{"id":102,"date":"2014-08-25T03:19:35","date_gmt":"2014-08-25T03:19:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/collegesuccess1x1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=102"},"modified":"2015-06-28T22:12:50","modified_gmt":"2015-06-28T22:12:50","slug":"participating-in-class","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/monroe-collegesuccess-thirdedition\/chapter\/participating-in-class\/","title":{"raw":"The Learning Cycle and Learning Styles","rendered":"The Learning Cycle and Learning Styles"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Understand and make effective use of the four step learning process.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Know how to benefit from your own learning style and to expand your learning skills with the techniques of other styles.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain strategies for effective learning if your learning style is different from your instructor\u2019s teaching style.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Learning Cycle: Four Steps to Learning<\/h2>\r\nAttending and participating in class\u00a0are important parts of the learning cycle. As you read\u00a0about the learning cycle,\u00a0think about how it\u00a0connects to class attendance and participation.\r\n\r\nAdult learning is different from learning in primary and secondary school. In high school, teachers often take much of the responsibility for how students learn, encouraging learning with class discussions, repeating key material, and\u00a0creating study guides. In college, most of the responsibility for learning falls on the student.\r\n\r\nLearning an academic subject means really understanding it, being able to think about it in meaningful ways, and applying that understanding in new situations. This is very different from simply memorizing something and repeating it back on a test. As seen in The\u00a0Learning Cycle below,\u00a0academic learning occurs most effectively in a cycle of four steps:\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2014\/08\/21142649\/sm_d6b64a3fd4754c982c26b5c2b20143ea.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-50 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2014\/08\/21142649\/sm_d6b64a3fd4754c982c26b5c2b20143ea.jpg\" alt=\"The Learning Cycle: Prepare, Absorb, Capture, Review\" width=\"500\" height=\"380\" \/><\/a>\r\n<h3><\/h3>\r\n<h3><\/h3>\r\n<h3>The Learning Cycle<\/h3>\r\nThink first about the different situations in which you learn. Obviously you learn during class, whether by listening to the instructor speak or in class discussions in which you participate, which is why attending class is so important. But you also learn while reading your textbooks and other materials outside of class. In fact, 75% of college learning takes place outside of class. For example, you learn when you talk with an instructor during office hours. You learn by talking with other students informally in study groups. You learn when you study your class notes before an exam. All of these different learning situations involve the same four-step process.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The first step of the learning cycle is to prepare in advance for classes, readings, tests, and other learning experiences.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The second step is to absorb information and ideas effectively during classes, readings, and other learning experiences.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The third step is to capture the information, which typically involves taking notes\u00a0during that particular\u00a0learning experience to increase understanding and retention.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The fourth step is to review your notes to help solidify the learning and prepare for repeating the cycle in the next class or reading assignment.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Learning Styles<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-778 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143023\/lecture-hall-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Lecture hall full of students talking\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/>Different people have different <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">learning styles<\/span><\/span>. Style refers to a student\u2019s specific learning preferences and actions. One student may learn more effectively from listening to the instructor. Another may prefer reading from the textbook while another\u00a0benefits most from charts, graphs, and images the instructor presents.\r\n\r\nDifferent systems have been used to describe the different ways in which people learn. Some describe the differences between how extroverts (outgoing, gregarious, social people) and introverts (quiet, private, contemplative people) learn. Some divide people into thinkers and feelers. A popular theory of different learning styles is Howard Gardner\u2019s multiple intelligences, based on eight different types of intelligence:\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Verbal (prefers words)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Logical (prefers math and logical problem solving)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Visual (prefers images and spatial relationships)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Kinesthetic<\/span><\/span> (prefers body movements and doing)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Rhythmic (prefers music, rhymes)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Interpersonal (prefers group work)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Intrapersonal (prefers introspection and independence)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Naturalist (prefers nature, natural categories)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThe multiple intelligences approach recognizes that different people have different ways, or combinations of ways, of relating to the world.