{"id":4795,"date":"2017-07-01T02:49:16","date_gmt":"2017-07-01T02:49:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-macroeconomics\/chapter\/reading-factors-affecting-demand\/"},"modified":"2018-06-01T14:04:13","modified_gmt":"2018-06-01T14:04:13","slug":"factors-affecting-demand","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/chapter\/factors-affecting-demand\/","title":{"raw":"Factors Affecting Demand","rendered":"Factors Affecting Demand"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe which factors cause a shift in the demand curve and explain why the shift occurs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define and give examples of substitutes and complements<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Draw a demand curve and graphically represent changes in demand<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWe know that a change in prices affects the quantity demanded.\u00a0Price, however, is not the only thing that influences demand. For example, how is demand for vegetarian food affected if, say, health concerns cause more consumers to avoid eating meat?\r\n<h2><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">The Effect of Income on Demand<\/span><\/h2>\r\nLet's use income as an example of how factors other than price affect demand. Figure 1 shows the initial demand for automobiles as D<sub>0<\/sub>. At point Q, for example, if the price is $20,000 per car, the quantity of cars demanded is 18 million. D<sub>0<\/sub> also shows how the quantity of cars demanded would change as a result of a higher or lower price. For example, if the price of a car rose to $22,000, the quantity demanded would decrease to 17 million, at point R.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"534\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024905\/CNX_Econ_C03_0041.jpg\" alt=\"The graph shows demand curve D sub 0 as the original demand curve. Demand curve D sub 1 represents a shift based on increased income. Demand curve D sub 2 represents a shift based on decreased income.\" width=\"534\" height=\"342\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Shifts in Demand: A Car Example.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe original demand curve D<sub>0<\/sub>, like every demand curve, is based on the\u00a0<span class=\"emphasis\"><em>ceteris paribus<\/em><\/span> assumption that no other economically relevant factors change. Now imagine that the economy expands in a way that raises the incomes of many people, making cars more affordable. How will this affect demand? How can we show this graphically?\r\n\r\nReturn to Figure 1. The price of cars is still $20,000, but with higher incomes, the quantity demanded has now increased to 20 million cars, shown at point S. As a result of the higher income levels, the demand curve shifts to the right to the new demand curve D<sub>1<\/sub>, indicating an increase in demand. Table 1, below, shows clearly that this increased demand would occur at every price, not just the original one.\r\n<table id=\"Table_03_04\" summary=\"The table is called \u201cPrice and Demand Shifts: A Car Example.\u201d It has four columns that show how the demand for cars changes at different levels. The four columns are Price, Decrease to D2, Original Quantity Demanded D0, and Increase to D1. When a car is priced at $16,000, the Decrease to D2 is 17.6 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 22.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 24.0 million. When a car is $18,000, the Decrease to D2 is 16 million. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 20.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 22.0 million. At $20,000, the Decrease to D1 is 14.4 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 18.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 20.0 million. At $22,000, the Decrease to D1 is 13.6 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 17.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 19.0 million. At $24,000, the Decrease to D1 is 13.2 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 16.5 million and the Increase to D1 is 18.5 million. Finally, at $26,000, the Decrease to D1 is 12.8 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 16.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 18.0 million.\"><caption>Table 1. Price and Demand Shifts: A Car Example<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Price<\/th>\r\n<th>Decrease to D<sub>2<\/sub><\/th>\r\n<th>Original Quantity Demanded D<sub>0<\/sub><\/th>\r\n<th>Increase to D<sub>1<\/sub><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$16,000<\/td>\r\n<td>17.6 million<\/td>\r\n<td>22.0 million<\/td>\r\n<td>24.0 million<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$18,000<\/td>\r\n<td>16.0 million<\/td>\r\n<td>20.0 million<\/td>\r\n<td>22.0 million<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$20,000<\/td>\r\n<td>14.4 million<\/td>\r\n<td>18.0 million<\/td>\r\n<td>20.0 million<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$22,000<\/td>\r\n<td>13.6 million<\/td>\r\n<td>17.0 million<\/td>\r\n<td>19.0 million<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$24,000<\/td>\r\n<td>13.2 million<\/td>\r\n<td>16.5 million<\/td>\r\n<td>18.5 million<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$26,000<\/td>\r\n<td>12.8 million<\/td>\r\n<td>16.0 million<\/td>\r\n<td>18.0 million<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nNow, imagine that the economy slows down so that many people lose their jobs or work fewer hours, reducing their incomes. In this case, the decrease in income would lead to a lower quantity of cars demanded at every given price, and the original demand curve D<sub>0<\/sub> would shift left to D<sub>2<\/sub>. The shift from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>2<\/sub> represents such a decrease in demand: At any given price level, the quantity demanded is now lower. In this example, a price of $20,000 means 18 million cars sold along the original demand curve, but only 14.4 million sold after demand fell.