{"id":1279,"date":"2020-03-06T18:39:52","date_gmt":"2020-03-06T18:39:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1279"},"modified":"2020-03-06T18:42:02","modified_gmt":"2020-03-06T18:42:02","slug":"chemistry","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/chapter\/chemistry\/","title":{"raw":"Chemistry","rendered":"Chemistry"},"content":{"raw":"<article id=\"elm-main-content\" class=\"elm-content-container\" tabindex=\"-1\"><section class=\"mt-content-container\">CHEM 360 is the continuation of\u00a0<a title=\"Chemistry 350: Organic Chemistry I\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_350%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I\" rel=\"internal\"><em>CHEM 350: Organic Chemistry I<\/em><\/a>. Together, the two courses provide a comprehensive introduction to organic chemistry at the second-year university level. CHEM 360 deals with the chemistry of carbon compounds through a study of the characteristic reactions of the common functional groups. The chemistry of alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, carbohydrates, and amines are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of reaction mechanisms, in an attempt to show similarities between apparently unrelated reactions. The importance of stereochemistry is stressed throughout the course. In addition to the compulsory units in the course, students will complete one of the three optional units that are devoted to the study of compounds of biological or industrial importance, including amino acids, peptides and proteins; lipids; and nucleic acids. Further use of spectroscopy in the analysis of organic compounds is also included in the course. The compulsory laboratory component of CHEM 360 introduces the student to the basic techniques employed in modern organic chemistry laboratories. Experiments have been selected to illustrate many of the principles encountered in the theoretical part of the course.\r\n<div class=\"mt-category-container mt-subpage-listings-container noindex\">\r\n<ul id=\"mt-sortable\" class=\"mt-sortable-listings-container \" data-user-can-edit=\"false\" data-page-id=\"27820\">\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"169469\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Front Matter\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/00%3A_Front_Matter\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/232046\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=2\" alt=\"Front Matter\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Front Matter<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"90935\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols: In this unit, we examine the chemistry of the alcohol family of compounds. Alcohols can undergo a wide variety of reactions, and because of this reactivity and because they can be prepared in a number of different ways, alcohols occupy an important position in organic chemistry. The discussion begins with an outline of the nomenclature of alcohols and phenols. We review the physical properties of these compounds, and discuss methods used to obtain the lower members on an industrial scale.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_17%3A_Alcohols_and_Phenols\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120046\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"90949\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 18: Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides: We shall begin in a very traditional manner, with a discussion of the nomenclature of ethers. We will then describe how ethers may be prepared in the laboratory, and discuss the relative inertness of these compounds. A discussion of the chemistry of cyclic ethers follows, with particular emphasis on the preparation and reactions of epoxides\u2014cyclic ethers containing a three\u2011membered ring. We will then introduce crown ethers.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_18%3A_Ethers_and_Epoxides%3B_Thiols_and_Sulfides\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120069\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 18: Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 18: Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"90962\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 19: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: Nucleophilic addition reactions were described in general terms in Unit 18. In Unit 19, we take a more detailed look at these reactions as we make a comprehensive study of the chemistry of aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes and ketones are discussed together because their chemistry is very similar. However, as you work through the unit, be sure to look for specific instances where the chemistry of these two classes of compounds differs.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_19%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones%3A_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120087\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 19: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 19: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"90978\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_20%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Nitriles\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120106\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"90989\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_21%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives%3A_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120118\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"91002\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 22: Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions: Alpha-substitution reactions are the third major type of reaction that you will study in your investigation of the chemistry of carbonyl compounds. As you will see, these reactions proceed through the formation of the enol form of the carbonyl compound. After a brief review of keto-enol tautomerism, we begin our discussion of alpha-substitution reactions by looking at the methods used to introduce a halogen atom into a carbonyl-containing compound\u2014reactions.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_22%3A_Carbonyl_Alpha-Substitution_Reactions\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120137\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 22: Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 22: Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"91012\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 23: Carbonyl Condensation Reactions: Carbonyl condensation reactions take place between two carbonyl containing reactants, one of which must possess an alpha-hydrogen atom. The first step of the reaction involves the removal of an alpha-hydrogen atom by a base. In the second step, the enolate anion that results from this removal attacks the carbonyl-carbon of the second reacting molecule. In the final step , a proton is transferred to the tetrahedral intermediate formed in the second step, but may subsequently be dehydrated.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_23%3A_Carbonyl_Condensation_Reactions\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120152\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 23: Carbonyl Condensation Reactions\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 23: Carbonyl Condensation Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"91027\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 24: Amines and Heterocycles: Amines are the first nitrogen-containing compounds that we study in detail in this course.We begin the unit with an explanation of the differences in structure among primary, secondary and tertiary amines. We explain the nomenclature of aliphatic and anylamines, and examine the structure and bonding of these compounds, relating these features to their physical properties and basicity.