## Introduction to the Normal Distribution

### Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:

• Recognize the normal probability distribution and apply it appropriately.
• Recognize the standard normal probability distribution and apply it appropriately.
• Compare normal probabilities by converting to the standard normal distribution.

The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. It is widely used and even more widely abused. Its graph is bell-shaped. You see the bell curve in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some of your instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine your grade. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is extremely important, but it cannot be applied to everything in the real world.

In this chapter, you will study the normal distribution, the standard normal distribution, and applications associated with them.

The normal distribution has two parameters (two numerical descriptive measures), the mean (μ) and the standard deviation (σ). If X is a quantity to be measured that has a normal distribution with mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ), we designate this by writing

The probability density function is a rather complicated function.

The curve is symmetrical about a vertical line drawn through the mean, μ.
In theory, the mean is the same as the median, because the graph is symmetric about μ.
As the notation indicates, the normal distribution depends only on the mean and the standard deviation.
Since the area under the curve must equal one, a change in the standard deviation, σ, causes a change in the shape of the curve;
the curve becomes fatter or skinnier depending on σ.

A change in μ causes the graph to shift to the left or right. This means there are an infinite number of normal probability distributions.

One of special interest is called the standard normal distribution. The following video gives an example of data that would fall into a normal distribution.

COLLABORATIVE CLASSROOM ACTIVITY
We will record the heights of 200 men and 200 women, separately. Draw histograms of your data. Then draw a smooth curve through each bar.
1. Is each curve somewhat bell-shaped?
2. Calculate the mean for each data set. Write the means on the x-axis of the appropriate graph below the peak.
3. Shade the approximate area that represents the probability that one randomly chosen male is taller than 72 inches in blue.
4. Shade the approximate area that represents the probability that one randomly chosen female is shorter than 60 inches in red.
5. If the total area under each curve is one, does either probability appear to be more than 0.5?

# Formula Review

XN(μ, σ)

μ = the mean σ = the standard deviation

## Glossary

Normal Distribution
a continuous random variable (RV) with pdf $f(x)=\frac{{1}}{{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}}\cdot{e}^{{-}\frac{{1}}{{2}}\cdot{\left(\frac{{x-\mu}}{{\sigma}}\right)}^{2}}$, where μ is the mean of the distribution and σ is the standard deviation; notation: X ~ N(μ, σ). If μ = 0 and σ = 1, the RV is called the standard normal distribution.