{"id":5465,"date":"2022-08-30T21:49:37","date_gmt":"2022-08-30T21:49:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/?post_type=chapter&p=5465"},"modified":"2022-08-30T21:49:37","modified_gmt":"2022-08-30T21:49:37","slug":"14c-inclass","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/chapter\/14c-inclass\/","title":{"raw":"14C InClass","rendered":"14C InClass"},"content":{"raw":"Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which the\u00a0bones in a person\u2019s body have lost density,\u00a0making them weak and brittle. The condition\u00a0is most common in older women, and\u00a0researchers have been searching for ways to\u00a0treat and prevent osteoporosis for many\u00a0years.\u00a0In this in-class activity, we\u2019ll use a simplified\u00a0version of a real healthcare research study to\u00a0explore the factors we consider when\u00a0deciding if a one-way ANOVA is an\u00a0appropriate test to use.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]\"A Credit: iStock\/wetcake[\/caption]\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Question 1<\/h3>\r\n1) What are some different ways researchers could use an ANOVA to study osteoporosis?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Question 2<\/h3>\r\n2) A 1995 study used a one-way ANOVA to compare different osteoporosis prevention\u00a0 strategies on the bone density of older women.1 The women were randomly\u00a0 assigned to receive either a placebo treatment, milk powder containing calcium,\u00a0 calcium pills, or calcium pills with an exercise program.\r\n\r\nPart A: In your own words, identify the conditions\/assumptions we need to consider\u00a0 before using an ANOVA.\r\n\r\nPart B: What information do you need in order to know if this research study used an ANOVA appropriately? Explain.\r\n\r\n1 Prince, R., Devine, A., Dick, I., Criddle, A., Kerr, D., Kent, N., Randell, A. & Price, R. (1995). The effects\u00a0 of calcium supplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal\u00a0 women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 10(7), 1068\u20131075.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Question 3<\/h3>\r\n3) In order to compare the groups, the researchers measured the densities of the thigh\u00a0 bones for each of the treatment groups after a period of two years. Results were\u00a0 recorded as percentage changes in bone density from the beginning of the study.\u00a0 There were 168 participants in the study (42 in each group). The data provided in\u00a0 the following table (continued on the next page) are based on the summary statistics\u00a0 in the study presented in Question 2. The values represent the changes in bone\u00a0 density (%) for the patients within that group.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Placebo<\/td>\r\nMilk<\/td>\r\nCalcium Pill<\/td>\r\nCalcium Pill Plus Exercise<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.46<\/td>\r\n-0.02<\/td>\r\n-0.2<\/td>\r\n0.53<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.57<\/td>\r\n-0.43<\/td>\r\n-0.07<\/td>\r\n0.54<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.7<\/td>\r\n-0.24<\/td>\r\n-0.3<\/td>\r\n0.11<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.61<\/td>\r\n0.05<\/td>\r\n-0.26<\/td>\r\n0.42<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.65<\/td>\r\n-0.44<\/td>\r\n-0.38<\/td>\r\n0.73<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.62<\/td>\r\n-0.1<\/td>\r\n0.01<\/td>\r\n1.21<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.93<\/td>\r\n-0.35<\/td>\r\n-0.23<\/td>\r\n0.67<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.83<\/td>\r\n-0.02<\/td>\r\n0.11<\/td>\r\n0.63<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.7<\/td>\r\n-0.21<\/td>\r\n0.1<\/td>\r\n0.25<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.65<\/td>\r\n0.31<\/td>\r\n0.07<\/td>\r\n0.07<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.62<\/td>\r\n-0.06<\/td>\r\n-0.28<\/td>\r\n0.34<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.92<\/td>\r\n-0.4<\/td>\r\n-0.19<\/td>\r\n0.32<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.33<\/td>\r\n-0.04<\/td>\r\n0.02<\/td>\r\n0.18<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.7<\/td>\r\n-0.14<\/td>\r\n-0.14<\/td>\r\n-0.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.47<\/td>\r\n-0.39<\/td>\r\n-0.25<\/td>\r\n0.53<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.71<\/td>\r\n0.05<\/td>\r\n-0.21<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.94<\/td>\r\n-0.05<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n0.34<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.47<\/td>\r\n0.06<\/td>\r\n-0.54<\/td>\r\n0.04<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.52<\/td>\r\n-0.35<\/td>\r\n-0.2<\/td>\r\n0.