{"id":104,"date":"2014-08-25T03:19:34","date_gmt":"2014-08-25T03:19:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/collegesuccess1x1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=104"},"modified":"2015-06-29T11:47:41","modified_gmt":"2015-06-29T11:47:41","slug":"public-speaking-and-class-presentations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/monroe-collegesuccess-thirdedition\/chapter\/public-speaking-and-class-presentations\/","title":{"raw":"Public Speaking and Class Presentations","rendered":"Public Speaking and Class Presentations"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Know how to overcome nervousness and anxiety associated with public speaking and giving class presentations.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Effectively use the six-step process to prepare for and deliver a class presentation.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Create effective visual aids for use in class presentations.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Work with a group to successfully plan and deliver a class presentation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nBecause you will most likely be asked to give a presentation in one of your classes\u00a0and your future career may also involve public speaking, it\u2019s important to develop skills for this form of communication.\r\n\r\nPublic speaking is like participating in class because it often involves sharing your thoughts, ideas, and questions with others in the group, but in other ways public speaking is very different. Standing in front of the class to speak changes the psychology of the situation for many students.\u00a0Although there is time outside of class to prepare\u00a0for and practice the\u00a0presentation, many students\u00a0experience great anxiety when they have to speak in front of others.\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Overcoming Anxiety<\/h2>\r\nA few people seem to be natural public speakers, but most of us feel some anxiety about\u00a0speaking to a group. This is completely normal. Take comfort from knowing that almost everyone else is anxious about giving class presentations too. Also, know that you can learn to overcome your anxiety and prepare in a way that not only safely gets you through the experience but also leads to a successful presentation.\r\n\r\nThe following are proven strategies for overcoming anxiety when speaking in public:\r\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Understand anxiety.<\/strong> Since stage fright is normal, don\u2019t try to deny that you\u2019re feeling anxious. A little anxiety can help motivate you to prepare and do your best. Remember, anxiety usually eases up once you\u2019ve begun.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Understand that your audience wants you to succeed.<\/strong> They\u2019re not looking for faults or hoping you\u2019ll fail. Other students and your instructors are on your side and likely won\u2019t even see your anxiety.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Reduce anxiety by preparing and practicing.<\/strong> The next section discusses the preparation process in more detail. The more fully you prepare and the more often you practice, the\u00a0less anxiety you will feel.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Focus on what you\u2019re saying, not how you\u2019re saying it.<\/strong> Keep in mind that you have ideas to share, and this is what your classmates and instructors are interested in. Don\u2019t obsess about speaking, but focus instead\u00a0on the content. Think, for example, of how easily you share your ideas with a friend or family member. The same can work with public speaking if you focus on the ideas themselves.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Develop self-confidence.<\/strong>\u00a0 The more you practice, the more confident you\u2019ll become.<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143032\/class-presentation.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter  wp-image-788\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143032\/class-presentation-300x119.jpg\" alt=\"Student giving presentation in class\" width=\"630\" height=\"249\" \/><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Guidelines for Presentations<\/h2>\r\nPreparing and delivering a presentation is a process very similar to the learning process. The process breaks down into these six basic steps:\r\n<ol id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>Analyze your audience and goals<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Plan, research, and organize your content<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Draft and revise the presentation<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Prepare speaking notes<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Practice the presentation<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Deliver the presentation<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 1: Analyze Your Audience and Goals<\/h2>\r\nWho will see and hear your presentation and why? Think about what your audience ready knows, and doesn\u2019t know, about your topic. If your topic relates to subject matter in class lectures and readings, consider what background information they already have. You might begin your presentation by explaining how your specific topic fits with subjects discussed in class, but be sure to focus on your presentation on new ideas you have discovered.\r\n\r\nNew terms and concepts may become familiar to you while doing your research and preparation, but remember to define and explain them. Consider how much explanation or examples will be needed for your audience to grasp your points. If your topic involves anything controversial or may provoke emotion, consider your audience\u2019s attitudes and choose your words carefully. Thinking about your audience will help you find ways to get their attention and keep them interested.