{"id":79,"date":"2015-09-28T22:41:01","date_gmt":"2015-09-28T22:41:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/nutritionxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=79"},"modified":"2016-01-12T23:34:04","modified_gmt":"2016-01-12T23:34:04","slug":"essential-fatty-acids","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/chapter\/essential-fatty-acids\/","title":{"raw":"Fatty Acids","rendered":"Fatty Acids"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Structures of Fatty Acids<\/h2>\r\nFatty acids are components of triglycerides. They are like the brick in a brick wall. Each individual brick is needed to make the overall wall. There are two basic types of fatty acids:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>saturated fatty acid<\/li>\r\n\t<li>unsaturated fatty acid<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese molecules differ in structure and food sources.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_703\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064755\/Mono-n-Poly.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-703\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064755\/Mono-n-Poly-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Saturated fats are linear in structure while unsaturated fats are bent in appearance.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Saturated fatty acids exhibit a linear structure while unsaturated fatty acids bend, or kink, due to double bonds within the chemical foundation.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Saturated Fatty Acids<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThe term saturated means filled to capacity; for example, a saturated sponge cannot hold more water.\r\n\r\nIn relation to fatty acids, this refers to the chemical structure of the fatty acid itself.\u00a0 The primary components of fatty acids are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.\u00a0 When\u00a0carbon atoms bond together, they form a single bond and can exhibit a zig-zag shape.\u00a0 When the overall molecule is seen, the entire\u00a0fatty acid appears as a fairly straight line.\u00a0 In this orientation many saturated fatty acids may line up side by side, similar to soldiers standing at attention.\u00a0 This formation causes saturated\u00a0fatty acids to pack together very tightly which is why they are solid at room temperature.\u00a0 Think of a stick of butter.\r\n\r\nIn fatty acids, each carbon can only\u00a0have two adjacent hydrogen atoms.\u00a0 When all of\u00a0a\u00a0fatty acid's carbons\u00a0have their capacity of hydrogen atoms, they are called saturated fatty acids.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_732\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064756\/Saturated-Fatty-Acid.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-732\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064756\/Saturated-Fatty-Acid-300x125.png\" alt=\"The chemical structure of a saturated fatty acid exhibiting single bonds between each carbon atom.\" width=\"300\" height=\"125\" \/><\/a> The chemical structure of a saturated fatty acid exhibits each carbon bonding to the adjacent carbon with single bonds. Each carbon is also bonded to two hydrogen atoms.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_735\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064758\/Saturated-Tight-Formation.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-735\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064758\/Saturated-Tight-Formation-300x94.png\" alt=\"Several saturated fatty acids can tightly pack together due to their linear chemical structure.\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" \/><\/a> The linear nature of saturated fatty acids allows for tightly packed formations, causing them to be solid at room temperature. Hydrogen atoms are not represented in this image, but are, indeed, present in fatty acid molecules.[\/caption]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Unsaturated Fatty Acids<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThere are some types of fatty acids that have carbon atoms that bond twice to other carbon atoms.\u00a0 This is called double-bonding.\u00a0 When this occurs, the linear orientation of the overall molecule is bent, or kinked, as the double-bond pulls differently between the atoms involved.\u00a0 These bends\u00a0prevent neighboring fatty acids\u00a0from\u00a0forming the tight,\u00a0side-by-side\u00a0grouping that is seen in saturated fatty acids.\u00a0\u00a0Because they are spaced apart, these fatty acids form liquid fats, typically called oils, at room temperature.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064759\/Unsaturated-Fatty-Acid.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-738\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064759\/Unsaturated-Fatty-Acid-300x177.png\" alt=\"Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms. This causes them to bend or &quot;kink&quot;.\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\" \/><\/a> Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. This causes them to have one less hydrogen atom and allows for bending of the overall molecule.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064800\/Unsaturated-Fatty-Acid-Bent.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-739 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064800\/Unsaturated-Fatty-Acid-Bent-300x180.png\" alt=\"Unsaturated Fatty Acid Bent\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064801\/Unsaturated-Spaced-Formation.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064801\/Unsaturated-Spaced-Formation-300x79.png\" alt=\"Unsaturated Spaced Formation\" width=\"300\" height=\"79\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3><\/h3>\r\nThere are two essential fatty acids, which are:\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>linoleic acid (omega-6)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>alpha-linolenic (omega-3)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThese fatty acids are essential because the body cannot synthesize them.\u00a0 The essential fatty acids are critical to human health as they play important roles in\u00a0every system of the body.\r\n\r\nGood food sources of omega-6 include whole grains, fresh fruits and veggies, fish, olive oil, and garlic.\r\n\r\nGood food sources of omega-3 include flax seed, egg yolk, and chia seeds.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">FYI: Trans-fatty acids - like Crisco- are hydrogenated vegetable oils. In an artificial chemical process hydrogen is added to natural vegetable oils to make them more solid at room temperature, and more heat resistant for cooking. Hydrogenated oils are more resistant to heat degradation. The body doesn't have an efficient process for using trans-fats, so they get stored for the long term.<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h2>Structures of Fatty Acids<\/h2>\n<p>Fatty acids are components of triglycerides. They are like the brick in a brick wall. Each individual brick is needed to make the overall wall. There are two basic types of fatty acids:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>saturated fatty acid<\/li>\n<li>unsaturated fatty acid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These molecules differ in structure and food sources.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_703\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064755\/Mono-n-Poly.