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.85<\/td>\r\n-0.4<\/td>\r\n-0.06<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.38<\/td>\r\n-0.34<\/td>\r\n-0.27<\/td>\r\n0.35<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.76<\/td>\r\n-0.3<\/td>\r\n0.06<\/td>\r\n-0.45<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.71<\/td>\r\n-0.35<\/td>\r\n-0.14<\/td>\r\n-0.26<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.77<\/td>\r\n-0.2<\/td>\r\n-0.33<\/td>\r\n0.33<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.73<\/td>\r\n-0.38<\/td>\r\n-0.4<\/td>\r\n-0.05<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.67<\/td>\r\n-0.27<\/td>\r\n-0.21<\/td>\r\n-0.12<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.68<\/td>\r\n0.3<\/td>\r\n-0.23<\/td>\r\n0.51<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.67<\/td>\r\n-0.29<\/td>\r\n-0.38<\/td>\r\n0.29<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.68<\/td>\r\n-0.25<\/td>\r\n-0.43<\/td>\r\n0.32<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.52<\/td>\r\n-0.1<\/td>\r\n-0.27<\/td>\r\n0.39<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.18<\/td>\r\n-0.34<\/td>\r\n0.1<\/td>\r\n0.38<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.8<\/td>\r\n-0.36<\/td>\r\n-0.21<\/td>\r\n-0.32<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.99<\/td>\r\n-0.22<\/td>\r\n-0.34<\/td>\r\n0.36<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.49<\/td>\r\n-0.06<\/td>\r\n-0.13<\/td>\r\n0.39<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.81<\/td>\r\n-0.26<\/td>\r\n-0.18<\/td>\r\n0.58<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.8<\/td>\r\n-0.27<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n-0.07<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.66<\/td>\r\n0.1<\/td>\r\n-0.37<\/td>\r\n0.37<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.84<\/td>\r\n0.03<\/td>\r\n0.07<\/td>\r\n0.61<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.83<\/td>\r\n-0.18<\/td>\r\n0.19<\/td>\r\n0.04<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.86<\/td>\r\n-0.25<\/td>\r\n-0.42<\/td>\r\n0.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.31<\/td>\r\n-0.2<\/td>\r\n-0.17<\/td>\r\n-0.34<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-0.82<\/td>\r\n-0.37<\/td>\r\n-0.47<\/td>\r\n0.47<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nPart A: Based on this information, do you have any concerns about the type of data\u00a0 the researchers were testing with the one-way ANOVA? Explain.\r\n\r\nPart B: The following are the descriptive statistics for each group. Based on this\u00a0 information, do you have any concerns about the variability of the groups in this ANOVA? Explain.\r\n\r\n\"A\r\n\r\nPart C: In this case, consider the experimental design. Do you have any concerns\u00a0 about how the groups were created? Explain.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Question 4<\/h3>\r\n4) Write the null and alternative hypotheses for this ANOVA. Use statistical notation\u00a0 AND write out the hypotheses in the context of the problem.<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Question 5<\/h3>\r\n5) Go to the DCMP ANOVA: Analysis of Variance tool at https:\/\/dcmathpathways.shinyapps.io\/ANOVA\/. Under \u201cFrom Textbook,\u201d select\u00a0 \u201cOsteoporosis.\u201d\r\n\r\nPart A: Write your F-statistic and P-value.\r\n\r\nPart B: What is your interpretation of the P-value?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Question 6<\/h3>\r\n6) Your elderly aunt asks, \u201cWhat treatment works best to prevent osteoporosis?\u201d Can\u00a0 you use the results of your ANOVA to answer her question? Explain.<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Question 7<\/h3>\r\n7) In this example, it is very tempting to make assumptions based on the obvious\u00a0 differences in the group means, but further testing is needed to confirm and provide\u00a0 statistical evidence of our conclusions. This testing will be the focus of our next in class activity.\r\n\r\nPart A: As you prepare to start analyzing specific differences, what is one hypothesis\u00a0 you would like to test?\r\n\r\nPart B: What other treatment options might be valuable for researchers to\u00a0 investigate?\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which the\u00a0bones in a person\u2019s body have lost density,\u00a0making them weak and brittle. The condition\u00a0is most common in older women, and\u00a0researchers have been searching for ways to\u00a0treat and prevent osteoporosis for many\u00a0years.\u00a0In this in-class activity, we\u2019ll use a simplified\u00a0version of a real healthcare research study to\u00a0explore the factors we consider when\u00a0deciding if a one-way ANOVA is an\u00a0appropriate test to use.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