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_10204\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/23171321\/family-2923690_1920.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-10204 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/23171321\/family-2923690_1920-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Image of a family of four at the grocery store. The mother and father push two sons in a grocery shopping cart.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> <strong>A New Shopping Trip.\u00a0<\/strong>When this family got a raise, they shopped at an expensive organic grocery store instead of buying generic groceries. The generic groceries are an example of an inferior good.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhen a demand curve shifts, it does not mean that the quantity demanded by every individual buyer changes by the same amount. In this example, not everyone would have higher or lower income and not everyone would buy or not buy an additional car. Instead, a shift in a demand curve captures a pattern for the market as a whole:\u00a0Increased demand means that at every given price, the quantity demanded is higher, so that the demand curve shifts to the right from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>1<\/sub>. And, decreased demand means that at every given price, the quantity demanded is lower, so that the demand curve shifts to the left from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>2<\/sub>.\r\n\r\nWe just argued that higher income causes greater demand at every price. This is true for most goods and services. For some\u2014luxury cars, vacations in Europe, and fine jewelry\u2014the effect of a rise in income can be especially pronounced. A product whose demand rises when income rises, and vice versa, is called a <strong>normal good<\/strong>.\u00a0A few exceptions to this pattern do exist, however. As incomes rise, many people will buy fewer generic-brand groceries and more name-brand groceries. They are less likely to buy used cars and more likely to buy new cars. They will be less likely to rent an apartment and more likely to own a home, and so on. A product whose demand falls when income rises, and vice versa, is called an <strong>inferior good<\/strong>.\u00a0In other words, when income increases, the demand curve shifts to the left.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7111\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7112\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nA change in price does not shift the demand curve. It only shows a difference in the quantity demanded. The demand curve will move left or right when there is an underlying change in demand at all prices.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aTSwcXJ700c?rel=0\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">Other Factors That Shift Demand Curves<\/span><\/h2>\r\nIncome is not the only factor that causes a shift in demand. Other things that change demand include tastes and preferences, the composition or size of the population, the prices of related goods, and even expectations. A change in any one of the underlying factors that determine what quantity people are willing to buy at a given price will cause a shift in demand. Graphically, the new demand curve lies either to the right (an increase) or to the left (a decrease) of the original demand curve. Let's look at these factors.\r\n<h3><span class=\"bold\"><strong>Changing Tastes or Preferences<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_10235\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/23222140\/7234340366_6dc6ab796c_o.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-10235 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/23222140\/7234340366_6dc6ab796c_o-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of a man with a fried chicken foot in his mouth.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> <strong>Changing Tastes.\u00a0<\/strong>This man eats a chicken foot. Changes in society's preferences for chicken have led to changes in demand for certain foods.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFrom 1980 to 2012, the per-person consumption of chicken by Americans rose from 33 pounds per year to 81 pounds per year, and consumption of beef fell from 77 pounds per year to 57 pounds per year, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Changes like these are largely due to shifts\u00a0in taste, which change the quantity of a good demanded at every price: That is, they shift the demand curve for that good\u2014rightward for chicken and leftward for beef.\r\n<h3><span class=\"bold\"><strong>Changes in the Composition of the Population<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\nThe proportion of elderly citizens in the United States population is rising. It rose from 9.8 percent in 1970 to 12.6 percent in 2000 and will be a projected (by the U.S. Census Bureau) 20 percent of the population by 2030. A society with relatively more children, like the United States in the 1960s, will have greater demand for goods and services like tricycles and day care facilities. A society with relatively more elderly persons, as the United States is projected to have by 2030, has a higher demand for nursing homes and hearing aids. Similarly, changes in the size of the population can affect the demand for housing and many other goods. Each of these changes in demand will be shown as a shift in the demand curve.