\r\n\r\nBe sure you are clear about the goals for the presentation. Are you primarily presenting new information or arguing for a position? Are you giving an overview or a detailed report? Review the assignment and talk with the instructor if you\u2019re unsure. Your goals guide everything in the presentation: what you say, how much you say, what order you say it in, what visual aids you use, whether you use humor or personal examples, and so forth.\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 2: Plan, Research, and Organize Your Content<\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143034\/library.jpg\"><img class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-791\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143034\/library-300x231.jpg\" alt=\"Student pulling book off library shelf\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\" \/><\/a>Starting with the assignment and your goals, brainstorm your topic. Jot notes on specific topics that seem important. Often you\u2019ll do reading or research to gather more information. Take notes as you would with any reading.\r\n\r\nOrganizing a presentation is similar to organizing topics in a class paper and uses the same principles. Introduce your topic and state your main idea (thesis), and then go into more detail about specific ideas before you\u00a0conclude your presentation. Look for a logical order for the specifics in the middle. Some topics work best in chronological, or time, order or with a compare-and-contrast organization. If your goal is to persuade the audience, build up to the strongest reason. Put similar ideas together and add transitions between different ideas.\r\n\r\nWhile researching your topic and outlining your main points, think about visual aids that may help the presentation. Also start thinking about how much time you have for the presentation.\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 3: Draft and Revise the Presentation<\/h2>\r\nHow much you write depends on your own learning and speaking style. Some students speak well from brief phrases written in an outline while other students find it easier to write sentences out completely. There\u2019s nothing wrong with writing the presentation out fully like a script, but remember you'll want to keep yours eyes on the audience and not read directly from the script.\r\n\r\nYou can\u2019t know for sure how long a presentation will last until you rehearse it, but you can estimate the time while drafting it. On average, it takes two to three minutes to speak what can be written on a standard double-spaced page, but with visual aids, pauses, and audience interaction, it may take longer.\r\n\r\nNever wait until the last minute to draft your presentation. Arrange your time to prepare the first draft and then come back to it a day or two later to ask these questions:\r\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s03_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>Am I going on too long about minor points? Could the audience get bored?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Do I have good explanations and reasons for my main points? Do I need more data or better examples? Where would visual aids be most effective?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Am I using the best words for this topic and this audience? Should I be more or less formal in the way I talk?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Does it all hold together and flow well from one point to the next? Do I need a better introduction or transition when I shift from one idea to another?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Visual Aids in Presentations<\/h3>\r\nExcept for very short informal presentations,\u00a0visual aids are usually expected and add great interest. If encouraged or allowed to include visuals in your presentation, plan to do so, and consider all possible types:\r\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s03_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Charts or graphs<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Maps<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Photos or other images<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Video clips<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Handouts<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPlan to use the available technology, whether it\u2019s\u00a0a document camera,\u00a0<span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">PowerPoint<\/span><\/span> slides, Prezi, a flip chart, or posters. Then, design your visuals carefully by following\u00a0some basic rules:\r\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s03_l04\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Use a simple, neutral background. A light-colored background with text in a dark color works best for words; a dark background used like matting works best for photos.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Minimize the amount of text in visuals.\u00a0More than eight words per slide is usually too much. Make sure text is large enough for the audience to read.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use images only when they support your presentation; don\u2019t use clip art just as decoration.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Avoid\u00a0sound effects. Use a very brief recording only if it directly relates to your main points.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use animation sparingly and only if it helps make a point. Special effects such as dissolves, spins, box-outs, or other transitions, can be distracting.