{"id":740,"date":"2015-05-11T15:41:29","date_gmt":"2015-05-11T15:41:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/masterymacro1xngcxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=740"},"modified":"2019-01-14T20:11:09","modified_gmt":"2019-01-14T20:11:09","slug":"the-neoclassical-perspective-and-aggregate-demand-and-supply","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/oldwestbury-wm-macroeconomics\/chapter\/the-neoclassical-perspective-and-aggregate-demand-and-supply\/","title":{"raw":"The Neoclassical Perspective and Potential GDP","rendered":"The Neoclassical Perspective and Potential GDP"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the importance of potential GDP in the long run to the neoclassical perspective<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the shape and reasoning for the pure neoclassical aggregate supply curve<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe <strong>neoclassical perspective<\/strong> on macroeconomics is based on two building blocks (or assumptions):\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Since in the long run, the economy\u00a0will fluctuate around <span style=\"color: #333333\">its potential GDP and its natural rate of unemployment,\u00a0the size of the economy is determined by potential GDP.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #333333\">wages and prices will adjust in a flexible manner so that\u00a0disturbances such as recessions will be temporary and the economy will always return to its potential level of output on its own.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333\">The key policy implication is this: government should focus more on promoting long-term economic growth and on controlling inflation rather than worrying about recession or cyclical unemployment. This focus on long-run growth instead of short-run fluctuations in the business cycle means that neoclassical economics is more useful for long-run macroeconomic analysis and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Keynesian economics<\/span> is more useful for analyzing the macroeconomic short run. Let's consider the two neoclassical building blocks in turn, and how they can be embodied in the <span class=\"no-emphasis\">aggregate demand-aggregate supply model<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7545a\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 id=\"ch26mod01_p01\">The Importance of Potential GDP in the Long Run<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"ch26mod01_p02\">When economists refer to <strong>potential GDP<\/strong>, they are referring to that level of output that can be achieved when all resources (land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability) are fully employed. While the measured\u00a0unemployment rate in labor markets will never be zero, full employment in the labor market occurs when there is no cyclical unemployment. There will still be some frictional or structural unemployment, but when the economy is operating with zero cyclical unemployment, the economy is said to be at the natural rate of unemployment, or at full employment.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ch26mod01_p05\">Figure 1 shows potential and actual real GDP from 1960 to 2017 (the data for potential GDP is estimated by the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office, while the data for real GDP is from the Bureau of Economic Analysis in the U.S. Department of Commerce). What should be clear is that while actual GDP is sometimes above and sometimes below potential, over the long term it tracks potential quite well.\u00a0For example from 2008 to 2009, the U.S. economy tumbled into recession and remained below its potential. At other times, like in the late 1990s or late 2017, the economy ran at potential GDP\u2014or even slightly ahead. Most economic recessions and upswings are times when the economy is 1\u20133% below or above potential GDP in a given year. Clearly, short-run fluctuations around potential GDP do exist, but over the long run, the upward trend of potential GDP determines the size of the economy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_7898\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"792\"]<img class=\"wp-image-7898 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2015\/05\/16050312\/Figure-1.pn-2.png\" alt=\"The graph shows that potential GDP and actual GDP have remained similar to one another since the 1960s. They have both continued to increase to over $16,000 billion in 2012 versus less than $1,000 billion in 1960.\" width=\"792\" height=\"319\" \/> <strong>Figure 1. Potential and Actual GDP (in Real Dollars).<\/strong> Actual GDP falls below potential GDP during and after recessions, like the recessions of 1980 and 1981\u201382, 1990\u201391, 2001, and 2008\u20132009. In other periods, actual GDP can be above potential GDP for a time, as in the late 1990s.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe unemployment rate has fluctuated from as low as 3.5% in 1969 to as high as 9.7% in 1982 and 9.6% in 2009. Even as the U.S. unemployment rate rose during recessions and declined during expansions, it kept returning to the general neighborhood of 5.0\u20135.5%. When the Congressional Budget Office carried out its long-range economic forecasts in 2010, it assumed that from 2015 to 2020, after the recession has passed, the unemployment rate would be 5.0%. From a long-run perspective, the economy seems to keep adjusting back to this rate of unemployment, which we described above as the\u00a0<strong>natural rate<\/strong>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7547\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 id=\"ch26mod01_p01\">Growth of Real GDP<\/h2>\r\n<section id=\"ch26mod01_01\">\r\n<p id=\"ch26mod01_p03\">Growth in GDP can be explained by investment in physical capital and human capital per person, as well as advances in technology.