\r\n<h3><span class=\"bold\"><strong>Changes in the Prices of Related Goods<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\nThe demand for a product can also be affected by changes in the prices of related goods such as substitutes or complements. A\u00a0<strong>substitute<em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>is a good or service that can be used in place of another good or service. As electronic books become more available, you would expect to see a decrease in demand for traditional printed books. A lower price for a substitute decreases demand for the other product. For example, in recent years as the price of tablet computers has fallen, the quantity demanded has increased (because of the law of demand). Since people are purchasing tablets, there has been a decrease in demand for laptops, which can be shown graphically as a leftward shift in the demand curve for laptops. A higher price for a substitute good has the reverse effect.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5303\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/15175644\/office.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-5303 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/15175644\/office-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of office supplies like pencils, paper clips, sticky notes, rubberbands, etc.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>.<strong> Office Supplies.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0A drop in the price of pens and pencils may lead to higher demand for complement office supplies.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nOther goods are <b>complements <\/b>for\u00a0each other, meaning that the goods are often used together, because consumption of one good tends to enhance consumption of the other. Examples include breakfast cereal and milk; notebooks and pens or pencils, golf balls and golf clubs; gasoline and sport utility vehicles; and the five-way combination of bacon, lettuce, tomato, mayonnaise, and bread. If the price of golf clubs rises, since the quantity of golf clubs demanded falls (because of the law of demand), demand for a complement good like golf balls decreases, too. Similarly, a higher price for skis would shift the demand curve for a complement good like ski resort trips to the left, while a lower price for a complement has the reverse effect.\r\n<h3><span class=\"bold\"><strong>Changes in Expectations About Future Prices<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\nWhile it is clear that the price of a good affects the quantity demanded, it is also true that expectations about the future price (or expectations about tastes and preferences, income, and so on) can affect demand. For example, if people hear that a hurricane is coming, they may rush to the store to buy flashlight batteries and bottled water. If people learn that the price of a good like coffee is likely to rise in the future, they may head for the store to stock up on coffee now. These changes in demand are shown as shifts in the curve. Therefore, a\u00a0<strong>shift in demand<\/strong> happens\u00a0when a change in some economic factor (other than the current price) causes a different quantity to be demanded at every price.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7113\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7114\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3><strong>Exercise: Shift in\u00a0Demand Due to Income Increase<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nA shift in demand means that at any price (and at every price), the quantity demanded will be different than it was before. Following is a graphic illustration of a shift in demand due to an income increase.\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 1<\/strong>. Draw the graph of a demand curve for a normal good like pizza. Pick a price (like P<sub>0<\/sub>). Identify the corresponding Q<sub>0<\/sub>. An example is shown in Figure 5.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6333\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-6333\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024920\/CNX_Econ_0191.jpg\" alt=\"The graph represents the directions for step 1. A demand curve shows how much consumers would be willing to buy at any given price.\" width=\"400\" height=\"243\" \/> <strong>Figure 5. Demand Curve.\u00a0<\/strong>A\u00a0demand curve can be used to identify how much consumers would buy at any given price.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>S<\/strong><strong>tep 2<\/strong>. Suppose income increases. As a result of the change, are consumers going to buy more or less pizza? The answer is more. Draw a dotted horizontal line from the chosen price, through the original quantity demanded, to the new point with the new Q<sub>1<\/sub>. Draw a dotted vertical line down to the horizontal axis and label the new Q<sub>1<\/sub>. An example is provided in Figure 6.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6334\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-6334\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024924\/CNX_Econ_0201.jpg\" alt=\"The graph represents the directions for step 2. With an increased income, consumers will wish to buy a higher quantity (Q sub 1) than they bought with a lower income.\" width=\"400\" height=\"247\" \/> <strong>Figure 6. Demand Curve with Income Increase.<\/strong> With an increase in income, consumers will purchase larger quantities, pushing demand to the right.