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Be careful not to use so\u00a0many visuals or move through them so quickly that the audience gives all its attention to them rather than to you.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Practice your presentation using your visual aids because they affect your timing.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain visuals when needed but not when they\u2019re obvious.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Glance briefly at visuals to stay in synch with them so you can keep your eyes on your audience.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 4: Prepare Speaking Notes<\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143033\/notecards1.jpg\"><img class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-789\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143033\/notecards1-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Notecards\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a>Speaking notes are a brief outline for your presentation. Whether you write them on index cards or sheets of paper, be sure to include important facts and data as well as keywords for your main ideas, but don\u2019t write too much too soon. If you forget things later when you start practicing, you can always add more to your outline. Be sure to number your cards or pages to prevent a last-minute mix-up.\r\n\r\nThink especially about how to open and close your presentation because these two moments have the most impact of the whole presentation. Use the opening to capture the audience\u2019s attention.\r\n\r\nHere are some possibilities for your opening:\r\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s04_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>A striking fact or example (illustrating an issue or a problem)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A brief interesting or humorous anecdote (historical, personal, or current event)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A question to the audience<\/li>\r\n\t<li>An interesting quotation<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThen relate the opening to your topic and your main point and move into the body of the presentation.\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0closing mirrors the opening. Transition from your last point to a brief summary that pulls your ideas together and then leave them with an ending that has some impact. Strong\u00a0ways to end\u00a0include a challenge to the audience, a strong statement about\u00a0the topic, a personal reflection on what you've been saying, or an urge to action.\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 5: Practice the Presentation<\/h2>\r\nPractice may be the most important step. It is also the best way to gain confidence.\r\n\r\nThe first time through, focus on putting your outlined notes into full sentences in your natural speaking voice. Glance down at your notes only briefly and then look up immediately around the room to avoid reading our notes out loud. Practice two or three times just to find the right words to explain your points and to feel more comfortable working with your notes. Time yourself to see if you are meeting the time requirements for the assignment. Once you feel you are\u00a0speaking well from your notes,\u00a0work on polishing your delivery. You might want to record or videotape your presentation or ask a friend or roommate to watch\u00a0it and give you constructive feedback on your presentation skills.\r\n\r\nAs you practice, pay attention to these aspects of how you speak:\r\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s05_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>Try to speak in your natural voice. If you will be presenting in a large room without a microphone, you will need to speak louder than usual, but still try to use a natural voice.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In usual conversation, we speed up and slow down as well as\u00a0vary the intensity of our words to show how we feel about what we\u2019re saying. Practice changes in your delivery style to emphasize key points.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Don\u2019t keep looking at your notes. It\u2019s fine if you use words that are different from those you wrote down as long as the ideas remain the same.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Be sure you can pronounce all new words and technical terms correctly. Practice saying them slowly and clearly to yourself until you can say them naturally.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Don\u2019t forget transitions. Listeners need a cue when you\u2019re moving to a new idea, so practice phrases such as, \u201cAnother important reason is . . . \" or \u201cNow let\u2019s move on to why this is so . . . \"<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Watch out for filler words and sounds, such as \u201clike,\u201d \u201cyou know,\u201d \u201cwell,\u201d and \u201cuh.\u201d They\u2019re very distracting to most audiences.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Pay attention to body language when practicing. Stand up straight and tall in every practice session so you become used to it. Unless you have to stand at a podium to use a fixed microphone in, practice moving around while you speak; this helps keep the audience watching you. Use hand and arm gestures if they are natural for you. Most important, keep your eyes moving over the audience. Practice smiling and pausing at key points.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 6: Deliver the Presentation<\/h2>\r\nBe sure to get enough sleep and eat a healthy breakfast. Wear\u00a0appropriate clothing and comfortable shoes.\u00a0If you\u2019re still nervous before your turn, take a few deep breaths, and rehearse your opening lines in your mind. Smile as you move to the front of the room, looking at your audience. Remember they are on your side.