How to Read Effectively in the Social Sciences

How to work through long reading assignments

You will likely encounter much more reading in Writing 102 than you did in Writing 100 or 101. Many of these readings will take the form of essays  and journal articles, though you may be assigned other kinds of materials, like videos and podcasts. Many of these materials will be focused on the social sciences: sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science. Faced with a long list of readings in any social science field, you need to learn to read extensively as well as intensively; consider the following suggestions for more efficient and effective course reading.

Organize reading over the weeks and months.

Open day planner with pen and iPodLook over the material to be covered in the syllabus and course calendar. Estimate the amount of reading for each week and try to spread out your reading, giving yourself plenty of time to take notes, reflect on, and reread any portions of the text you find confusing. Try to keep your work and pace steady. It will become less burdensome and easier to manage.

Begin any reading assignment by reading the abstract, preface, introductions, and conclusions.

These are often the most important parts of any text because the author often signals his or her major themes and arguments. It is necessary, however, to look over, sometimes very carefully and completely, the central portions of the text to identify the evidence provided for the major themes/ theses. Often, the topic (first) sentences of paragraphs provide the links in the author’s argument.

Pre-reading (of a book or article):

  1. Look at the title page and the preface.
  2. Study the table of contents to obtain a general sense of a book’s structure.
  3. Check the index.
  4. Read the publisher’s blurb.
  5. Skim the summary statements in the opening and closing paragraphs of pivotal chapters.
  6. Formulate what you think you know about this issue. What do you consider the essential points and key explanatory factors? You may know nothing about the topic; use this ignorance to devise a list of what you need the author to tell you in order to be come informed.

Mechanics of reading and note taking

Read the text and make marginal notes (on post-its or separate piece of paper) indicating what seemed like the strongest parts of the text. When you have completed a once through the text, go back and take notes in outline form, by paraphrasing sentences or paragraphs until you have reduced the many pages of text to a few pages. (Make sure to keep an accurate citation to the work so that any future use of these notes and paraphrases can be appropriately cited. You do not want to find yourself engaged in plagiarism.)

Do not rely on underlining. Do not rely on highlighting. This is insufficient.

In order to “know” a text, you need to convert it into your own words, or your own organization of the text. The text needs to be processed several different ways in your brain. Underlining is passive and does not help you learn the material.

Analytical reading

  1. Classify the book or article according to kind and subject matter. Into what genre does that work fit? What is the book about?
  2. Number the major parts in their order and relations. Outline these as you have outlined the whole.
  3. Define the specific problem or problems the author has tried to solve. What question does the author claim to address? You might also want to think about how this reading fits into the course. Why did the instructor place the reading at this point in the course? What is the topic on the syllabus? How does this reading provide an answer or information for this topic?
  4. What theoretical statements does the author make? A theoretical statement proposes a relationship. For example, structural theories of deviance suggest that deviance (that which is to be explained) is a consequence of the structure (organization of the parts) of a society. In other words, social structure produces deviance.
  5. What are the concepts and variables used? Become familiar with the author by defining key words. Know the details of the argument. In the example above: what is social structure? What is meant by deviance? Do structural theorists/ writers assume the reader knows what is meant by social structure? Do you need to find out what this means in order to understand the reading?
  6. How does the author’s argument/ position compare with that of others who address the same question or related questions? Where are the points of similarity and difference
  7. What value judgments does the author make? What values does the author assume readers will share? What assumptions does the author make that may be contestable?
  8. What is the author’s methodology? (Here you should be concerned not only with the methods used but the kinds of arguments implied or given about what methods are more or less appropriate.) What constitutes evidence in this reading? Know the author’s arguments by finding them in, or constructing them out of, sequences of sentences.
  9. Determine which of the problems the author has solved and which she has not. Of those not solved, decide which the author knows she has failed to solve. If you disagree with the author, on what basis do you rest your disagreement? Is the author uninformed, misinformed, illogical, imprecise, or incomplete? Criticize fairly; do not pass judgment based on personal opinion, taste, or preference. Is the argument internally consistent? Does the evidence (both that presented by the author and other evidence in the field) support the argument?