{"id":658,"date":"2015-05-08T05:03:04","date_gmt":"2015-05-08T05:03:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/masterymacro1xngcxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=658"},"modified":"2018-05-31T21:23:19","modified_gmt":"2018-05-31T21:23:19","slug":"ricardian-equivalence","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/chapter\/ricardian-equivalence\/","title":{"raw":"Ricardian Equivalence","rendered":"Ricardian Equivalence"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe Ricardian equivalence and how government borrowing can affect private saving<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Ricardian Equivalence: How Government Borrowing Affects Private Saving<\/h2>\r\nEarly Neoclassicals criticized Keynesian views about fiscal policy for ignoring the \"crowding out\" effect.\u00a0Recall that crowding out is the idea that expansionary fiscal policy causes interest rates to rise which reduces business investment, limiting the effects of the fiscal expansion. The Keynesians ultimately acknowledged the crowding out effect, and the debate changed to how much crowding out occurs. Neoclassicals argue for complete crowding out, meaning that fiscal policy was completely ineffective since an increase in government spending would be completely offset by a decrease in private investment spending with no net effect on aggregate demand. Keynesians argue for incomplete crowding out; thus, fiscal policy would be weaker than originally thought, but still effective to a certain degree.\r\n\r\nRobert Barro and other New Classical economists introduced another\u00a0criticism of fiscal policy.\u00a0If people have rational expectations,\u00a0a change in government budgets may impact private saving. For example, whenever the government runs a budget deficit, people might reason: \u201cWell, a higher budget deficit means that I\u2019m just going to owe more taxes in the future to pay off all that government borrowing, so I\u2019ll start saving now.\u201d If the government runs budget surpluses, people might reason: \u201cWith these budget surpluses (or lower budget deficits), the country will be able to afford a tax cut sometime in the future. I won\u2019t bother saving as much now.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe theory that rational private households might shift their saving to offset government saving or borrowing is known as <strong>Ricardian equivalence<\/strong>\u00a0because the idea has intellectual roots in the writings of the early nineteenth-century economist David Ricardo (1772\u20131823). If Ricardian equivalence holds completely true, then any increase in government expenditure that increases the budget deficit would lead to a corresponding decrease in consumption expenditure, as households save more in anticipation of their future tax liability. The net effect on aggregate demand then is zero and fiscal policy is entirely ineffective.\r\n\r\nIn practice, the private sector only sometimes and partially adjusts its savings behavior to offset government budget deficits and surpluses. Figure\u00a01 shows the patterns of U.S. government budget deficits and surpluses and the rate of private saving\u2014which includes saving by both households and firms\u2014since 1980. The connection between the two is not at all obvious. In the mid-1980s, for example, government budget deficits were quite large, but there is no corresponding surge of private saving. However, when budget deficits turn to surpluses in the late 1990s, there is a simultaneous decline in private saving. When budget deficits get very large in 2008 and 2009, on the other hand, there is some sign of a rise in saving. A variety of statistical studies based on the U.S. experience suggests that when government borrowing increases by $1, private saving rises by about 30 cents. A World Bank study done in the late 1990s, looking at government budgets and private saving behavior in countries around the world, found a similar result.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4593\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"585\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-4593\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1294\/2016\/07\/11221627\/31_006.jpg\" alt=\"The graph shows that government borrowing and private investment sometimes rise and fall together. For example, between 1980 and 1984 the deficit as a percentage of GDP fell from \u20135 to \u20132% and the gross private savings as a percentage of GDP also fell from 22% to 20%.\" width=\"585\" height=\"325\" \/> <strong>Figure 1. U.S. Budget Deficits and Private Savings.<\/strong> The theory of Ricardian equivalence suggests that any increase in government borrowing will be offset by additional private saving, while any decrease in government borrowing will be offset by reduced private saving. Sometimes this theory holds true, and sometimes it does not hold true at all. (Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis and Federal Reserve Economic Data).[\/caption]\r\n\r\nSo private saving does increase to some extent when governments run large budget deficits, and private saving falls when governments reduce deficits or run large budget surpluses. However, the offsetting effects of private saving compared to government borrowing are much less than one-to-one. Thus, fiscal policy can be effective, though perhaps less so in the absence of Ricardian equivalence. In addition, this effect can vary a great deal from country to country, from time to time, and over the short run and the long run.