\u00a0At the closing, deliver your last line with confidence. If appropriate, ask if there are any questions.\r\n<h2>Group Presentations<\/h2>\r\nYou may be assigned to give a presentation in a small group. The six-step process discussed previously works for group presentations, too, although group dynamics often call for additional planning and shared responsibilities:\r\n<ol id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s07_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>Schedule a group meeting as soon as possible to get started.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143036\/group-presentation.jpg\"><img class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-792\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143036\/group-presentation-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Group standing in front of architectural model\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" \/><\/a>Make sure everyone understands the assignment, and discuss who should do what. While everyone should talk about what content to include,\u00a0you will each take on specialized roles. One or more may begin research and gathering information. Others who are good writers may volunteer to draft the presentation, while one or more others may develop the visual aids. Those who have public speaking experience may volunteer to do all or most of the speaking unless the assignment requires everyone to have a speaking role. You also need a team leader to keep everyone on schedule, organize meetings, and so on. Make sure everyone understands his or her tasks.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Group members should stay in touch. For example, the person developing the visuals should be talking to those doing the researching and drafting to see what visuals are needed and get started finding or creating them.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Before preparing notes, meet again to go over the content and plan for visuals. Everyone should be comfortable with the plan. Make final decisions about who will do each section of the presentation and set the time for each segment. Every speaker should prepare their own\u00a0notes.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The whole group should be present for practice sessions, even if\u00a0only a few are speaking. Those not speaking should take notes and give feedback. If one student is doing most of the presenting, an alternate should be chosen in case the first choice is sick on the scheduled day.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>During the delivery, especially if using technology for visual aids, one student should manage the visuals while others do the presenting. If several students present different segments, plan the transition from one to another so that the presentation keeps flowing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Additional Resources for Class Presentations<\/h3>\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">\u201cHow to Give a Bad Talk.\u201d<\/strong> A humorous look (with some very good advice) on what not to do when preparing for and giving a class presentation. <a class=\"im_link\" href=\"http:\/\/pages.cs.wisc.edu\/~markhill\/conference-talk.html#badtalk\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/pages.cs.wisc.edu\/~markhill\/conference-talk.html#badtalk<\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Class presentations on YouTube.<\/strong> Search YouTube with the phrase \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/results?search_query=class+presentation\" target=\"_blank\">class presentation<\/a>\u201d and look for video examples of actual students giving class presentations. Observing and critiquing the presentations of other students\u00a0is a\u00a0good way to get started preparing your own.\r\n\r\nHere\u2019s a good example of a student group presentation on a topic we can all relate to (how body language works):\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8zOniRgF330\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>Key\u00a0Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Public speaking skills are important because you will likely give presentations in class and perhaps in a future job.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Overcome anxiety about public speaking by understanding your feelings, preparing well, \u00a0practicing your delivery, and focusing on your subject.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use visual aids to support a presentation, creating visuals that are relevant, attractive, and powerful.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The success of a group presentation depends on effective group meetings, successful division of roles, and repeated group practices.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n1. If you have given a class presentation in the past, what worked best for you? If you have not given a presentation yet as a student, what aspect do you think will be most difficult for you?\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n2. Name two important things you can do to reduce anxiety about a class presentation you will have to give.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0 Describe how best to use body language (facial expressions, eye movements, gestures, etc.) when giving a presentation.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n4. If you were assigned\u00a0to give a group presentation using any topic in\u00a0this textbook, what would be your preferred topic?\u00a0 Your preferred role in the preparation stages? Your least preferred role? Why?\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Know how to overcome nervousness and anxiety associated with public speaking and giving class presentations.