\u00a0<strong>Physical capital per person<\/strong> refers to the amount and kind of machinery and equipment available to help people get work done. Compare, for example, your productivity in typing a term paper on a typewriter to working on your laptop with word processing software. Clearly, you will be able to be more productive using word processing software. The technology and level of capital of your laptop and software has increased your productivity. More broadly, the development of GPS technology and Universal Product Codes (those barcodes on every product we buy) has made it much easier for firms to track shipments, tabulate inventories, and sell and distribute products. These two technological innovations, and many others, have increased a nation's ability to produce goods and services for a given population. Likewise, increasing human capital involves increasing levels of knowledge, education, and skill sets per person through vocational or higher education. Physical and human capital improvements with technological advances will increase overall productivity and, thus, GDP.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ch26mod01_p04\">To see how these improvements have increased productivity and output at the national level, we should examine evidence from the United States. The United States experienced significant growth in the twentieth century due to phenomenal changes in infrastructure, equipment, and technological improvements in physical capital and human capital. The population more than tripled in the twentieth century, from 76 million in 1900 to over 300 million in 2012. The <strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\">human capital<\/span> <\/strong>of modern workers is far higher today because the education and skills of workers have risen dramatically. In 1900, only about one-eighth of the U.S. population had completed high school and just one person in 40 had completed a four-year college degree. By 2010, more than 87% of Americans had a high school degree and over 29% had a four-year college degree as well. The average amount of physical capital per worker has grown dramatically. The technology available to modern workers is extraordinarily better than a century ago: cars, airplanes, electrical machinery, smartphones, computers, chemical and biological advances, materials science, health care\u2014the list of technological advances could run on and on. More workers, higher skill levels, larger amounts of physical capital per worker, and amazingly better technology, and potential GDP for the U.S. economy has clearly increased a great deal since 1900.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7548\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 id=\"ch26mod01_p06\">The Neoclassical Aggregate Supply Curve<\/h2>\r\nIn the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model, potential GDP is shown as a vertical line. Neoclassical economists argue that the long-run aggregate supply curve is located at potential GDP\u2014that is, the long-run aggregate supply curve is a vertical line drawn at the level of potential GDP, as shown in Figure 2. A vertical LRAS curve means that the level of <span class=\"no-emphasis\">aggregate supply<\/span> (or potential GDP) will determine the real GDP of the economy, regardless of the level of <span class=\"no-emphasis\">aggregate demand<\/span>. More precisely, given flexible prices, whatever the position of the AD curve, prices will adjust so that AD = AS at potential GDP.\r\n\r\nOver time, increases in the quantity and quality of physical capital, increases in human capital, and technological advancements shift potential GDP and the vertical LRAS curve gradually to the right. This gradual increase in an economy's potential GDP is often described as a nation's long-term economic growth.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_10801\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2015\/05\/07201013\/CNX_Econ_C26_002.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-10801 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2015\/05\/07201013\/CNX_Econ_C26_002-300x222.jpg\" alt=\"The graph shows a straight vertical potential GDP line.\" width=\"300\" height=\"222\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2. A Pure Neoclassical AS Curve.<\/strong> In the neoclassical model, the aggregate supply curve is drawn as a vertical line at the level of potential GDP. If AS is vertical, then it determines the level of real output, no matter where the aggregate demand curve is drawn. Over time, the LRAS curve shifts to the right as productivity increases and potential GDP expands.[\/caption]\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Econ_C26_002\" class=\"ui-has-child-figcaption\"><\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/7549\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<dl>[glossary-page][glossary-term]human capital:[\/glossary-term][glossary-definition]education, training and skills possessed by workers that make them more productive[\/glossary-definition][glossary-term]natural rate of unemployment:[\/glossary-term][glossary-definition]Rate that unemployment returns to in the long run, where there is no cyclical unemployment[\/glossary-definition][glossary-term]neoclassical perspective:[\/glossary-term][glossary-definition]belief that the level of economic activity is determined primarily by aggregate supply[\/glossary-definition][glossary-term]physical capital per person:[\/glossary-term][glossary-definition]the amount and kind of machinery and equipment available to help a person produce a good or service[\/glossary-definition][glossary-term]potential GDP:[\/glossary-term][glossary-definition]level of output that can be achieved when all resources (land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability) are fully employed[\/glossary-definition][\/glossary-page]<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the importance of potential GDP in the long run to the neoclassical perspective<\/li>\n<li>Explain the shape and reasoning for the pure neoclassical aggregate supply curve<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The <strong>neoclassical perspective<\/strong> on macroeconomics is based on two building blocks (or assumptions):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Since in the long run, the economy\u00a0will fluctuate around <span style=\"color: #333333\">its potential GDP and its natural rate of unemployment,\u00a0the size of the economy is determined by potential GDP.