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 3<\/strong>. Now, shift the curve through the new point. You will see that an increase in income causes an upward (or rightward) shift in the demand curve, so that at any price, the quantities demanded will be higher, as shown in Figure 7.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6335\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-6335\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024929\/CNX_Econ_0211.jpg\" alt=\"The graph represents the directions for step 3. An increased income results in an increase in demand, which is shown by a rightward shift in the demand curve.\" width=\"400\" height=\"245\" \/> <strong>Figure 7. Demand Curve Shifted Right<\/strong>. With an increase in income, consumers will purchase larger quantities, pushing demand to the right, and causing the demand curve to shift right.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5623\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1511\/2016\/05\/24190428\/9595911874_92697c0b0a_k.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5623\"><img class=\"wp-image-5623\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024932\/9595911874_92697c0b0a_k-1024x577.jpg\" alt=\"Three paper cylinders. The top of each has been diagonally cut and shifted slightly to the left.\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 8.<\/strong> Remember that changes in price change the point of quantity demanded on the demand curve, but changes in other factors (such as taste, population, income, expectations, and prices of other goods) will cause the entire demand curve to shift.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Summary: What Factors Shift Demand?<\/h2>\r\nSix factors that can shift demand curves are summarized in Figure 9, below. The direction of the arrows indicates whether the demand curve shifts represent an increase in demand or a decrease in demand. Notice that a change in the price of the good or service itself is not listed among the factors that can shift a demand curve. A change in the price of a good or service causes a movement along a specific demand curve, and it typically leads to some change in the quantity demanded, but it does not shift the demand curve.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"751\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/DE\/microecon\/u1t9-s44mgw6i#fixme#fixme#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"The graph on the left lists events that could lead to increased demand. These include taste shift to greater popularity, population likely to buy rises, income rises (for a normal good), price of substitution rises, price of complements falls, and future expectations encourage buying. The graph on the right lists events that could lead to decreased demand. These include a taste shift to lesser popularity, population likely to buy drops, income drops (for a normal good), the price of substitutes falls, the price of complements rises, future expectations discourage buying.\" width=\"751\" height=\"234\" \/> <strong>Figure 9. Factors That Shift Demand Curves<\/strong> (a) A list of factors that can cause an increase in demand from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>1<\/sub>. (b) The same factors, if their direction is reversed, can cause a decrease in demand from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>1<\/sub>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7115\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7116\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page][glossary-term]complements: [\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]goods or services that are used together because the use of one enhances the use of the other[\/glossary-definition][glossary-term]substitutes: [\/glossary-term][glossary-definition]goods or services that can be used in place of one another[\/glossary-definition][glossary-term]inferior good: [\/glossary-term][glossary-definition]good or service whose demand decreases when a consumer's income increases and demand increases when income decreases[\/glossary-definition][glossary-term]normal good: [\/glossary-term][glossary-definition]good or service whose demand increases when a consumer's income increases and demand decreases when income decreases[\/glossary-definition]\r\n\r\n[\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe which factors cause a shift in the demand curve and explain why the shift occurs<\/li>\n<li>Define and give examples of substitutes and complements<\/li>\n<li>Draw a demand curve and graphically represent changes in demand<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>We know that a change in prices affects the quantity demanded.\u00a0Price, however, is not the only thing that influences demand. For example, how is demand for vegetarian food affected if, say, health concerns cause more consumers to avoid eating meat?<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">The Effect of Income on Demand<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Let&#8217;s use income as an example of how factors other than price affect demand. Figure 1 shows the initial demand for automobiles as D<sub>0<\/sub>. At point Q, for example, if the price is $20,000 per car, the quantity of cars demanded is 18 million. D<sub>0<\/sub> also shows how the quantity of cars demanded would change as a result of a higher or lower price. For example, if the price of a car rose to $22,000, the quantity demanded would decrease to 17 million, at point R.