<\/li>\n<li>Effectively use the six-step process to prepare for and deliver a class presentation.<\/li>\n<li>Create effective visual aids for use in class presentations.<\/li>\n<li>Work with a group to successfully plan and deliver a class presentation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Because you will most likely be asked to give a presentation in one of your classes\u00a0and your future career may also involve public speaking, it\u2019s important to develop skills for this form of communication.<\/p>\n<p>Public speaking is like participating in class because it often involves sharing your thoughts, ideas, and questions with others in the group, but in other ways public speaking is very different. Standing in front of the class to speak changes the psychology of the situation for many students.\u00a0Although there is time outside of class to prepare\u00a0for and practice the\u00a0presentation, many students\u00a0experience great anxiety when they have to speak in front of others.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Overcoming Anxiety<\/h2>\n<p>A few people seem to be natural public speakers, but most of us feel some anxiety about\u00a0speaking to a group. This is completely normal. Take comfort from knowing that almost everyone else is anxious about giving class presentations too. Also, know that you can learn to overcome your anxiety and prepare in a way that not only safely gets you through the experience but also leads to a successful presentation.<\/p>\n<p>The following are proven strategies for overcoming anxiety when speaking in public:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Understand anxiety.<\/strong> Since stage fright is normal, don\u2019t try to deny that you\u2019re feeling anxious. A little anxiety can help motivate you to prepare and do your best. Remember, anxiety usually eases up once you\u2019ve begun.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Understand that your audience wants you to succeed.<\/strong> They\u2019re not looking for faults or hoping you\u2019ll fail. Other students and your instructors are on your side and likely won\u2019t even see your anxiety.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Reduce anxiety by preparing and practicing.<\/strong> The next section discusses the preparation process in more detail. The more fully you prepare and the more often you practice, the\u00a0less anxiety you will feel.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Focus on what you\u2019re saying, not how you\u2019re saying it.<\/strong> Keep in mind that you have ideas to share, and this is what your classmates and instructors are interested in. Don\u2019t obsess about speaking, but focus instead\u00a0on the content. Think, for example, of how easily you share your ideas with a friend or family member. The same can work with public speaking if you focus on the ideas themselves.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Develop self-confidence.<\/strong>\u00a0 The more you practice, the more confident you\u2019ll become.<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143032\/class-presentation.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter  wp-image-788\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143032\/class-presentation-300x119.jpg\" alt=\"Student giving presentation in class\" width=\"630\" height=\"249\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Guidelines for Presentations<\/h2>\n<p>Preparing and delivering a presentation is a process very similar to the learning process. The process breaks down into these six basic steps:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>Analyze your audience and goals<\/li>\n<li>Plan, research, and organize your content<\/li>\n<li>Draft and revise the presentation<\/li>\n<li>Prepare speaking notes<\/li>\n<li>Practice the presentation<\/li>\n<li>Deliver the presentation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 1: Analyze Your Audience and Goals<\/h2>\n<p>Who will see and hear your presentation and why? Think about what your audience ready knows, and doesn\u2019t know, about your topic. If your topic relates to subject matter in class lectures and readings, consider what background information they already have. You might begin your presentation by explaining how your specific topic fits with subjects discussed in class, but be sure to focus on your presentation on new ideas you have discovered.<\/p>\n<p>New terms and concepts may become familiar to you while doing your research and preparation, but remember to define and explain them. Consider how much explanation or examples will be needed for your audience to grasp your points. If your topic involves anything controversial or may provoke emotion, consider your audience\u2019s attitudes and choose your words carefully. Thinking about your audience will help you find ways to get their attention and keep them interested.<\/p>\n<p>Be sure you are clear about the goals for the presentation. Are you primarily presenting new information or arguing for a position? Are you giving an overview or a detailed report? Review the assignment and talk with the instructor if you\u2019re unsure. Your goals guide everything in the presentation: what you say, how much you say, what order you say it in, what visual aids you use, whether you use humor or personal examples, and so forth.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 2: Plan, Research, and Organize Your Content<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143034\/library.