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333333\">wages and prices will adjust in a flexible manner so that\u00a0disturbances such as recessions will be temporary and the economy will always return to its potential level of output on its own.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333\">The key policy implication is this: government should focus more on promoting long-term economic growth and on controlling inflation rather than worrying about recession or cyclical unemployment. This focus on long-run growth instead of short-run fluctuations in the business cycle means that neoclassical economics is more useful for long-run macroeconomic analysis and <span class=\"no-emphasis\">Keynesian economics<\/span> is more useful for analyzing the macroeconomic short run. Let&#8217;s consider the two neoclassical building blocks in turn, and how they can be embodied in the <span class=\"no-emphasis\">aggregate demand-aggregate supply model<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7545\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7545&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7545\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"ch26mod01_p01\">The Importance of Potential GDP in the Long Run<\/h2>\n<p id=\"ch26mod01_p02\">When economists refer to <strong>potential GDP<\/strong>, they are referring to that level of output that can be achieved when all resources (land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability) are fully employed. While the measured\u00a0unemployment rate in labor markets will never be zero, full employment in the labor market occurs when there is no cyclical unemployment. There will still be some frictional or structural unemployment, but when the economy is operating with zero cyclical unemployment, the economy is said to be at the natural rate of unemployment, or at full employment.<\/p>\n<p id=\"ch26mod01_p05\">Figure 1 shows potential and actual real GDP from 1960 to 2017 (the data for potential GDP is estimated by the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office, while the data for real GDP is from the Bureau of Economic Analysis in the U.S. Department of Commerce). What should be clear is that while actual GDP is sometimes above and sometimes below potential, over the long term it tracks potential quite well.\u00a0For example from 2008 to 2009, the U.S. economy tumbled into recession and remained below its potential. At other times, like in the late 1990s or late 2017, the economy ran at potential GDP\u2014or even slightly ahead. Most economic recessions and upswings are times when the economy is 1\u20133% below or above potential GDP in a given year. Clearly, short-run fluctuations around potential GDP do exist, but over the long run, the upward trend of potential GDP determines the size of the economy.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7898\" style=\"width: 802px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7898\" class=\"wp-image-7898\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2015\/05\/16050312\/Figure-1.pn-2.png\" alt=\"The graph shows that potential GDP and actual GDP have remained similar to one another since the 1960s. They have both continued to increase to over $16,000 billion in 2012 versus less than $1,000 billion in 1960.\" width=\"792\" height=\"319\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-7898\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1. Potential and Actual GDP (in Real Dollars).<\/strong> Actual GDP falls below potential GDP during and after recessions, like the recessions of 1980 and 1981\u201382, 1990\u201391, 2001, and 2008\u20132009. In other periods, actual GDP can be above potential GDP for a time, as in the late 1990s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The unemployment rate has fluctuated from as low as 3.5% in 1969 to as high as 9.7% in 1982 and 9.6% in 2009. Even as the U.S. unemployment rate rose during recessions and declined during expansions, it kept returning to the general neighborhood of 5.0\u20135.5%. When the Congressional Budget Office carried out its long-range economic forecasts in 2010, it assumed that from 2015 to 2020, after the recession has passed, the unemployment rate would be 5.0%. From a long-run perspective, the economy seems to keep adjusting back to this rate of unemployment, which we described above as the\u00a0<strong>natural rate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7547\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7547&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7547\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"ch26mod01_p01\">Growth of Real GDP<\/h2>\n<section id=\"ch26mod01_01\">\n<p id=\"ch26mod01_p03\">Growth in GDP can be explained by investment in physical capital and human capital per person, as well as advances in technology.