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 544px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024905\/CNX_Econ_C03_0041.jpg\" alt=\"The graph shows demand curve D sub 0 as the original demand curve. Demand curve D sub 1 represents a shift based on increased income. Demand curve D sub 2 represents a shift based on decreased income.\" width=\"534\" height=\"342\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Shifts in Demand: A Car Example.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The original demand curve D<sub>0<\/sub>, like every demand curve, is based on the\u00a0<span class=\"emphasis\"><em>ceteris paribus<\/em><\/span> assumption that no other economically relevant factors change. Now imagine that the economy expands in a way that raises the incomes of many people, making cars more affordable. How will this affect demand? How can we show this graphically?<\/p>\n<p>Return to Figure 1. The price of cars is still $20,000, but with higher incomes, the quantity demanded has now increased to 20 million cars, shown at point S. As a result of the higher income levels, the demand curve shifts to the right to the new demand curve D<sub>1<\/sub>, indicating an increase in demand. Table 1, below, shows clearly that this increased demand would occur at every price, not just the original one.<\/p>\n<table id=\"Table_03_04\" summary=\"The table is called \u201cPrice and Demand Shifts: A Car Example.\u201d It has four columns that show how the demand for cars changes at different levels. The four columns are Price, Decrease to D2, Original Quantity Demanded D0, and Increase to D1. When a car is priced at $16,000, the Decrease to D2 is 17.6 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 22.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 24.0 million. When a car is $18,000, the Decrease to D2 is 16 million. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 20.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 22.0 million. At $20,000, the Decrease to D1 is 14.4 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 18.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 20.0 million. At $22,000, the Decrease to D1 is 13.6 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 17.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 19.0 million. At $24,000, the Decrease to D1 is 13.2 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 16.5 million and the Increase to D1 is 18.5 million. Finally, at $26,000, the Decrease to D1 is 12.8 million cars. The Original Quantity Demanded D0 is 16.0 million and the Increase to D1 is 18.0 million.\">\n<caption>Table 1. Price and Demand Shifts: A Car Example<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Price<\/th>\n<th>Decrease to D<sub>2<\/sub><\/th>\n<th>Original Quantity Demanded D<sub>0<\/sub><\/th>\n<th>Increase to D<sub>1<\/sub><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>$16,000<\/td>\n<td>17.6 million<\/td>\n<td>22.0 million<\/td>\n<td>24.0 million<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$18,000<\/td>\n<td>16.0 million<\/td>\n<td>20.0 million<\/td>\n<td>22.0 million<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$20,000<\/td>\n<td>14.4 million<\/td>\n<td>18.0 million<\/td>\n<td>20.0 million<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$22,000<\/td>\n<td>13.6 million<\/td>\n<td>17.0 million<\/td>\n<td>19.0 million<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$24,000<\/td>\n<td>13.2 million<\/td>\n<td>16.5 million<\/td>\n<td>18.5 million<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$26,000<\/td>\n<td>12.8 million<\/td>\n<td>16.0 million<\/td>\n<td>18.0 million<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Now, imagine that the economy slows down so that many people lose their jobs or work fewer hours, reducing their incomes. In this case, the decrease in income would lead to a lower quantity of cars demanded at every given price, and the original demand curve D<sub>0<\/sub> would shift left to D<sub>2<\/sub>. The shift from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>2<\/sub> represents such a decrease in demand: At any given price level, the quantity demanded is now lower. In this example, a price of $20,000 means 18 million cars sold along the original demand curve, but only 14.4 million sold after demand fell.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10204\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/23171321\/family-2923690_1920.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10204\" class=\"wp-image-10204 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/23171321\/family-2923690_1920-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Image of a family of four at the grocery store. The mother and father push two sons in a grocery shopping cart.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-10204\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> <strong>A New Shopping Trip.\u00a0<\/strong>When this family got a raise, they shopped at an expensive organic grocery store instead of buying generic groceries. The generic groceries are an example of an inferior good.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>When a demand curve shifts, it does not mean that the quantity demanded by every individual buyer changes by the same amount. In this example, not everyone would have higher or lower income and not everyone would buy or not buy an additional car. Instead, a shift in a demand curve captures a pattern for the market as a whole:\u00a0Increased demand means that at every given price, the quantity demanded is higher, so that the demand curve shifts to the right from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>1<\/sub>. And, decreased demand means that at every given price, the quantity demanded is lower, so that the demand curve shifts to the left from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p>We just argued that higher income causes greater demand at every price. This is true for most goods and services. For some\u2014luxury cars, vacations in Europe, and fine jewelry\u2014the effect of a rise in income can be especially pronounced. A product whose demand rises when income rises, and vice versa, is called a <strong>normal good<\/strong>.