\r\n\r\nThere are still more systems used by educators to describe the various ways in which people learn. All of these systems can help you learn more about how you as an individual person and college student learn best.\u00a0The online assessments available in the Libguides\u00a0can help you discover more about your preferences.\u00a0One resource you'll find there is\u00a0a free, self-scored online assessment\u00a0of your particular\u00a0learning style at:\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.edutopia.org\/multiple-intelligences-assessment\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.edutopia.org\/multiple-intelligences-assessment<\/a>\r\n\r\nKnowing about learning styles in general,\u00a0and the main one or two\u00a0you prefer in particular, can\u00a0contribute greatly\u00a0to your success\u00a0in college. Each different style\u00a0helps students adjust to the thinking, learning, studying, and testing demands they'll face in each of their courses. While\u00a0students can certainly\u00a0learn to use\u00a0their own styles more effectively, no one style is considered\u00a0right or wrong or better than any other, and a working knowledge of all styles\u00a0enables students to be\u00a0flexible\u00a0as they\u00a0adjust to a variety a teaching styles.\r\n\r\nMost instructors tend to develop their own teaching style, however, and you will encounter different teaching styles in different courses. When the instructor\u2019s teaching style matches your learning style, you are usually more attentive in class and may\u00a0learn better.\r\n\r\nBut what happens if your instructor has a style very different from your own? Let\u2019s say, for example, your instructor primarily lectures, speaks rapidly, and seldom uses visuals. This instructor also talks mostly on the level of large abstract ideas and almost never gives examples. Let\u2019s say that you, in contrast, are more of a visual learner who learns more effectively with visual aids and mentally picturing concrete examples of ideas. The following suggestions can help\u00a0when learning style doesn't match teaching style:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Capitalize on your learning strengths. In this example, you could use a visual style of note taking, such as concept maps, while listening to the lecture. If the instructor does not give examples for abstract ideas in the lecture, see if you can supply examples in your own thoughts as you listen.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Form a study group with other students. A variety of students will likely involve a variety of learning styles, and when going over course material with other students, you can gain from what they have learned through their styles while you contribute what you have learned through yours.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use ancillary, or supplementary,\u00a0study materials. Many textbooks point students to online resource centers or include a\u00a0CD that offers additional learning materials. Such\u00a0materials usually offer an opportunity to review course material in ways that may better fit your learning style.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Communicate with your instructor to bridge the gap between his or her teaching style and your learning style. If the instructor is speaking in abstractions and general ideas you don\u2019t understand, ask\u00a0for an example.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>You can also communicate with the instructor privately during office hours. For example, you can explain that you are having difficulty understanding lectures because so many things are said so fast.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFinally, take heart:\u00a0studies show a mismatch between a student\u2019s learning style and an instructor\u2019s teaching style is not correlated with lower grades.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Students\u00a0learn through a four-step process, and\u00a0they can maximize their learning by conscientiously applying all steps throughout college.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>There are many different kinds of learning styles, including Gardner's Multiple Intelligences, and there a variety of online assessments available to help identify your preferences as well as how to use them to your advantage.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>If your learning style doesn't match the instructor\u2019s teaching style, stay actively engaged by learning and studying with other students.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n1. Number each the following actions to put them in the correct order of the four steps of the learning cycle:\r\n___ Review your class notes to make sure you understand.\r\n___ Listen carefully to what your instructor says.\r\n___ Prepare for today\u2019s class by looking over your notes on the reading you did for today.\r\n___ Take effective notes.\r\n\r\n2. How would you describe your personal learning style?\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n3. List two ways you can use your learning style to your advantage.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand and make effective use of the four step learning process.<\/li>\n<li>Know how to benefit from your own learning style and to expand your learning skills with the techniques of other styles.<\/li>\n<li>Explain strategies for effective learning if your learning style is different from your instructor\u2019s teaching style.