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-791\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143034\/library-300x231.jpg\" alt=\"Student pulling book off library shelf\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\" \/><\/a>Starting with the assignment and your goals, brainstorm your topic. Jot notes on specific topics that seem important. Often you\u2019ll do reading or research to gather more information. Take notes as you would with any reading.<\/p>\n<p>Organizing a presentation is similar to organizing topics in a class paper and uses the same principles. Introduce your topic and state your main idea (thesis), and then go into more detail about specific ideas before you\u00a0conclude your presentation. Look for a logical order for the specifics in the middle. Some topics work best in chronological, or time, order or with a compare-and-contrast organization. If your goal is to persuade the audience, build up to the strongest reason. Put similar ideas together and add transitions between different ideas.<\/p>\n<p>While researching your topic and outlining your main points, think about visual aids that may help the presentation. Also start thinking about how much time you have for the presentation.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 3: Draft and Revise the Presentation<\/h2>\n<p>How much you write depends on your own learning and speaking style. Some students speak well from brief phrases written in an outline while other students find it easier to write sentences out completely. There\u2019s nothing wrong with writing the presentation out fully like a script, but remember you&#8217;ll want to keep yours eyes on the audience and not read directly from the script.<\/p>\n<p>You can\u2019t know for sure how long a presentation will last until you rehearse it, but you can estimate the time while drafting it. On average, it takes two to three minutes to speak what can be written on a standard double-spaced page, but with visual aids, pauses, and audience interaction, it may take longer.<\/p>\n<p>Never wait until the last minute to draft your presentation. Arrange your time to prepare the first draft and then come back to it a day or two later to ask these questions:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s03_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>Am I going on too long about minor points? Could the audience get bored?<\/li>\n<li>Do I have good explanations and reasons for my main points? Do I need more data or better examples? Where would visual aids be most effective?<\/li>\n<li>Am I using the best words for this topic and this audience? Should I be more or less formal in the way I talk?<\/li>\n<li>Does it all hold together and flow well from one point to the next? Do I need a better introduction or transition when I shift from one idea to another?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Visual Aids in Presentations<\/h3>\n<p>Except for very short informal presentations,\u00a0visual aids are usually expected and add great interest. If encouraged or allowed to include visuals in your presentation, plan to do so, and consider all possible types:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s03_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li>Charts or graphs<\/li>\n<li>Maps<\/li>\n<li>Photos or other images<\/li>\n<li>Video clips<\/li>\n<li>Handouts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Plan to use the available technology, whether it\u2019s\u00a0a document camera,\u00a0<span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">PowerPoint<\/span><\/span> slides, Prezi, a flip chart, or posters. Then, design your visuals carefully by following\u00a0some basic rules:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s03_l04\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li>Use a simple, neutral background. A light-colored background with text in a dark color works best for words; a dark background used like matting works best for photos.<\/li>\n<li>Minimize the amount of text in visuals.\u00a0More than eight words per slide is usually too much. Make sure text is large enough for the audience to read.<\/li>\n<li>Use images only when they support your presentation; don\u2019t use clip art just as decoration.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid\u00a0sound effects. Use a very brief recording only if it directly relates to your main points.<\/li>\n<li>Use animation sparingly and only if it helps make a point. Special effects such as dissolves, spins, box-outs, or other transitions, can be distracting.<\/li>\n<li>Be careful not to use so\u00a0many visuals or move through them so quickly that the audience gives all its attention to them rather than to you.<\/li>\n<li>Practice your presentation using your visual aids because they affect your timing.<\/li>\n<li>Explain visuals when needed but not when they\u2019re obvious.<\/li>\n<li>Glance briefly at visuals to stay in synch with them so you can keep your eyes on your audience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 4: Prepare Speaking Notes<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143033\/notecards1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-789\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143033\/notecards1-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Notecards\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a>Speaking notes are a brief outline for your presentation. Whether you write them on index cards or sheets of paper, be sure to include important facts and data as well as keywords for your main ideas, but don\u2019t write too much too soon. If you forget things later when you start practicing, you can always add more to your outline. Be sure to number your cards or pages to prevent a last-minute mix-up.<\/p>\n<p>Think especially about how to open and close your presentation because these two moments have the most impact of the whole presentation. Use the opening to capture the audience\u2019s attention.