{"id":307,"date":"2015-06-09T23:57:26","date_gmt":"2015-06-09T23:57:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/musicappreciation\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=307"},"modified":"2015-09-08T18:09:19","modified_gmt":"2015-09-08T18:09:19","slug":"dynamics-and-dynamics-changes","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/chapter\/dynamics-and-dynamics-changes\/","title":{"raw":"Dynamics and Dynamic Changes","rendered":"Dynamics and Dynamic Changes"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Dynamics<\/h2>\r\nDynamics\u00a0refers to the volume of a sound or note. The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation\u00a0used to indicate dynamics. Dynamics are relative and do not refer to specific volume levels.\r\n<p id=\"p0b\">Traditionally, dynamic markings are based on Italian words, although there is nothing wrong with simply writing things like \"quietly\" or \"louder\" in the music. Forte means loud and piano means soft. The instrument commonly called the \"piano,\" by the way, was originally called a \"pianoforte\" because it could play dynamics, unlike earlier popular keyboard instruments such as\u00a0the harpsichord and spinet.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Dynamic Markings<\/h2>\r\nThe main dynamic levels are:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em> or <em>piano<\/em>, which means\u00a0\"soft\u201d<\/li>\r\n\t<li><em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em> or <em>forte<\/em>, which means\u00a0\"loud\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMore subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><em><strong>mp<\/strong><\/em>, standing for mezzo-piano, which means\u00a0\"moderately soft\"<\/li>\r\n\t<li><em><strong>mf<\/strong><\/em>, standing for mezzo-forte, which means\u00a0\"moderately loud\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBeyond <em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em> and <em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em>, there are also:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>pp<\/em><\/strong>, which stands\u00a0for <em>pianissimo<\/em> and means\u00a0\"very soft\"<\/li>\r\n\t<li><em><strong>ff<\/strong><\/em>, which stands\u00a0for <em><strong>fortissimo<\/strong><\/em> and means\u00a0\"very loud\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Listen: Dynamic Changes and\u00a0Markings<\/h3>\r\nListen to the dynamic changes in W.A. Mozart's Overture to <i>The Marriage of Figaro<\/i>. Look for the dynamic markings (<strong><em>pp<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0<strong><em>p<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0<strong><em>ff<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0and<strong><em> p<\/em><\/strong>) in the score before you start listening.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/content.thespco.org\/music\/compositions\/overture-to-the-marriage-of-figaro-wolfgang-amadeus-mozart\/\" target=\"_blank\">Audio<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/conquest.imslp.info\/files\/imglnks\/usimg\/8\/8e\/IMSLP01198-The_Marriage_of_Figaro_Overture.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Score<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Dynamic Changes<\/h2>\r\nTo gradually change the dynamics, composers use\u00a0<em>crescendo<\/em> and\u00a0<em>diminuendo <\/em>(also\u00a0<em>decrescendo<\/em>).\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><em><strong>crescendo<\/strong><\/em> (<em><strong>cresc.<\/strong><\/em>): gradually play louder\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002542\/Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg_.png\"><img class=\" wp-image-321 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002542\/Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg_-300x75.png\" alt=\"Two lines form an angle and gradually move apart.\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>diminuendo \/ decrescendo\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(<strong><em>dim<\/em><\/strong>. or <em><strong>decres.<\/strong><\/em>): gradually play softer\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002543\/Notation_musicale_decrescendo.svg_.png\"><img class=\" wp-image-322 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002543\/Notation_musicale_decrescendo.svg_-300x75.png\" alt=\"Two lines gradually converging to form a point.\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002611\/Screen-Shot-2015-06-23-at-3.19.55-PM.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-503\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002611\/Screen-Shot-2015-06-23-at-3.19.55-PM.png\" alt=\"Dyanmic markings showing start softly (piano), gradually get louder (crescendo) until the music is loud (forte), then gradually get quieter (decrescendo or diminuendo) until it is quiet (piano) again.\" width=\"354\" height=\"244\" \/><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Listen: Dynamic Changes<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"shaded\">Listen to the dynamic changes in Ludwig van Beethoven's\u00a0<em>Symphony No. 1, <\/em>3rd Movement, Menuetto<em>,<\/em> along with the score.