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Learning Cycle: Four Steps to Learning<\/h2>\n<p>Attending and participating in class\u00a0are important parts of the learning cycle. As you read\u00a0about the learning cycle,\u00a0think about how it\u00a0connects to class attendance and participation.<\/p>\n<p>Adult learning is different from learning in primary and secondary school. In high school, teachers often take much of the responsibility for how students learn, encouraging learning with class discussions, repeating key material, and\u00a0creating study guides. In college, most of the responsibility for learning falls on the student.<\/p>\n<p>Learning an academic subject means really understanding it, being able to think about it in meaningful ways, and applying that understanding in new situations. This is very different from simply memorizing something and repeating it back on a test. As seen in The\u00a0Learning Cycle below,\u00a0academic learning occurs most effectively in a cycle of four steps:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2014\/08\/21142649\/sm_d6b64a3fd4754c982c26b5c2b20143ea.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-50 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2014\/08\/21142649\/sm_d6b64a3fd4754c982c26b5c2b20143ea.jpg\" alt=\"The Learning Cycle: Prepare, Absorb, Capture, Review\" width=\"500\" height=\"380\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>The Learning Cycle<\/h3>\n<p>Think first about the different situations in which you learn. Obviously you learn during class, whether by listening to the instructor speak or in class discussions in which you participate, which is why attending class is so important. But you also learn while reading your textbooks and other materials outside of class. In fact, 75% of college learning takes place outside of class. For example, you learn when you talk with an instructor during office hours. You learn by talking with other students informally in study groups. You learn when you study your class notes before an exam. All of these different learning situations involve the same four-step process.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The first step of the learning cycle is to prepare in advance for classes, readings, tests, and other learning experiences.<\/li>\n<li>The second step is to absorb information and ideas effectively during classes, readings, and other learning experiences.<\/li>\n<li>The third step is to capture the information, which typically involves taking notes\u00a0during that particular\u00a0learning experience to increase understanding and retention.<\/li>\n<li>The fourth step is to review your notes to help solidify the learning and prepare for repeating the cycle in the next class or reading assignment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Learning Styles<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-778 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143023\/lecture-hall-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Lecture hall full of students talking\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/>Different people have different <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">learning styles<\/span><\/span>. Style refers to a student\u2019s specific learning preferences and actions. One student may learn more effectively from listening to the instructor. Another may prefer reading from the textbook while another\u00a0benefits most from charts, graphs, and images the instructor presents.<\/p>\n<p>Different systems have been used to describe the different ways in which people learn. Some describe the differences between how extroverts (outgoing, gregarious, social people) and introverts (quiet, private, contemplative people) learn. Some divide people into thinkers and feelers. A popular theory of different learning styles is Howard Gardner\u2019s multiple intelligences, based on eight different types of intelligence:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Verbal (prefers words)<\/li>\n<li>Logical (prefers math and logical problem solving)<\/li>\n<li>Visual (prefers images and spatial relationships)<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Kinesthetic<\/span><\/span> (prefers body movements and doing)<\/li>\n<li>Rhythmic (prefers music, rhymes)<\/li>\n<li>Interpersonal (prefers group work)<\/li>\n<li>Intrapersonal (prefers introspection and independence)<\/li>\n<li>Naturalist (prefers nature, natural categories)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The multiple intelligences approach recognizes that different people have different ways, or combinations of ways, of relating to the world.<\/p>\n<p>There are still more systems used by educators to describe the various ways in which people learn. All of these systems can help you learn more about how you as an individual person and college student learn best.\u00a0The online assessments available in the Libguides\u00a0can help you discover more about your preferences.\u00a0One resource you&#8217;ll find there is\u00a0a free, self-scored online assessment\u00a0of your particular\u00a0learning style at:<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.edutopia.org\/multiple-intelligences-assessment\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.edutopia.org\/multiple-intelligences-assessment<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Knowing about learning styles in general,\u00a0and the main one or two\u00a0you prefer in particular, can\u00a0contribute greatly\u00a0to your success\u00a0in college. Each different style\u00a0helps students adjust to the thinking, learning, studying, and testing demands they&#8217;ll face in each of their courses. While\u00a0students can certainly\u00a0learn to use\u00a0their own styles more effectively, no one style is considered\u00a0right or wrong or better than any other, and a working knowledge of all styles\u00a0enables students to be\u00a0flexible\u00a0as they\u00a0adjust to a variety a teaching styles.