\r\n\r\nIf the funding for a larger budget deficit comes from international financial investors, then a budget deficit may be accompanied by a trade deficit. In some countries, this pattern of a\u00a0<strong>twin deficits<\/strong><em class=\"glossterm\">\u00a0<\/em>has set the stage for international financial investors first to send their funds to a country and cause an appreciation of its exchange rate and then to pull their funds out and cause a depreciation of the exchange rate and a financial crisis as well. It depends on whether funding comes from international financial investors.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7664\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7665\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nFiscal policy doesn't always work as designed, Some of these reasons are because businesses and consumers preempt policy changes or act in unpredictable ways. Consumers may demonstrate Ricardian equivalence by choosing to save money from a tax cut, which would cause no shift to aggregate demand and have no effect on the multiplier. Watch the selected clip from this video to learn more. The video beings by diving into ways that businesses may act in ways that offset fiscal or monetary policies.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HRYaXktH_O4?rel=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;start=95\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n[glossary-page][glossary-term]Ricardian\u00a0equivalence:[\/glossary-term]\r\n[glossary-definition]the theory that rational private households might increase their saving in anticipation of future tax liabilities from government borrowing, and vice versa[\/glossary-definition]\r\n[glossary-term]twin deficits:[\/glossary-term][glossary-definition]deficits that occur when a country is running both a trade and a budget deficit[\/glossary-definition][\/glossary-page]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe Ricardian equivalence and how government borrowing can affect private saving<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Ricardian Equivalence: How Government Borrowing Affects Private Saving<\/h2>\n<p>Early Neoclassicals criticized Keynesian views about fiscal policy for ignoring the &#8220;crowding out&#8221; effect.\u00a0Recall that crowding out is the idea that expansionary fiscal policy causes interest rates to rise which reduces business investment, limiting the effects of the fiscal expansion. The Keynesians ultimately acknowledged the crowding out effect, and the debate changed to how much crowding out occurs. Neoclassicals argue for complete crowding out, meaning that fiscal policy was completely ineffective since an increase in government spending would be completely offset by a decrease in private investment spending with no net effect on aggregate demand. Keynesians argue for incomplete crowding out; thus, fiscal policy would be weaker than originally thought, but still effective to a certain degree.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Barro and other New Classical economists introduced another\u00a0criticism of fiscal policy.\u00a0If people have rational expectations,\u00a0a change in government budgets may impact private saving. For example, whenever the government runs a budget deficit, people might reason: \u201cWell, a higher budget deficit means that I\u2019m just going to owe more taxes in the future to pay off all that government borrowing, so I\u2019ll start saving now.\u201d If the government runs budget surpluses, people might reason: \u201cWith these budget surpluses (or lower budget deficits), the country will be able to afford a tax cut sometime in the future. I won\u2019t bother saving as much now.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The theory that rational private households might shift their saving to offset government saving or borrowing is known as <strong>Ricardian equivalence<\/strong>\u00a0because the idea has intellectual roots in the writings of the early nineteenth-century economist David Ricardo (1772\u20131823). If Ricardian equivalence holds completely true, then any increase in government expenditure that increases the budget deficit would lead to a corresponding decrease in consumption expenditure, as households save more in anticipation of their future tax liability. The net effect on aggregate demand then is zero and fiscal policy is entirely ineffective.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, the private sector only sometimes and partially adjusts its savings behavior to offset government budget deficits and surpluses. Figure\u00a01 shows the patterns of U.S. government budget deficits and surpluses and the rate of private saving\u2014which includes saving by both households and firms\u2014since 1980. The connection between the two is not at all obvious. In the mid-1980s, for example, government budget deficits were quite large, but there is no corresponding surge of private saving. However, when budget deficits turn to surpluses in the late 1990s, there is a simultaneous decline in private saving. When budget deficits get very large in 2008 and 2009, on the other hand, there is some sign of a rise in saving. A variety of statistical studies based on the U.S. experience suggests that when government borrowing increases by $1, private saving rises by about 30 cents. A World Bank study done in the late 1990s, looking at government budgets and private saving behavior in countries around the world, found a similar result.