<\/div>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/wIuN6aM3Cow?t=1s\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/imslp.nl\/imglnks\/usimg\/a\/a3\/IMSLP13844-Beethoven_-_Symphony_No.1__Mvt.III__ed._Unger_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Score<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Accents<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"432\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/daecca1456c88bc1862974a0fab72ff6b9043f84\/accents.png\" alt=\"Staff with 6\/8 time and common accents found on notes, including sfz, fp and hats.\" width=\"432\" height=\"96\" \/> Common Accents[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"p0d\">A composer may want a particular note to be louder than all the rest or may want the very beginning of a note to be loudest. Accents are markings that are used to indicate these especially strong-sounding notes. There are a few different types of written accents, but, like dynamics, the proper way to perform a given accent also depends on the instrument playing it, as well as the style and period of the music. Some accents may even be played by making the note longer or shorter than the other notes, in addition to, or even instead of being, louder.\r\n<span id=\"id1165290879461\"><\/span><\/p>\r\nThe exact performance of each type of accent depends on the instrument and the style and period of the music, but the sforzando- and fortepiano-type accents are usually louder and longer, and more likely to be used in a long note that starts loudly and then suddenly gets much softer. Caret-type accents are more likely to be used to mark shorter notes that should be stronger than unmarked notes.","rendered":"<h2>Dynamics<\/h2>\n<p>Dynamics\u00a0refers to the volume of a sound or note. The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation\u00a0used to indicate dynamics. Dynamics are relative and do not refer to specific volume levels.<\/p>\n<p id=\"p0b\">Traditionally, dynamic markings are based on Italian words, although there is nothing wrong with simply writing things like &#8220;quietly&#8221; or &#8220;louder&#8221; in the music. Forte means loud and piano means soft. The instrument commonly called the &#8220;piano,&#8221; by the way, was originally called a &#8220;pianoforte&#8221; because it could play dynamics, unlike earlier popular keyboard instruments such as\u00a0the harpsichord and spinet.<\/p>\n<h2>Dynamic Markings<\/h2>\n<p>The main dynamic levels are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em> or <em>piano<\/em>, which means\u00a0&#8220;soft\u201d<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em> or <em>forte<\/em>, which means\u00a0&#8220;loud\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>mp<\/strong><\/em>, standing for mezzo-piano, which means\u00a0&#8220;moderately soft&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>mf<\/strong><\/em>, standing for mezzo-forte, which means\u00a0&#8220;moderately loud\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Beyond <em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em> and <em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em>, there are also:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>pp<\/em><\/strong>, which stands\u00a0for <em>pianissimo<\/em> and means\u00a0&#8220;very soft&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>ff<\/strong><\/em>, which stands\u00a0for <em><strong>fortissimo<\/strong><\/em> and means\u00a0&#8220;very loud&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Listen: Dynamic Changes and\u00a0Markings<\/h3>\n<p>Listen to the dynamic changes in W.A. Mozart&#8217;s Overture to <i>The Marriage of Figaro<\/i>. Look for the dynamic markings (<strong><em>pp<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0<strong><em>p<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0<strong><em>ff<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0and<strong><em> p<\/em><\/strong>) in the score before you start listening.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/content.thespco.org\/music\/compositions\/overture-to-the-marriage-of-figaro-wolfgang-amadeus-mozart\/\" target=\"_blank\">Audio<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/conquest.imslp.info\/files\/imglnks\/usimg\/8\/8e\/IMSLP01198-The_Marriage_of_Figaro_Overture.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Score<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Dynamic Changes<\/h2>\n<p>To gradually change the dynamics, composers use\u00a0<em>crescendo<\/em> and\u00a0<em>diminuendo <\/em>(also\u00a0<em>decrescendo<\/em>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>crescendo<\/strong><\/em> (<em><strong>cresc.<\/strong><\/em>): gradually play louder<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002542\/Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg_.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-321 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002542\/Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg_-300x75.png\" alt=\"Two lines form an angle and gradually move apart.\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>diminuendo \/ decrescendo\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(<strong><em>dim<\/em><\/strong>. or <em><strong>decres.<\/strong><\/em>): gradually play softer<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002543\/Notation_musicale_decrescendo.svg_.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-322 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002543\/Notation_musicale_decrescendo.svg_-300x75.png\" alt=\"Two lines gradually converging to form a point.