\u00a0<strong>Physical capital per person<\/strong> refers to the amount and kind of machinery and equipment available to help people get work done. Compare, for example, your productivity in typing a term paper on a typewriter to working on your laptop with word processing software. Clearly, you will be able to be more productive using word processing software. The technology and level of capital of your laptop and software has increased your productivity. More broadly, the development of GPS technology and Universal Product Codes (those barcodes on every product we buy) has made it much easier for firms to track shipments, tabulate inventories, and sell and distribute products. These two technological innovations, and many others, have increased a nation&#8217;s ability to produce goods and services for a given population. Likewise, increasing human capital involves increasing levels of knowledge, education, and skill sets per person through vocational or higher education. Physical and human capital improvements with technological advances will increase overall productivity and, thus, GDP.<\/p>\n<p id=\"ch26mod01_p04\">To see how these improvements have increased productivity and output at the national level, we should examine evidence from the United States. The United States experienced significant growth in the twentieth century due to phenomenal changes in infrastructure, equipment, and technological improvements in physical capital and human capital. The population more than tripled in the twentieth century, from 76 million in 1900 to over 300 million in 2012. The <strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\">human capital<\/span> <\/strong>of modern workers is far higher today because the education and skills of workers have risen dramatically. In 1900, only about one-eighth of the U.S. population had completed high school and just one person in 40 had completed a four-year college degree. By 2010, more than 87% of Americans had a high school degree and over 29% had a four-year college degree as well. The average amount of physical capital per worker has grown dramatically. The technology available to modern workers is extraordinarily better than a century ago: cars, airplanes, electrical machinery, smartphones, computers, chemical and biological advances, materials science, health care\u2014the list of technological advances could run on and on. More workers, higher skill levels, larger amounts of physical capital per worker, and amazingly better technology, and potential GDP for the U.S. economy has clearly increased a great deal since 1900.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7548\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7548&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7548\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"ch26mod01_p06\">The Neoclassical Aggregate Supply Curve<\/h2>\n<p>In the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model, potential GDP is shown as a vertical line. Neoclassical economists argue that the long-run aggregate supply curve is located at potential GDP\u2014that is, the long-run aggregate supply curve is a vertical line drawn at the level of potential GDP, as shown in Figure 2. A vertical LRAS curve means that the level of <span class=\"no-emphasis\">aggregate supply<\/span> (or potential GDP) will determine the real GDP of the economy, regardless of the level of <span class=\"no-emphasis\">aggregate demand<\/span>. More precisely, given flexible prices, whatever the position of the AD curve, prices will adjust so that AD = AS at potential GDP.<\/p>\n<p>Over time, increases in the quantity and quality of physical capital, increases in human capital, and technological advancements shift potential GDP and the vertical LRAS curve gradually to the right. This gradual increase in an economy&#8217;s potential GDP is often described as a nation&#8217;s long-term economic growth.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10801\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2015\/05\/07201013\/CNX_Econ_C26_002.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10801\" class=\"wp-image-10801 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2043\/2015\/05\/07201013\/CNX_Econ_C26_002-300x222.jpg\" alt=\"The graph shows a straight vertical potential GDP line.\" width=\"300\" height=\"222\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-10801\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2. A Pure Neoclassical AS Curve.<\/strong> In the neoclassical model, the aggregate supply curve is drawn as a vertical line at the level of potential GDP. If AS is vertical, then it determines the level of real output, no matter where the aggregate demand curve is drawn. Over time, the LRAS curve shifts to the right as productivity increases and potential GDP expands.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Econ_C26_002\" class=\"ui-has-child-figcaption\"><\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_7549\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=7549&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_7549\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<dl>                                                                                 <\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-740\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Building Blocks of Neoclassical Analysis. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/vEmOH-_p@4.17:jHeoKD-2@5\/The-Building-Blocks-of-Neoclas\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/vEmOH-_p@4.17:jHeoKD-2@5\/The-Building-Blocks-of-Neoclas<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/bc498e1f-efe9-43a0-8dea-d3569ad09a82@4.44<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Potential and Actual GDP. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: FRED. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/GDPPOT\">https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/GDPPOT<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":15,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Building Blocks of Neoclassical 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