\u00a0A few exceptions to this pattern do exist, however. As incomes rise, many people will buy fewer generic-brand groceries and more name-brand groceries. They are less likely to buy used cars and more likely to buy new cars. They will be less likely to rent an apartment and more likely to own a home, and so on. A product whose demand falls when income rises, and vice versa, is called an <strong>inferior good<\/strong>.\u00a0In other words, when income increases, the demand curve shifts to the left.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7111\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7111&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7111\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7112\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7112&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7112\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>A change in price does not shift the demand curve. It only shows a difference in the quantity demanded. The demand curve will move left or right when there is an underlying change in demand at all prices.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aTSwcXJ700c?rel=0\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">Other Factors That Shift Demand Curves<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Income is not the only factor that causes a shift in demand. Other things that change demand include tastes and preferences, the composition or size of the population, the prices of related goods, and even expectations. A change in any one of the underlying factors that determine what quantity people are willing to buy at a given price will cause a shift in demand. Graphically, the new demand curve lies either to the right (an increase) or to the left (a decrease) of the original demand curve. Let&#8217;s look at these factors.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"bold\"><strong>Changing Tastes or Preferences<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_10235\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/23222140\/7234340366_6dc6ab796c_o.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10235\" class=\"wp-image-10235 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/23222140\/7234340366_6dc6ab796c_o-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of a man with a fried chicken foot in his mouth.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-10235\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> <strong>Changing Tastes.\u00a0<\/strong>This man eats a chicken foot. Changes in society&#8217;s preferences for chicken have led to changes in demand for certain foods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>From 1980 to 2012, the per-person consumption of chicken by Americans rose from 33 pounds per year to 81 pounds per year, and consumption of beef fell from 77 pounds per year to 57 pounds per year, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Changes like these are largely due to shifts\u00a0in taste, which change the quantity of a good demanded at every price: That is, they shift the demand curve for that good\u2014rightward for chicken and leftward for beef.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"bold\"><strong>Changes in the Composition of the Population<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The proportion of elderly citizens in the United States population is rising. It rose from 9.8 percent in 1970 to 12.6 percent in 2000 and will be a projected (by the U.S. Census Bureau) 20 percent of the population by 2030. A society with relatively more children, like the United States in the 1960s, will have greater demand for goods and services like tricycles and day care facilities. A society with relatively more elderly persons, as the United States is projected to have by 2030, has a higher demand for nursing homes and hearing aids. Similarly, changes in the size of the population can affect the demand for housing and many other goods. Each of these changes in demand will be shown as a shift in the demand curve.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"bold\"><strong>Changes in the Prices of Related Goods<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The demand for a product can also be affected by changes in the prices of related goods such as substitutes or complements. A\u00a0<strong>substitute<em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>is a good or service that can be used in place of another good or service. As electronic books become more available, you would expect to see a decrease in demand for traditional printed books. A lower price for a substitute decreases demand for the other product. For example, in recent years as the price of tablet computers has fallen, the quantity demanded has increased (because of the law of demand). Since people are purchasing tablets, there has been a decrease in demand for laptops, which can be shown graphically as a leftward shift in the demand curve for laptops. A higher price for a substitute good has the reverse effect.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5303\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/15175644\/office.