return-footnote-3828-4\" href=\"#footnote-3828-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> showing information about the number of confirmed cases of coronavirus around the world.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1169\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2022\/01\/12023709\/Picture1111-300x288.png\" alt=\"A map titled &quot;Coronavirus around the world.&quot; Beneath the title, it says &quot;The outbreak began in China and has infected over 1.8 million people, leaving over 100,000 dead. More than 200 countries have reported isolated cases.&quot; At the bottom, there is a legend for Confirmed Cases. &quot;1-10&quot; is a grayish red color, &quot;10-100&quot; is a slightly brighter red, &quot;100-1K&quot; is a vibrant right, &quot;1K-10K&quot; is an even more neon red, &quot;10K-100K&quot; is a darker red, and &quot;100K+&quot; is an even darker red. Additionally, there is a nearby heading that reads &quot;Total Confirmed Cases&quot; above a red bar that has the umber 1,860,011 at the end of it. Beneath that is another heading reading &quot;Total Deaths&quot; above a yellow bar that has the number 114,983 at the end of it, and there is a last heading that reads &quot;Total Recovered&quot; above a green bar with the number 438,516 at the end of it. Nearly all of the countries on the map are some form of red from the legend, except for a few that are simply gray.\" width=\"916\" height=\"879\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Part A: What do you notice about the colors on the graph?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q466901\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q466901\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Are all the colors on the map included in the key? Are some difficult to identify in the map?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part B: Would you change the color palette used for this graph? If so, what colors would you use in the color palette of the legend?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q134772\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q134772\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">What do <em>you<\/em> think?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Hopefully, you are starting to understand how graphical displays can be used to deliberately mislead, as well as how an incorrect use of design principles can make it difficult for the audience to understand what information the designer wishes to communicate. Move on to the course section now, where you will learn to identify evidence of key design criteria in graphical displays.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-3828-1\">Top Drawer Teachers. (n.d.). Misleading scales. https:\/\/topdrawer.aamt.edu.au\/Statistics\/Misunderstandings\/Misleading-graphs\/Misleading-scales <a href=\"#return-footnote-3828-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-3828-2\">Collins, K. (2016, March 13). The most misleading charts of 2015, fixed. Quartz. https:\/\/qz.com\/580859\/the-most-misleading-charts-of-2015-fixed\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-3828-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-3828-3\">Collins, K. (2016, March 13). The most misleading charts of 2015, fixed. Quartz. https:\/\/qz.com\/580859\/the-most-misleading-charts-of-2015-fixed\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-3828-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-3828-4\">McCready, R. (2020, April 17). 5 ways writers use misleading graphs to manipulate you [Infographic]. Venngage. https:\/\/venngage.com\/blog\/misleading-graphs\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-3828-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":428269,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3828","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3807,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3828","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/428269"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3828\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4677,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3828\/revisions\/4677"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3807"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3828\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3828"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3828"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3828"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3828"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}