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_24%3A_Amines_and_Heterocycles\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120168\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 24: Amines and Heterocycles\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 24: Amines and Heterocycles<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"91039\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 25: Biomolecules: Carbohydrates\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120180\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 25: Biomolecules: Carbohydrates\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 25: Biomolecules: Carbohydrates<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"91053\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Amino acids are important biochemicals, as they are the building blocks from which proteins and polypeptides are assembled.We begin this unit with an examination of some of the fundamental chemistry of amino acids: their structures, stereochemistry and synthesis. We then discuss the nature of peptides and of the peptide bond, and present the complex issue of determining the order in which the various amino acid residues occur in a given peptide.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_26%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Amino_Acids%2C_Peptides%2C_and_Proteins\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120194\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"91067\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 27: Biomolecules - Lipids: Lipids are naturally occurring organic compounds that can be extracted from cells and tissues using nonpolar solvents. Although many lipids have complex structures, their chemistry can often be understood quite readily by applying the basic concepts you have studied in previous units. We begin the unit with a study of fats and oils, and explain the different origins of these structurally similar substances.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_27%3A_Biomolecules_-_Lipids\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120228\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 27: Biomolecules - Lipids\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 27: Biomolecules - Lipids<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"91077\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 28: Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_28%3A_Biomolecules_-_Nucleic_Acids\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120246\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 28: Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 28: Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing \" data-page-id=\"169470\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Back Matter\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/zz%3A_Back_Matter\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/232047\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=2\" alt=\"Back Matter\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Back Matter<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<footer class=\"mt-content-footer\"><\/footer><\/section><footer class=\"elm-content-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><footer class=\"elm-footer\">\r\n<div class=\"elm-footer-custom\">\r\n<div class=\"mt-container-highlight\"><nav class=\"elm-nav my-custom-class\">\r\n<div id=\"bottomFooter\" class=\"elm-nav-container\"><\/div>\r\n<\/nav><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/footer>","rendered":"<article id=\"elm-main-content\" class=\"elm-content-container\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<section class=\"mt-content-container\">CHEM 360 is the continuation of\u00a0<a title=\"Chemistry 350: Organic Chemistry I\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_350%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I\" rel=\"internal\"><em>CHEM 350: Organic Chemistry I<\/em><\/a>. Together, the two courses provide a comprehensive introduction to organic chemistry at the second-year university level. CHEM 360 deals with the chemistry of carbon compounds through a study of the characteristic reactions of the common functional groups. The chemistry of alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, carbohydrates, and amines are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of reaction mechanisms, in an attempt to show similarities between apparently unrelated reactions. The importance of stereochemistry is stressed throughout the course. In addition to the compulsory units in the course, students will complete one of the three optional units that are devoted to the study of compounds of biological or industrial importance, including amino acids, peptides and proteins; lipids; and nucleic acids. Further use of spectroscopy in the analysis of organic compounds is also included in the course. The compulsory laboratory component of CHEM 360 introduces the student to the basic techniques employed in modern organic chemistry laboratories. Experiments have been selected to illustrate many of the principles encountered in the theoretical part of the course.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mt-category-container mt-subpage-listings-container noindex\">\n<ul id=\"mt-sortable\" class=\"mt-sortable-listings-container\" data-user-can-edit=\"false\" data-page-id=\"27820\">\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"169469\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Front Matter\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/00%3A_Front_Matter\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/232046\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=2\" alt=\"Front Matter\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Front Matter<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"90935\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols: In this unit, we examine the chemistry of the alcohol family of compounds. Alcohols can undergo a wide variety of reactions, and because of this reactivity and because they can be prepared in a number of different ways, alcohols occupy an important position in organic chemistry. The discussion begins with an outline of the nomenclature of alcohols and phenols. We review the physical properties of these compounds, and discuss methods used to obtain the lower members on an industrial scale.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_17%3A_Alcohols_and_Phenols\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120046\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"90949\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 18: Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides: We shall begin in a very traditional manner, with a discussion of the nomenclature of ethers. We will then describe how ethers may be prepared in the laboratory, and discuss the relative inertness of these compounds. A discussion of the chemistry of cyclic ethers follows, with particular emphasis on the preparation and reactions of epoxides\u2014cyclic ethers containing a three\u2011membered ring. We will then introduce crown ethers.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_18%3A_Ethers_and_Epoxides%3B_Thiols_and_Sulfides\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120069\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 18: Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 18: Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"90962\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 19: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: Nucleophilic addition reactions were described in general terms in Unit 18. In Unit 19, we take a more detailed look at these reactions as we make a comprehensive study of the chemistry of aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes and ketones are discussed together because their chemistry is very similar. However, as you work through the unit, be sure to look for specific instances where the chemistry of these two classes of compounds differs.