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some possibilities for your opening:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s04_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>A striking fact or example (illustrating an issue or a problem)<\/li>\n<li>A brief interesting or humorous anecdote (historical, personal, or current event)<\/li>\n<li>A question to the audience<\/li>\n<li>An interesting quotation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Then relate the opening to your topic and your main point and move into the body of the presentation.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0closing mirrors the opening. Transition from your last point to a brief summary that pulls your ideas together and then leave them with an ending that has some impact. Strong\u00a0ways to end\u00a0include a challenge to the audience, a strong statement about\u00a0the topic, a personal reflection on what you&#8217;ve been saying, or an urge to action.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 5: Practice the Presentation<\/h2>\n<p>Practice may be the most important step. It is also the best way to gain confidence.<\/p>\n<p>The first time through, focus on putting your outlined notes into full sentences in your natural speaking voice. Glance down at your notes only briefly and then look up immediately around the room to avoid reading our notes out loud. Practice two or three times just to find the right words to explain your points and to feel more comfortable working with your notes. Time yourself to see if you are meeting the time requirements for the assignment. Once you feel you are\u00a0speaking well from your notes,\u00a0work on polishing your delivery. You might want to record or videotape your presentation or ask a friend or roommate to watch\u00a0it and give you constructive feedback on your presentation skills.<\/p>\n<p>As you practice, pay attention to these aspects of how you speak:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s05_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>Try to speak in your natural voice. If you will be presenting in a large room without a microphone, you will need to speak louder than usual, but still try to use a natural voice.<\/li>\n<li>In usual conversation, we speed up and slow down as well as\u00a0vary the intensity of our words to show how we feel about what we\u2019re saying. Practice changes in your delivery style to emphasize key points.<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t keep looking at your notes. It\u2019s fine if you use words that are different from those you wrote down as long as the ideas remain the same.<\/li>\n<li>Be sure you can pronounce all new words and technical terms correctly. Practice saying them slowly and clearly to yourself until you can say them naturally.<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t forget transitions. Listeners need a cue when you\u2019re moving to a new idea, so practice phrases such as, \u201cAnother important reason is . . . &#8221; or \u201cNow let\u2019s move on to why this is so . . . &#8220;<\/li>\n<li>Watch out for filler words and sounds, such as \u201clike,\u201d \u201cyou know,\u201d \u201cwell,\u201d and \u201cuh.\u201d They\u2019re very distracting to most audiences.<\/li>\n<li>Pay attention to body language when practicing. Stand up straight and tall in every practice session so you become used to it. Unless you have to stand at a podium to use a fixed microphone in, practice moving around while you speak; this helps keep the audience watching you. Use hand and arm gestures if they are natural for you. Most important, keep your eyes moving over the audience. Practice smiling and pausing at key points.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Step 6: Deliver the Presentation<\/h2>\n<p>Be sure to get enough sleep and eat a healthy breakfast. Wear\u00a0appropriate clothing and comfortable shoes.\u00a0If you\u2019re still nervous before your turn, take a few deep breaths, and rehearse your opening lines in your mind. Smile as you move to the front of the room, looking at your audience. Remember they are on your side.\u00a0At the closing, deliver your last line with confidence. If appropriate, ask if there are any questions.<\/p>\n<h2>Group Presentations<\/h2>\n<p>You may be assigned to give a presentation in a small group. The six-step process discussed previously works for group presentations, too, although group dynamics often call for additional planning and shared responsibilities:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"lochhaas-ch07_s04_s02_s07_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>Schedule a group meeting as soon as possible to get started.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143036\/group-presentation.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-792\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/560\/2015\/04\/21143036\/group-presentation-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Group standing in front of architectural model\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" \/><\/a>Make sure everyone understands the assignment, and discuss who should do what. While everyone should talk about what content to include,\u00a0you will each take on specialized roles. One or more may begin research and gathering information. Others who are good writers may volunteer to draft the presentation, while one or more others may develop the visual aids. Those who have public speaking experience may volunteer to do all or most of the speaking unless the assignment requires everyone to have a speaking role. You also need a team leader to keep everyone on schedule, organize meetings, and so on. Make sure everyone understands his or her tasks.<\/li>\n<li>Group members should stay in touch. For example, the person developing the visuals should be talking to those doing the researching and drafting to see what visuals are needed and get started finding or creating them.