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-703\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-703\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064755\/Mono-n-Poly-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Saturated fats are linear in structure while unsaturated fats are bent in appearance.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-703\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturated fatty acids exhibit a linear structure while unsaturated fatty acids bend, or kink, due to double bonds within the chemical foundation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Saturated Fatty Acids<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The term saturated means filled to capacity; for example, a saturated sponge cannot hold more water.<\/p>\n<p>In relation to fatty acids, this refers to the chemical structure of the fatty acid itself.\u00a0 The primary components of fatty acids are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.\u00a0 When\u00a0carbon atoms bond together, they form a single bond and can exhibit a zig-zag shape.\u00a0 When the overall molecule is seen, the entire\u00a0fatty acid appears as a fairly straight line.\u00a0 In this orientation many saturated fatty acids may line up side by side, similar to soldiers standing at attention.\u00a0 This formation causes saturated\u00a0fatty acids to pack together very tightly which is why they are solid at room temperature.\u00a0 Think of a stick of butter.<\/p>\n<p>In fatty acids, each carbon can only\u00a0have two adjacent hydrogen atoms.\u00a0 When all of\u00a0a\u00a0fatty acid&#8217;s carbons\u00a0have their capacity of hydrogen atoms, they are called saturated fatty acids.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_732\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064756\/Saturated-Fatty-Acid.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-732\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-732\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064756\/Saturated-Fatty-Acid-300x125.png\" alt=\"The chemical structure of a saturated fatty acid exhibiting single bonds between each carbon atom.\" width=\"300\" height=\"125\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-732\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The chemical structure of a saturated fatty acid exhibits each carbon bonding to the adjacent carbon with single bonds. Each carbon is also bonded to two hydrogen atoms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_735\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064758\/Saturated-Tight-Formation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-735\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-735\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064758\/Saturated-Tight-Formation-300x94.png\" alt=\"Several saturated fatty acids can tightly pack together due to their linear chemical structure.\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-735\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The linear nature of saturated fatty acids allows for tightly packed formations, causing them to be solid at room temperature. Hydrogen atoms are not represented in this image, but are, indeed, present in fatty acid molecules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Unsaturated Fatty Acids<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>There are some types of fatty acids that have carbon atoms that bond twice to other carbon atoms.\u00a0 This is called double-bonding.\u00a0 When this occurs, the linear orientation of the overall molecule is bent, or kinked, as the double-bond pulls differently between the atoms involved.\u00a0 These bends\u00a0prevent neighboring fatty acids\u00a0from\u00a0forming the tight,\u00a0side-by-side\u00a0grouping that is seen in saturated fatty acids.\u00a0\u00a0Because they are spaced apart, these fatty acids form liquid fats, typically called oils, at room temperature.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_738\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064759\/Unsaturated-Fatty-Acid.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-738\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-738\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064759\/Unsaturated-Fatty-Acid-300x177.png\" alt=\"Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms. This causes them to bend or &quot;kink&quot;.\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-738\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. This causes them to have one less hydrogen atom and allows for bending of the overall molecule.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064800\/Unsaturated-Fatty-Acid-Bent.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-739 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064800\/Unsaturated-Fatty-Acid-Bent-300x180.png\" alt=\"Unsaturated Fatty Acid Bent\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064801\/Unsaturated-Spaced-Formation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-740 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1470\/2015\/12\/04064801\/Unsaturated-Spaced-Formation-300x79.png\" alt=\"Unsaturated Spaced Formation\" width=\"300\" height=\"79\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p>There are two essential fatty acids, which are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>linoleic acid (omega-6)<\/li>\n<li>alpha-linolenic (omega-3)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>These fatty acids are essential because the body cannot synthesize them.\u00a0 The essential fatty acids are critical to human health as they play important roles in\u00a0every system of the body.<\/p>\n<p>Good food sources of omega-6 include whole grains, fresh fruits and veggies, fish, olive oil, and garlic.<\/p>\n<p>Good food sources of omega-3 include flax seed, egg yolk, and chia seeds.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">FYI: Trans-fatty acids &#8211; like Crisco- are hydrogenated vegetable oils. In an artificial chemical process hydrogen is added to natural vegetable oils to make them more solid at room temperature, and more heat resistant for cooking. Hydrogenated oils are more resistant to heat degradation. The body doesn&#8217;t have an efficient process for using trans-fats, so they get stored for the long term.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-79\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Specific attribution<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Fatty Acids. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: AJC ajcann.wordpress.com. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/agu68J\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/agu68J<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":706,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc-attribution\",\"description\":\"Fatty Acids\",\"author\":\"AJC ajcann.wordpress.com\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/agu68J\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-79","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":106,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/706"}],"version-history":[{"count":48,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1032,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79\/revisions\/1032"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/106"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=79"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=79"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/pierce-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=79"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}