<\/p>\n<p>Most instructors tend to develop their own teaching style, however, and you will encounter different teaching styles in different courses. When the instructor\u2019s teaching style matches your learning style, you are usually more attentive in class and may\u00a0learn better.<\/p>\n<p>But what happens if your instructor has a style very different from your own? Let\u2019s say, for example, your instructor primarily lectures, speaks rapidly, and seldom uses visuals. This instructor also talks mostly on the level of large abstract ideas and almost never gives examples. Let\u2019s say that you, in contrast, are more of a visual learner who learns more effectively with visual aids and mentally picturing concrete examples of ideas. The following suggestions can help\u00a0when learning style doesn&#8217;t match teaching style:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Capitalize on your learning strengths. In this example, you could use a visual style of note taking, such as concept maps, while listening to the lecture. If the instructor does not give examples for abstract ideas in the lecture, see if you can supply examples in your own thoughts as you listen.<\/li>\n<li>Form a study group with other students. A variety of students will likely involve a variety of learning styles, and when going over course material with other students, you can gain from what they have learned through their styles while you contribute what you have learned through yours.<\/li>\n<li>Use ancillary, or supplementary,\u00a0study materials. Many textbooks point students to online resource centers or include a\u00a0CD that offers additional learning materials. Such\u00a0materials usually offer an opportunity to review course material in ways that may better fit your learning style.<\/li>\n<li>Communicate with your instructor to bridge the gap between his or her teaching style and your learning style. If the instructor is speaking in abstractions and general ideas you don\u2019t understand, ask\u00a0for an example.<\/li>\n<li>You can also communicate with the instructor privately during office hours. For example, you can explain that you are having difficulty understanding lectures because so many things are said so fast.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Finally, take heart:\u00a0studies show a mismatch between a student\u2019s learning style and an instructor\u2019s teaching style is not correlated with lower grades.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Students\u00a0learn through a four-step process, and\u00a0they can maximize their learning by conscientiously applying all steps throughout college.<\/li>\n<li>There are many different kinds of learning styles, including Gardner&#8217;s Multiple Intelligences, and there a variety of online assessments available to help identify your preferences as well as how to use them to your advantage.<\/li>\n<li>If your learning style doesn&#8217;t match the instructor\u2019s teaching style, stay actively engaged by learning and studying with other students.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>1. Number each the following actions to put them in the correct order of the four steps of the learning cycle:<br \/>\n___ Review your class notes to make sure you understand.<br \/>\n___ Listen carefully to what your instructor says.<br \/>\n___ Prepare for today\u2019s class by looking over your notes on the reading you did for today.<br \/>\n___ Take effective notes.<\/p>\n<p>2. How would you describe your personal learning style?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3. List two ways you can use your learning style to your advantage.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-102\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Monroe Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.monroecc.edu\">http:\/\/www.monroecc.edu<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: College Orientation and Success. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Monroe contributes its revision and adaptation under the same license as the original work.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Success in College. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of raised hands drawing. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Matt Cornock. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/gBRNiN\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/gBRNiN<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of lecture hall. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Ian Ruotsala. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/bpAMc\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/bpAMc<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Success in College\",\"author\":\"anonymous\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of raised hands drawing\",\"author\":\"Matt Cornock\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/gBRNiN\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of lecture hall\",\"author\":\"Ian Ruotsala\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/bpAMc\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Monroe Community College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.monroecc.edu\",\"project\":\"College Orientation and Success\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"Monroe contributes its revision and adaptation under the same license as the original 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