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4593\" style=\"width: 595px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4593\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4593\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1294\/2016\/07\/11221627\/31_006.jpg\" alt=\"The graph shows that government borrowing and private investment sometimes rise and fall together. For example, between 1980 and 1984 the deficit as a percentage of GDP fell from \u20135 to \u20132% and the gross private savings as a percentage of GDP also fell from 22% to 20%.\" width=\"585\" height=\"325\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4593\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1. U.S. Budget Deficits and Private Savings.<\/strong> The theory of Ricardian equivalence suggests that any increase in government borrowing will be offset by additional private saving, while any decrease in government borrowing will be offset by reduced private saving. Sometimes this theory holds true, and sometimes it does not hold true at all. (Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis and Federal Reserve Economic Data).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>So private saving does increase to some extent when governments run large budget deficits, and private saving falls when governments reduce deficits or run large budget surpluses. However, the offsetting effects of private saving compared to government borrowing are much less than one-to-one. Thus, fiscal policy can be effective, though perhaps less so in the absence of Ricardian equivalence. In addition, this effect can vary a great deal from country to country, from time to time, and over the short run and the long run.<\/p>\n<p>If the funding for a larger budget deficit comes from international financial investors, then a budget deficit may be accompanied by a trade deficit. In some countries, this pattern of a\u00a0<strong>twin deficits<\/strong><em class=\"glossterm\">\u00a0<\/em>has set the stage for international financial investors first to send their funds to a country and cause an appreciation of its exchange rate and then to pull their funds out and cause a depreciation of the exchange rate and a financial crisis as well. It depends on whether funding comes from international financial investors.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7664\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7664&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7664\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><br \/>\n\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7665\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7665&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7665\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Fiscal policy doesn&#8217;t always work as designed, Some of these reasons are because businesses and consumers preempt policy changes or act in unpredictable ways. Consumers may demonstrate Ricardian equivalence by choosing to save money from a tax cut, which would cause no shift to aggregate demand and have no effect on the multiplier. Watch the selected clip from this video to learn more. The video beings by diving into ways that businesses may act in ways that offset fiscal or monetary policies.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HRYaXktH_O4?rel=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;start=95\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<dl>\n<dt>Ricardian\u00a0equivalence:<\/dt>\n<dd>the theory that rational private households might increase their saving in anticipation of future tax liabilities from government borrowing, and vice versa<\/dd>\n<dt>twin deficits:<\/dt>\n<dd>deficits that occur when a country is running both a trade and a budget deficit<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-658\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Impacts of Government Borrowing. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/vEmOH-_p@4.39:erBJXQvI@2\/How-Government-Borrowing-Affec\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/vEmOH-_p@4.39:erBJXQvI@2\/How-Government-Borrowing-Affec<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/bc498e1f-efe9-43a0-8dea-d3569ad09a82@4.4<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Impacts of Government Borrowing\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/vEmOH-_p@4.39:erBJXQvI@2\/How-Government-Borrowing-Affec\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/bc498e1f-efe9-43a0-8dea-d3569ad09a82@4.4\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"f6839536-3aae-47f6-8bff-0834ccd7b4da, 4821caa0-6b78-4967-aad4-92c781c256f5","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-658","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":189,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/658","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/658\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11317,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/658\/revisions\/11317"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/189"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/658\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=658"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=658"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=658"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=658"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}