{"id":2314,"date":"2017-08-11T14:52:43","date_gmt":"2017-08-11T14:52:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2314"},"modified":"2017-08-11T14:52:43","modified_gmt":"2017-08-11T14:52:43","slug":"how-antibodies-work","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/chapter\/how-antibodies-work\/","title":{"raw":"How Antibodies Work","rendered":"How Antibodies Work"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>How Antibodies Work<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) (Igs) \u2013 proteins secreted by B cells or plasma cells (clone of B cell) in response to an antigen and are capable of binding to that antigen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Antibody Classes \u2013 There are 5 Ig classes that are similar in function but have slightly different roles<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>IgM \u2013 found in B lymphocytes; agglutinates antigens<\/li>\r\n \t<li>IgA \u2013 found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk; protects against pathogens in mucous membranes and provides passive immunity for infants<\/li>\r\n \t<li>IgD \u2013 found in B cells and functions as receptors<\/li>\r\n \t<li>IgG \u2013 main antibody of both primary and secondary response, found in blood plasma; crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity for infants; provides long term immunity following vaccinations or infections<\/li>\r\n \t<li>IgE \u2013 binds to mast cells and basophils; triggers the release of histamines and other chemicals that cause inflammation and allergic responses (these are the \u201ctroublemakers\u201d)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Once an antibody binds to an antigen, it inactivates the antigen in several ways:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Complement fixation \u2013 antibody binds to the antigen and causes lysis, chemotaxis to attract other leukocytes and opsonization<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li>Neutralization \u2013 the antibody binds to a site on the bacteria or virus that releases toxins (exotoxins) to block the harmful effects of the toxin<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n \t<li>Agglutination \u2013 antibody will bind to the cell and cause clumping (occurs in mismatched blood) so they are easily captured by phagocytes<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n2 types of Immunity:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Active Immunity \u2013 immune response is triggered by one\u2019s own body<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Naturally acquired active immunity \u2013 results after a person contracts a disease or illness and recovers leaving behind antibodies and memory cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Artificially acquired active immunity \u2013 results after receiving a vaccine; vaccine triggers the primary immune response leaving behind antibodies and memory cells for the second attack<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li>Passive Immunity \u2013 immune cells are acquired somewhere other than one\u2019s own body<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Naturally acquired passive immunity \u2013 occurs in infants that receive antibodies from the mother through the placenta in utero and in mother\u2019s milk after birth<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Artificially acquired passive immunity \u2013 injections of antibodies are received from another person or animal (often used to treat snake bites, spider bites, or tetany)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p><strong>How Antibodies Work<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) (Igs) \u2013 proteins secreted by B cells or plasma cells (clone of B cell) in response to an antigen and are capable of binding to that antigen<\/li>\n<li>Antibody Classes \u2013 There are 5 Ig classes that are similar in function but have slightly different roles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>IgM \u2013 found in B lymphocytes; agglutinates antigens<\/li>\n<li>IgA \u2013 found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk; protects against pathogens in mucous membranes and provides passive immunity for infants<\/li>\n<li>IgD \u2013 found in B cells and functions as receptors<\/li>\n<li>IgG \u2013 main antibody of both primary and secondary response, found in blood plasma; crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity for infants; provides long term immunity following vaccinations or infections<\/li>\n<li>IgE \u2013 binds to mast cells and basophils; triggers the release of histamines and other chemicals that cause inflammation and allergic responses (these are the \u201ctroublemakers\u201d)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Once an antibody binds to an antigen, it inactivates the antigen in several ways:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Complement fixation \u2013 antibody binds to the antigen and causes lysis, chemotaxis to attract other leukocytes and opsonization<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Neutralization \u2013 the antibody binds to a site on the bacteria or virus that releases toxins (exotoxins) to block the harmful effects of the toxin<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Agglutination \u2013 antibody will bind to the cell and cause clumping (occurs in mismatched blood) so they are easily captured by phagocytes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2 types of Immunity:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Active Immunity \u2013 immune response is triggered by one\u2019s own body<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Naturally acquired active immunity \u2013 results after a person contracts a disease or illness and recovers leaving behind antibodies and memory cells<\/li>\n<li>Artificially acquired active immunity \u2013 results after receiving a vaccine; vaccine triggers the primary immune response leaving behind antibodies and memory cells for the second attack<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Passive Immunity \u2013 immune cells are acquired somewhere other than one\u2019s own body<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Naturally acquired passive immunity \u2013 occurs in infants that receive antibodies from the mother through the placenta in utero and in mother\u2019s milk after birth<\/li>\n<li>Artificially acquired passive immunity \u2013 injections of antibodies are received from another person or animal (often used to treat snake bites, spider bites, or tetany)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":12253,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2314","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1118,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2314","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12253"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2314\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2315,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2314\/revisions\/2315"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1118"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2314\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2314"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2314"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2314"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/nemcc-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2314"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}