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5303\" class=\"wp-image-5303 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/15175644\/office-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of office supplies like pencils, paper clips, sticky notes, rubberbands, etc.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5303\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>.<strong> Office Supplies.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0A drop in the price of pens and pencils may lead to higher demand for complement office supplies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Other goods are <b>complements <\/b>for\u00a0each other, meaning that the goods are often used together, because consumption of one good tends to enhance consumption of the other. Examples include breakfast cereal and milk; notebooks and pens or pencils, golf balls and golf clubs; gasoline and sport utility vehicles; and the five-way combination of bacon, lettuce, tomato, mayonnaise, and bread. If the price of golf clubs rises, since the quantity of golf clubs demanded falls (because of the law of demand), demand for a complement good like golf balls decreases, too. Similarly, a higher price for skis would shift the demand curve for a complement good like ski resort trips to the left, while a lower price for a complement has the reverse effect.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"bold\"><strong>Changes in Expectations About Future Prices<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>While it is clear that the price of a good affects the quantity demanded, it is also true that expectations about the future price (or expectations about tastes and preferences, income, and so on) can affect demand. For example, if people hear that a hurricane is coming, they may rush to the store to buy flashlight batteries and bottled water. If people learn that the price of a good like coffee is likely to rise in the future, they may head for the store to stock up on coffee now. These changes in demand are shown as shifts in the curve. Therefore, a\u00a0<strong>shift in demand<\/strong> happens\u00a0when a change in some economic factor (other than the current price) causes a different quantity to be demanded at every price.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7113\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7113&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7113\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7114\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7114&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7114\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3><strong>Exercise: Shift in\u00a0Demand Due to Income Increase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A shift in demand means that at any price (and at every price), the quantity demanded will be different than it was before. Following is a graphic illustration of a shift in demand due to an income increase.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 1<\/strong>. Draw the graph of a demand curve for a normal good like pizza. Pick a price (like P<sub>0<\/sub>). Identify the corresponding Q<sub>0<\/sub>. An example is shown in Figure 5.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6333\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6333\" class=\"wp-image-6333\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024920\/CNX_Econ_0191.jpg\" alt=\"The graph represents the directions for step 1. A demand curve shows how much consumers would be willing to buy at any given price.\" width=\"400\" height=\"243\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6333\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5. Demand Curve.\u00a0<\/strong>A\u00a0demand curve can be used to identify how much consumers would buy at any given price.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>S<\/strong><strong>tep 2<\/strong>. Suppose income increases. As a result of the change, are consumers going to buy more or less pizza? The answer is more. Draw a dotted horizontal line from the chosen price, through the original quantity demanded, to the new point with the new Q<sub>1<\/sub>. Draw a dotted vertical line down to the horizontal axis and label the new Q<sub>1<\/sub>. An example is provided in Figure 6.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6334\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6334\" class=\"wp-image-6334\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024924\/CNX_Econ_0201.jpg\" alt=\"The graph represents the directions for step 2. With an increased income, consumers will wish to buy a higher quantity (Q sub 1) than they bought with a lower income.\" width=\"400\" height=\"247\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6334\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 6. Demand Curve with Income Increase.<\/strong> With an increase in income, consumers will purchase larger quantities, pushing demand to the right.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 3<\/strong>. Now, shift the curve through the new point. You will see that an increase in income causes an upward (or rightward) shift in the demand curve, so that at any price, the quantities demanded will be higher, as shown in Figure 7.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6335\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6335\" class=\"wp-image-6335\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024929\/CNX_Econ_0211.jpg\" alt=\"The graph represents the directions for step 3. An increased income results in an increase in demand, which is shown by a rightward shift in the demand curve.