Credit: iStock\/wetcake<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Question 1<\/h3>\n

1) What are some different ways researchers could use an ANOVA to study osteoporosis?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Question 2<\/h3>\n

2) A 1995 study used a one-way ANOVA to compare different osteoporosis prevention\u00a0 strategies on the bone density of older women.1 The women were randomly\u00a0 assigned to receive either a placebo treatment, milk powder containing calcium,\u00a0 calcium pills, or calcium pills with an exercise program.<\/p>\n

Part A: In your own words, identify the conditions\/assumptions we need to consider\u00a0 before using an ANOVA.<\/p>\n

Part B: What information do you need in order to know if this research study used an ANOVA appropriately? Explain.<\/p>\n

1 Prince, R., Devine, A., Dick, I., Criddle, A., Kerr, D., Kent, N., Randell, A. & Price, R. (1995). The effects\u00a0 of calcium supplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal\u00a0 women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 10(7), 1068\u20131075.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Question 3<\/h3>\n

3) In order to compare the groups, the researchers measured the densities of the thigh\u00a0 bones for each of the treatment groups after a period of two years. Results were\u00a0 recorded as percentage changes in bone density from the beginning of the study.\u00a0 There were 168 participants in the study (42 in each group). The data provided in\u00a0 the following table (continued on the next page) are based on the summary statistics\u00a0 in the study presented in Question 2. The values represent the changes in bone\u00a0 density (%) for the patients within that group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Placebo<\/td>\nMilk<\/td>\nCalcium Pill<\/td>\nCalcium Pill Plus Exercise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.46<\/td>\n-0.02<\/td>\n-0.2<\/td>\n0.53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.57<\/td>\n-0.43<\/td>\n-0.07<\/td>\n0.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.7<\/td>\n-0.24<\/td>\n-0.3<\/td>\n0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.61<\/td>\n0.05<\/td>\n-0.26<\/td>\n0.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.65<\/td>\n-0.44<\/td>\n-0.38<\/td>\n0.73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.62<\/td>\n-0.1<\/td>\n0.01<\/td>\n1.21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.93<\/td>\n-0.35<\/td>\n-0.23<\/td>\n0.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.83<\/td>\n-0.02<\/td>\n0.11<\/td>\n0.63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.7<\/td>\n-0.21<\/td>\n0.1<\/td>\n0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.65<\/td>\n0.31<\/td>\n0.07<\/td>\n0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.62<\/td>\n-0.06<\/td>\n-0.28<\/td>\n0.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.92<\/td>\n-0.4<\/td>\n-0.19<\/td>\n0.32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.33<\/td>\n-0.04<\/td>\n0.02<\/td>\n0.18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.7<\/td>\n-0.14<\/td>\n-0.14<\/td>\n-0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.47<\/td>\n-0.39<\/td>\n-0.25<\/td>\n0.53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.71<\/td>\n0.05<\/td>\n-0.21<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.94<\/td>\n-0.05<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.47<\/td>\n0.06<\/td>\n-0.54<\/td>\n0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.52<\/td>\n-0.35<\/td>\n-0.2<\/td>\n0.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.85<\/td>\n-0.4<\/td>\n-0.06<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.38<\/td>\n-0.34<\/td>\n-0.27<\/td>\n0.35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.76<\/td>\n-0.3<\/td>\n0.06<\/td>\n-0.45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.71<\/td>\n-0.35<\/td>\n-0.14<\/td>\n-0.26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.77<\/td>\n-0.2<\/td>\n-0.33<\/td>\n0.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.73<\/td>\n-0.38<\/td>\n-0.4<\/td>\n-0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.67<\/td>\n-0.27<\/td>\n-0.21<\/td>\n-0.12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.68<\/td>\n0.3<\/td>\n-0.23<\/td>\n0.