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_19%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones%3A_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120087\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 19: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 19: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"90978\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_20%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Nitriles\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120106\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"90989\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_21%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives%3A_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120118\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"91002\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 22: Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions: Alpha-substitution reactions are the third major type of reaction that you will study in your investigation of the chemistry of carbonyl compounds. As you will see, these reactions proceed through the formation of the enol form of the carbonyl compound. After a brief review of keto-enol tautomerism, we begin our discussion of alpha-substitution reactions by looking at the methods used to introduce a halogen atom into a carbonyl-containing compound\u2014reactions.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_22%3A_Carbonyl_Alpha-Substitution_Reactions\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120137\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 22: Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 22: Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"91012\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 23: Carbonyl Condensation Reactions: Carbonyl condensation reactions take place between two carbonyl containing reactants, one of which must possess an alpha-hydrogen atom. The first step of the reaction involves the removal of an alpha-hydrogen atom by a base. In the second step, the enolate anion that results from this removal attacks the carbonyl-carbon of the second reacting molecule. In the final step , a proton is transferred to the tetrahedral intermediate formed in the second step, but may subsequently be dehydrated.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_23%3A_Carbonyl_Condensation_Reactions\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120152\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 23: Carbonyl Condensation Reactions\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 23: Carbonyl Condensation Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"91027\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 24: Amines and Heterocycles: Amines are the first nitrogen-containing compounds that we study in detail in this course.We begin the unit with an explanation of the differences in structure among primary, secondary and tertiary amines. We explain the nomenclature of aliphatic and anylamines, and examine the structure and bonding of these compounds, relating these features to their physical properties and basicity.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_24%3A_Amines_and_Heterocycles\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120168\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 24: Amines and Heterocycles\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 24: Amines and Heterocycles<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"91039\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 25: Biomolecules: Carbohydrates\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120180\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 25: Biomolecules: Carbohydrates\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 25: Biomolecules: Carbohydrates<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"91053\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Amino acids are important biochemicals, as they are the building blocks from which proteins and polypeptides are assembled.We begin this unit with an examination of some of the fundamental chemistry of amino acids: their structures, stereochemistry and synthesis. We then discuss the nature of peptides and of the peptide bond, and present the complex issue of determining the order in which the various amino acid residues occur in a given peptide.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_26%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Amino_Acids%2C_Peptides%2C_and_Proteins\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120194\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"91067\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 27: Biomolecules - Lipids: Lipids are naturally occurring organic compounds that can be extracted from cells and tissues using nonpolar solvents. Although many lipids have complex structures, their chemistry can often be understood quite readily by applying the basic concepts you have studied in previous units. We begin the unit with a study of fats and oils, and explain the different origins of these structurally similar substances.\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_27%3A_Biomolecules_-_Lipids\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120228\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 27: Biomolecules - Lipids\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 27: Biomolecules &#8211; Lipids<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"91077\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Chapter 28: Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/Chapter_28%3A_Biomolecules_-_Nucleic_Acids\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/120246\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=1\" alt=\"Chapter 28: Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Chapter 28: Biomolecules &#8211; Nucleic Acids<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"mt-sortable-listing\" data-page-id=\"169470\"><a class=\"mt-sortable-listing-link mt-edit-section internal\" title=\"Back Matter\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Athabasca_University\/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II\/zz%3A_Back_Matter\" rel=\"internal\"><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/232047\/mindtouch.page%2523thumbnail?revision=2\" alt=\"Back Matter\" \/><\/span><span class=\"mt-sortable-listing-title\">Back Matter<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<footer class=\"mt-content-footer\"><\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<footer class=\"elm-content-footer\"><\/footer>\n<\/article>\n<footer class=\"elm-footer\">\n<div class=\"elm-footer-custom\">\n<div class=\"mt-container-highlight\">\n<nav class=\"elm-nav my-custom-class\">\n<div id=\"bottomFooter\" class=\"elm-nav-container\"><\/div>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/footer>\n","protected":false},"author":162,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1279","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1277,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/162"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1280,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1279\/revisions\/1280"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1277"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1279\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1279"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1279"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/lumencollegesuccessxtraining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}