<\/li>\n<li>Before preparing notes, meet again to go over the content and plan for visuals. Everyone should be comfortable with the plan. Make final decisions about who will do each section of the presentation and set the time for each segment. Every speaker should prepare their own\u00a0notes.<\/li>\n<li>The whole group should be present for practice sessions, even if\u00a0only a few are speaking. Those not speaking should take notes and give feedback. If one student is doing most of the presenting, an alternate should be chosen in case the first choice is sick on the scheduled day.<\/li>\n<li>During the delivery, especially if using technology for visual aids, one student should manage the visuals while others do the presenting. If several students present different segments, plan the transition from one to another so that the presentation keeps flowing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Additional Resources for Class Presentations<\/h3>\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">\u201cHow to Give a Bad Talk.\u201d<\/strong> A humorous look (with some very good advice) on what not to do when preparing for and giving a class presentation. <a class=\"im_link\" href=\"http:\/\/pages.cs.wisc.edu\/~markhill\/conference-talk.html#badtalk\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/pages.cs.wisc.edu\/~markhill\/conference-talk.html#badtalk<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Class presentations on YouTube.<\/strong> Search YouTube with the phrase \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/results?search_query=class+presentation\" target=\"_blank\">class presentation<\/a>\u201d and look for video examples of actual students giving class presentations. Observing and critiquing the presentations of other students\u00a0is a\u00a0good way to get started preparing your own.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s a good example of a student group presentation on a topic we can all relate to (how body language works):<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Sample Group Presentation: Nonverbal Communication - College of Marin - www.marin.edu\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8zOniRgF330?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Key\u00a0Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Public speaking skills are important because you will likely give presentations in class and perhaps in a future job.<\/li>\n<li>Overcome anxiety about public speaking by understanding your feelings, preparing well, \u00a0practicing your delivery, and focusing on your subject.<\/li>\n<li>Use visual aids to support a presentation, creating visuals that are relevant, attractive, and powerful.<\/li>\n<li>The success of a group presentation depends on effective group meetings, successful division of roles, and repeated group practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>1. If you have given a class presentation in the past, what worked best for you? If you have not given a presentation yet as a student, what aspect do you think will be most difficult for you?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. Name two important things you can do to reduce anxiety about a class presentation you will have to give.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0 Describe how best to use body language (facial expressions, eye movements, gestures, etc.) when giving a presentation.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4. If you were assigned\u00a0to give a group presentation using any topic in\u00a0this textbook, what would be your preferred topic?\u00a0 Your preferred role in the preparation stages? Your least preferred role? Why?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-104\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Monroe Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.monroecc.edu\">http:\/\/www.monroecc.edu<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: College Orientation and Success. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Monroe contributes its revision and adaptation under the same license as the original work.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Success in College. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of class presentation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Chandra Marsono. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/6F9R5t\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/6F9R5t<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of pulling book off shelf. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Thompson Rivers University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/dXTThm\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/dXTThm<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of notecards. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jimmie. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/aPtaRT\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/aPtaRT<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of group presentation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Seth Hepler. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/8nHSfn\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/8nHSfn<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Success in College\",\"author\":\"anonymous\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of class presentation\",\"author\":\"Chandra Marsono\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/6F9R5t\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of pulling book off shelf\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Thompson Rivers 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