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.67<\/td>\n-0.29<\/td>\n-0.38<\/td>\n0.29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.68<\/td>\n-0.25<\/td>\n-0.43<\/td>\n0.32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.52<\/td>\n-0.1<\/td>\n-0.27<\/td>\n0.39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.18<\/td>\n-0.34<\/td>\n0.1<\/td>\n0.38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.8<\/td>\n-0.36<\/td>\n-0.21<\/td>\n-0.32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.99<\/td>\n-0.22<\/td>\n-0.34<\/td>\n0.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.49<\/td>\n-0.06<\/td>\n-0.13<\/td>\n0.39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.81<\/td>\n-0.26<\/td>\n-0.18<\/td>\n0.58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.8<\/td>\n-0.27<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n-0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.66<\/td>\n0.1<\/td>\n-0.37<\/td>\n0.37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.84<\/td>\n0.03<\/td>\n0.07<\/td>\n0.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.83<\/td>\n-0.18<\/td>\n0.19<\/td>\n0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.86<\/td>\n-0.25<\/td>\n-0.42<\/td>\n0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.31<\/td>\n-0.2<\/td>\n-0.17<\/td>\n-0.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-0.82<\/td>\n-0.37<\/td>\n-0.47<\/td>\n0.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Part A: Based on this information, do you have any concerns about the type of data\u00a0 the researchers were testing with the one-way ANOVA? Explain.<\/p>\n

Part B: The following are the descriptive statistics for each group. Based on this\u00a0 information, do you have any concerns about the variability of the groups in this ANOVA? Explain.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

Part C: In this case, consider the experimental design. Do you have any concerns\u00a0 about how the groups were created? Explain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Question 4<\/h3>\n

4) Write the null and alternative hypotheses for this ANOVA. Use statistical notation\u00a0 AND write out the hypotheses in the context of the problem.<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

Question 5<\/h3>\n

5) Go to the DCMP ANOVA: Analysis of Variance tool at https:\/\/dcmathpathways.shinyapps.io\/ANOVA\/. Under \u201cFrom Textbook,\u201d select\u00a0 \u201cOsteoporosis.\u201d<\/p>\n

Part A: Write your F-statistic and P-value.<\/p>\n

Part B: What is your interpretation of the P-value?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Question 6<\/h3>\n

6) Your elderly aunt asks, \u201cWhat treatment works best to prevent osteoporosis?\u201d Can\u00a0 you use the results of your ANOVA to answer her question? Explain.<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

Question 7<\/h3>\n

7) In this example, it is very tempting to make assumptions based on the obvious\u00a0 differences in the group means, but further testing is needed to confirm and provide\u00a0 statistical evidence of our conclusions. This testing will be the focus of our next in class activity.<\/p>\n

Part A: As you prepare to start analyzing specific differences, what is one hypothesis\u00a0 you would like to test?<\/p>\n

Part B: What other treatment options might be valuable for researchers to\u00a0 investigate?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-5465","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":5448,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5465","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23592"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5465\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5466,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5465\/revisions\/5466"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/5448"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5465\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5465"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5465"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5465"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumen-danacenter-statsmockup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5465"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}