{"id":976,"date":"2015-05-19T22:15:16","date_gmt":"2015-05-19T22:15:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ap2x2master\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=976"},"modified":"2016-10-10T16:08:51","modified_gmt":"2016-10-10T16:08:51","slug":"introduction-10","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/chapter\/introduction-10\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction","rendered":"Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this chapter, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify the body\u2019s main fluid compartments<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define plasma osmolality and identify two ways in which plasma osmolality is maintained<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the six ions most important to the function of the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define buffer and discuss the role of buffers in the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain why bicarbonate must be conserved rather than reabsorbed in the kidney<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the normal range of blood pH and name the conditions where one has a blood pH that is either too high or too low<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"350\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/403\/2015\/04\/21031858\/Venus_at_us_open_2009.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of Venus Williams, the famous tennis player, executing a hard tennis swing.\" width=\"350\" height=\"233\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/> Figure 1. The body has critically important mechanisms for balancing the intake and output of bodily fluids. An athlete must continuously replace the water and electrolytes lost in sweat. (credit: \u201cEdwin Martinez1\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nHomeostasis, or the maintenance of constant conditions in the body, is a fundamental property of all living things. In the human body, the substances that participate in chemical reactions must remain within narrows ranges of concentration. Too much or too little of a single substance can disrupt your bodily functions. Because metabolism relies on reactions that are all interconnected, any disruption might affect multiple organs or even organ systems. Water is the most ubiquitous substance in the chemical reactions of life. The interactions of various aqueous solutions\u2014solutions in which water is the solvent\u2014are continuously monitored and adjusted by a large suite of interconnected feedback systems in your body. Understanding the ways in which the body maintains these critical balances is key to understanding good health.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify the body\u2019s main fluid compartments<\/li>\n<li>Define plasma osmolality and identify two ways in which plasma osmolality is maintained<\/li>\n<li>Identify the six ions most important to the function of the body<\/li>\n<li>Define buffer and discuss the role of buffers in the body<\/li>\n<li>Explain why bicarbonate must be conserved rather than reabsorbed in the kidney<\/li>\n<li>Identify the normal range of blood pH and name the conditions where one has a blood pH that is either too high or too low<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/403\/2015\/04\/21031858\/Venus_at_us_open_2009.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of Venus Williams, the famous tennis player, executing a hard tennis swing.\" width=\"350\" height=\"233\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. The body has critically important mechanisms for balancing the intake and output of bodily fluids. An athlete must continuously replace the water and electrolytes lost in sweat. (credit: \u201cEdwin Martinez1\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Homeostasis, or the maintenance of constant conditions in the body, is a fundamental property of all living things. In the human body, the substances that participate in chemical reactions must remain within narrows ranges of concentration. Too much or too little of a single substance can disrupt your bodily functions. Because metabolism relies on reactions that are all interconnected, any disruption might affect multiple organs or even organ systems. Water is the most ubiquitous substance in the chemical reactions of life. The interactions of various aqueous solutions\u2014solutions in which water is the solvent\u2014are continuously monitored and adjusted by a large suite of interconnected feedback systems in your body. Understanding the ways in which the body maintains these critical balances is key to understanding good health.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-976\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Anatomy &amp; Physiology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.25\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.25<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.25<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":184,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Anatomy & Physiology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.25\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.25\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-976","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1071,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/976","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/976\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2138,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/976\/revisions\/2138"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1071"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/976\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=976"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=976"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=976"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-ap2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=976"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}