1. Explain how the graph of the sine function can be used to graph [latex]y=\csc x[/latex].

2. How can the graph of [latex]y=\cos x[/latex] be used to construct the graph of [latex]y=\sec x[/latex]?

3. Explain why the period of [latex]\tan x[/latex] is equal to π.

4. Why are there no intercepts on the graph of [latex]y=\csc x[/latex]?

5. How does the period of [latex]y=\csc x[/latex] compare with the period of [latex]y=\sin x[/latex]?

For the following exercises, match each trigonometric function with one of the following graphs.

6. [latex]f(x)=\tan x[/latex]

7. [latex]f(x)=\sec x[/latex]

8. [latex]f(x)=\csc x[/latex]

9. [latex]f(x)=\cot x[/latex]

For the following exercises, find the period and horizontal shift of each of the functions.

10. [latex]f(x)=2\tan(4x−32)[/latex]

11. [latex]h(x)=2\sec\left(\frac{\pi}{4}(x+1)\right)[/latex]

12. [latex]m(x)=6\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{3}x+\pi\right)[/latex]

13. If tan x = −1.5, find tan(−x).

14. If sec x = 2, find sec(−x).

15. If csc x = −5, find csc(−x).

16. If [latex]x\sin x=2[/latex], find [latex](−x)\sin(−x)[/latex].

For the following exercises, rewrite each expression such that the argument x is positive.

17. [latex]\cot(−x)\cos(−x)+\sin(−x)[/latex]

18. [latex]\cos(−x)+\tan(−x)\sin(−x)[/latex]

For the following exercises, sketch two periods of the graph for each of the following functions. Identify the stretching factor, period, and asymptotes.

19. [latex]f(x)=2\tan(4x−32)[/latex]

20. [latex]h(x)=2\sec\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\left(x+1\right)\right)[/latex]

21. [latex]m(x)=6\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{3}x+\pi\right)[/latex]

22. [latex]j(x)=\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{2}x\right)[/latex]

23. [latex]p(x)=\tan\left(x−\frac{\pi}{2}\right)[/latex]

24. [latex]f(x)=4\tan(x)[/latex]

25. [latex]f(x)=\tan\left(x+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)[/latex]

26. [latex]f(x)=\pi\tan\left(\pi x−\pi\right)−\pi[/latex]

27. [latex]f(x)=2\csc(x)[/latex]

28. [latex]f(x)=−\frac{1}{4}\csc(x)[/latex]

29. [latex]f(x)=4\sec(3x)[/latex]

30. [latex]f(x)=−3\cot(2x)[/latex]

31. [latex]f(x)=7\sec(5x)[/latex]

32. [latex]f(x)=\frac{9}{10}\csc(\pi x)[/latex]

33. [latex]f(x)=2\csc \left(x+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)−1[/latex]

34. [latex]f(x)=−\sec \left(x−\frac{\pi}{3}\right)−2[/latex]

35. [latex]f(x)=\frac{7}{5}\csc \left(x−\frac{\pi}{4}\right)[/latex]

36. [latex]f(x)=5\left(\cot\left(x+\frac{\pi}{2}\right)−3\right)[/latex]

For the following exercises, find and graph two periods of the periodic function with the given stretching factor, |A|, period, and phase shift.

37. A tangent curve, [latex]A=1[/latex], period of [latex]\frac{\pi}{3}[/latex]; and phase shift [latex](h\text{,}k)=\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\text{,}2\right)[/latex]

38. A tangent curve, [latex]A=−2[/latex], period of [latex]\frac{\pi}{4}[/latex], and phase shift [latex](h\text{,}k)=\left(−\frac{\pi}{4}\text{,}−2\right)[/latex]

For the following exercises, find an equation for the graph of each function.

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50. Graph [latex]f(x)=1+\sec^{2}(x)−\tan^{2}(x)[/latex]. What is the function shown in the graph?

51. [latex]f(x)=\sec(0.001x)[/latex]

52. [latex]f(x)=\cot(100\pi x)[/latex]

53. [latex]f(x)=\sin^{2}x+\cos^{2}x[/latex]

54. The function [latex]f(x)=20\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{10}x\right)[/latex] marks the distance in the movement of a light beam from a police car across a wall for time x, in seconds, and distance [latex]f(x)[/latex], in feet.

55. Standing on the shore of a lake, a fisherman sights a boat far in the distance to his left. Let x, measured in radians, be the angle formed by the line of sight to the ship and a line due north from his position. Assume due north is 0 and x is measured negative to the left and positive to the right. (See Figure 19.) The boat travels from due west to due east and, ignoring the curvature of the Earth, the distance [latex]d(x)[/latex], in kilometers, from the fisherman to the boat is given by the function [latex]d(x)=1.5\sec(x)[/latex].

Figure 19

56. A laser rangefinder is locked on a comet approaching Earth. The distance [latex]g(x)[/latex], in kilometers, of the comet after x days, for x in the interval 0 to 30 days, is given by [latex]g(x)=250,000\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{30}x\right)[/latex].

57. A video camera is focused on a rocket on a launching pad 2 miles from the camera. The angle of elevation from the ground to the rocket after x seconds is [latex]\frac{\pi}{120}x[/latex].