With traditional film, what we see as a continuous moving image is actually a linear progression of still photos on a single reel that pass through a lens at a certain rate of speed and are projected onto a screen. We saw a simple form of this process earlier in the pioneering work of Eadweard Muybridge.<\/p>\n
Eadweard Muybridge, Sequence of a Horse Jumping, 1904. Image is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
The first motion picture cameras were invented in Europe during the late nineteenth century. These early \u201cmovies\u201d lacked a soundtrack and were normally shown along with a live pianist, organ player or orchestra in the theatre to provide the musical accompaniment. In the United States, film went from being a novelty to an art form with D. W. Griffith\u2019s\u00a0Birth of a Nation<\/a><\/em>\u00a0in 1915. In it Griffith presents a narrative of the Civil War and its aftermath but with a decidedly racist view of American blacks and the Ku Klux Klan.<\/p>\n Film scholars agree it contains many new cinematic innovations and refinements, technical effects and artistic advancements, including a color sequence at the end. It had a formative influence on future films and has had a recognized impact on film history and the development of film as art. In addition, at almost three hours in length, it was the longest film to date (from Filmsite Movie Review: The Birth of a Nation).<\/em><\/p>\n Unique to the moving image is its ability to unfold an idea or narrative over time, using the same elements and principles inherent in any artistic medium. Film stills<\/a>\u00a0show how dramatic use of lighting, staging and set compositions are embedded throughout an entire film.<\/p>\n Video art<\/strong>, first appearing in the 1960s and 70s, uses magnetic tape to record image and sound together. The advantage of video over film is its instant playback and editing capability. One of the pioneers in using video as an art form was Doris Chase<\/a>. She began by integrating her sculptures with interactive dancers, using special effects to create dreamlike work, and spoke of her ideas in terms of painting with light. Unlike filmmakers, video artists frequently combine their medium with installation<\/a>, an art form that uses entire rooms or other specific spaces, to achieve effects beyond mere projection. South Korean video artist Nam June Paik<\/a>\u00a0made breakthrough works that comment on culture, technology and politics. Contemporary video artist Bill Viola<\/a>\u00a0creates work that is more painterly and physically dramatic, often training the camera on figures within a staged set or spotlighted figures in dark surroundings as they act out emotional gestures and expressions in slow motion. Indeed, his work\u00a0The Greeting<\/a>\u00a0reenacts the emotional embrace seen in the Italian Renaissance painter Jocopo Pontormo\u2019s work The Visitation<\/em> below.<\/p>\n Jacopo Pontormo, The Visitation, 1528, oil on canvas.\u00a0The Church of San Francesco e Michele, Carmignano, Italy.\u00a0Image is in the public domain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n<\/p>\n