\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002611\/Screen-Shot-2015-06-23-at-3.19.55-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-503\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002611\/Screen-Shot-2015-06-23-at-3.19.55-PM.png\" alt=\"Dyanmic markings showing start softly (piano), gradually get louder (crescendo) until the music is loud (forte), then gradually get quieter (decrescendo or diminuendo) until it is quiet (piano) again.\" width=\"354\" height=\"244\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Listen: Dynamic Changes<\/h3>\n<div class=\"shaded\">Listen to the dynamic changes in Ludwig van Beethoven&#8217;s\u00a0<em>Symphony No. 1, <\/em>3rd Movement, Menuetto<em>,<\/em> along with the score.<\/div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Beethoven: Symphony No. 1 - 3rd Movement\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wIuN6aM3Cow?start=1&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/imslp.nl\/imglnks\/usimg\/a\/a3\/IMSLP13844-Beethoven_-_Symphony_No.1__Mvt.III__ed._Unger_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Score<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Accents<\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 442px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/daecca1456c88bc1862974a0fab72ff6b9043f84\/accents.png\" alt=\"Staff with 6\/8 time and common accents found on notes, including sfz, fp and hats.\" width=\"432\" height=\"96\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Common Accents<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"p0d\">A composer may want a particular note to be louder than all the rest or may want the very beginning of a note to be loudest. Accents are markings that are used to indicate these especially strong-sounding notes. There are a few different types of written accents, but, like dynamics, the proper way to perform a given accent also depends on the instrument playing it, as well as the style and period of the music. Some accents may even be played by making the note longer or shorter than the other notes, in addition to, or even instead of being, louder.<br \/>\n<span id=\"id1165290879461\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The exact performance of each type of accent depends on the instrument and the style and period of the music, but the sforzando- and fortepiano-type accents are usually louder and longer, and more likely to be used in a long note that starts loudly and then suddenly gets much softer. Caret-type accents are more likely to be used to mark shorter notes that should be stronger than unmarked notes.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-307\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Reading Music: Common Notation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Catherine Schmidt-Jones. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/894c9499-5c91-4d1c-a108-32ae3788d4aa@10.5.\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/894c9499-5c91-4d1c-a108-32ae3788d4aa@10.5.<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Mozart - The Marriage of Figaro Overture (K.492) - Wiener Symphoniker - Fabio Luisi (HD). <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: kocaonur. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Mp6UAGN_Ir4?t=3s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Mp6UAGN_Ir4?t=3s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Beethoven: Symphony No. 1 - 3rd Movement. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: MannheimRocket13. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wIuN6aM3Cow?t=1s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/wIuN6aM3Cow?t=1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Notation musicale crescendo.svg. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Romainbehar. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Notation musicale decrescendo.svg. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Romainbehar. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":969,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Mozart - The Marriage of Figaro Overture (K.492) - Wiener Symphoniker - Fabio Luisi (HD)\",\"author\":\"kocaonur\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Mp6UAGN_Ir4?t=3s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Notation musicale crescendo.svg\",\"author\":\"Romainbehar\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Notation musicale decrescendo.svg\",\"author\":\"Romainbehar\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Beethoven: Symphony No. 1 - 3rd Movement\",\"author\":\"MannheimRocket13\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wIuN6aM3Cow?t=1s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Reading Music: Common Notation\",\"author\":\"Catherine Schmidt-Jones\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/894c9499-5c91-4d1c-a108-32ae3788d4aa@10.5.\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-307","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":23,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/969"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/307\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1857,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/307\/revisions\/1857"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/23"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/307\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=307"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=307"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/music-app-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}