\" width=\"400\" height=\"245\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6335\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 7. Demand Curve Shifted Right<\/strong>. With an increase in income, consumers will purchase larger quantities, pushing demand to the right, and causing the demand curve to shift right.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_5623\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1511\/2016\/05\/24190428\/9595911874_92697c0b0a_k.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5623\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5623\" class=\"wp-image-5623\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2017\/07\/01024932\/9595911874_92697c0b0a_k-1024x577.jpg\" alt=\"Three paper cylinders. The top of each has been diagonally cut and shifted slightly to the left.\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5623\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 8.<\/strong> Remember that changes in price change the point of quantity demanded on the demand curve, but changes in other factors (such as taste, population, income, expectations, and prices of other goods) will cause the entire demand curve to shift.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Summary: What Factors Shift Demand?<\/h2>\n<p>Six factors that can shift demand curves are summarized in Figure 9, below. The direction of the arrows indicates whether the demand curve shifts represent an increase in demand or a decrease in demand. Notice that a change in the price of the good or service itself is not listed among the factors that can shift a demand curve. A change in the price of a good or service causes a movement along a specific demand curve, and it typically leads to some change in the quantity demanded, but it does not shift the demand curve.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 761px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/DE\/microecon\/u1t9-s44mgw6i#fixme#fixme#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"The graph on the left lists events that could lead to increased demand. These include taste shift to greater popularity, population likely to buy rises, income rises (for a normal good), price of substitution rises, price of complements falls, and future expectations encourage buying. The graph on the right lists events that could lead to decreased demand. These include a taste shift to lesser popularity, population likely to buy drops, income drops (for a normal good), the price of substitutes falls, the price of complements rises, future expectations discourage buying.\" width=\"751\" height=\"234\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9. Factors That Shift Demand Curves<\/strong> (a) A list of factors that can cause an increase in demand from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>1<\/sub>. (b) The same factors, if their direction is reversed, can cause a decrease in demand from D<sub>0<\/sub> to D<sub>1<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7115\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7115&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7115\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7116\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7116&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7116\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>complements: <\/dt>\n<dd>goods or services that are used together because the use of one enhances the use of the other<\/dd>\n<dt>substitutes: <\/dt>\n<dd>goods or services that can be used in place of one another<\/dd>\n<dt>inferior good: <\/dt>\n<dd>good or service whose demand decreases when a consumer&#8217;s income increases and demand increases when income decreases<\/dd>\n<dt>normal good: <\/dt>\n<dd>good or service whose demand increases when a consumer&#8217;s income increases and demand decreases when income decreases<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4795\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Office stationary. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.publicdomainpictures.net\/view-image.php?image=1889&#038;picture=office-stationary\">http:\/\/www.publicdomainpictures.net\/view-image.php?image=1889&#038;picture=office-stationary<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Shifts in Demand and Supply for Goods and Services. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/vEmOH-_p@4.44:yVLuEBEj@7\/Shifts-in-Demand-and-Supply-fo\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/vEmOH-_p@4.44:yVLuEBEj@7\/Shifts-in-Demand-and-Supply-fo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/bc498e1f-efe9-43a0-8dea-d3569ad09a82@4.44<\/li><li>family at shopping center. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: vborodinova . <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Pixabay. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/family-shopping-center-purchase-2923690\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/family-shopping-center-purchase-2923690\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Grilled Chicken Feet. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Joe Ross. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/51241294@N00\/7234340366\/in\/photostream\/\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/51241294@N00\/7234340366\/in\/photostream\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Diagonal shift test folds. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Rebecca Gieseking. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/rgieseking\/9595911874\/\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/rgieseking\/9595911874\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t 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