Glossary and References

Glossary

TERM DEFINITION
Argument A proposition supported by one or more reasons or pieces of evidence.
Backing Foundational evidence which supports a claim, such as examples, statistics, or testimony.
Causal Pattern A speech designed to explain a cause-effect relationship between two phenomena.
Causal Reasoning The process of formulating an argument by examining related events to determine which one caused the other.
Claim The proposition you want the audience to accept.
Coercion A process whereby thoughts or behaviors are altered through deceptive or harmful methods.
Data Preliminary evidence on which a claim is based.
Deductive Reasoning The process of formulating an argument by moving from a general premise to a specific conclusion.
Demographics Statistical information that reflects the make-up of a group, often including age, sex, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status, religion, and political affiliation.
Direct Method Pattern A speech designed to present a claim with a list of several supporting pieces of data.
Ethos The audience’s perception of a speaker’s credibility and moral character.
Evaluation Criteria A set of standards for judging the merit of a proposition.
Fallacies Errors in reasoning that occur when a speaker fails to use appropriate or applicable evidence for their argument.
Hostile Audience An audience that is opposed to the speaker or to the persuasive proposition.
Identification A connection that is fostered between the speaker and their audience by highlighting shared attributes or attitudes.
Inductive Reasoning The process of formulating an argument by moving from specific instances to a generalization.
Logos The logical means of proving an argument.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence An organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech through five sequential steps.
Neutral Audience An audience that is neither open nor opposed to the persuasive proposition.
Pathos The use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience.
Persuasion The art of influencing or reinforcing people’s beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions.
Persuasive Speeches Speeches which aim to convince an audience to think or behave in a particular way.
Proposition of Fact An argument that seeks to establish whether something is true or false.
Proposition of Policy An argument that seeks to establish an appropriate course of action.
Proposition of Value An argument that seeks to establish the relative worth of something.
Receptive Audience An audience that is generally supportive of, or open to, the persuasive proposition.
Refutation Pattern A speech designed to anticipate the negative response of an audience, to bring attention to the tensions between the two sides of the argument, and to explain why the audience should change their views.
Speeches to Actuate Persuasive speeches which seek to change or motivate particular behaviors.
Speeches to Convince Persuasive speeches which seek to establish agreement about a particular topic.
Status Quo The current situation.
Syllogisms Reasoning beginning with a major premise, then moving to a minor premise, before establishing a specific claim.
Warrant The (often unstated) connection between data and claim.

References

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (2012). Racial Profiling. Retrieved from: http://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/racial-profiling

Angelides, P. (2011, June 28). The real causes of the economic crisis? They’re history. The Washington Post. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-real-causes-of-the-economic-crisis-theyre-history/2011/06/27/AG2nK4pH_stor y.html

Applebaum, E. & Berhardt, A. (2004, December 18). Employers also benefit from a higher minimum wage. Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/employers_also_benefit_from_a_higher_minimum_wage/

Aral, S. & Walker, D. (2012, 20 July). Identifying influential and susceptible members of social networks. Science, 327 (6092), 337 – 341. Retrieved from: www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/06/20/science.1215842.short

Avlon, J. (2010, September 2). America’s 9 worst demagogues. The Daily Beast. Retrieved from: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/09/02/glenn-beck-and-the-history-of-americas-worst- demagogues.html

Beebe, S.A. & Beebe, S.J. (2003). Public Speaking: An Audience Centered Approach (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

Begala, P. (2012, May 28). Paul Begala: The Right hates spending, unless it pockets the cash. The Daily Beast. Retrieved from: http://www. thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/27/paul-begala-the-right-hates-spending-unless-it-pockets-the-cash.html

Bingham, A. (2011, July 22). Postal Service pushes to end Saturday delivery. ABC News. Retrieved from: http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/07/postal-service-pushes-to-end-saturday-delivery/

Blackman, S. (2009, September 3). Tired consumers more susceptible to advertising. CBS Money Watch. Retrieved from: http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505125_162-31041103/tired-consumers-more-susceptible-to-advertising/

Braet, A.C. (1992). Ethos, pathos, and logos in Aristotle’s rhetoric: A re-examination. Argumentation, 6 (3), pp. 307-320.

Brill, R. (2003, July 21). Why do clouds turn gray before it rains? Scientific American. Retrieved from: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-clouds-turn-gray-b

Brooks, D. (2011, November 17). TED 2001: David Brooks explains why there is no reason without emotion. Huffington Post. Retrieved from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/14/ted-david-brooks_n_835476.html

Campbell, K.K. & Huxman, S.S. (2009). The Rhetorical Act: Thinking, Speaking, and Writing Critically. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Caplan, A. (2005). The time has come to let Terri Schiavo die: Politicians, courts must allow husband to make final decision. NBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7231440/ns/health-health_care/t/time-has-come-let-terri-schiavo-die/#.UD_oVSL4LP8

Car and Driver (2011, December). 2012 10Best Cars. Car and Driver. Retrieved from:http://www.caranddriver.com/features/2012-10best-cars-feature

Catholic Culture. (2005). The death of Terri Schiavo. Catholic World News. Retrieved from: http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=37860

Cerminara, K. & Goodman, K. (2012). Schiavo Timeline. Retrieved from University of Miami Ethics Program: www.miami.edu/index.php/ethics/projects/schiavo/schiavo_timeline/

DeGrazia, D. (2009). Moral vegetarianism from a very broad basis. Journal of Moral Philosophy, 6. Retrieved from: http://www.gwu.edu/~philosop/faculty/documents/DeGraziaMoral.pdf

Dillard, J.P. & Meijnders, A. (2002). Persuasion and the structure of affect. In J.P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The Persuasion Handbook: Developments in Theory and Practice (309-328). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Donovan, T.W. (2010, July 10). 7 Long term effects of the Gulf oil spill. Huffington Post. Retrieved from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/10/7-long-term-effects-of-th_n_562947.html#s87787&title=Environmental_Damage

German, K. M., Gronbeck, B. E., Ehninger, D., & Monroe, A. H. (2004). Principles of public speaking (15th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

Goodstein, L. (2006, January 8). Even Pat Robertson’s friends are wondering . . . The New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/08/weekinreview/08goodstein.html

Gowdy, T. (2012). Trey Gowdy’s emotional speech on Holder contempt [Video file]. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bP- G4Btwp0&feature=player_embedded#!

Herrick, J.A. (2011). Argumentation: Understanding and Shaping Arguments. State College, PA: Strata Publishing.

Jaffe, C. (2004). Public speaking: Concepts and skills for a diverse society (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Kandel, J. (2011, July 14). Los Angeles braces for weekend of “Carmageddon.” Reuters. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/14/us-carmageddon-losangeles-idUSTRE76D2D720110714

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O’Hair, D., & Stewart, R. (1999). Public speaking: Challenges and choices. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

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Reike, R.D., Sillars, M.O., & Peterson, T.R. (2009). Argumentation and Critical Decision Making (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

Rosendaal, E., Lapierre, M.A., vanReijmersdal, E.A., & Buijzen, M. (2011). Reconsidering advertising literacy as a defense against advertising effects. Media Psychology, 14 (4), 333-354.

Stephenson, E. (2012, August 1). Senators blast House leaders over Postal Service default. News Daily. Retrieved from: http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/bre8701ho-us-usa-postal-default/

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Strong, W. F., & Cook, J. A. (1992). Persuasion: Strategies for public influence (3rd ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.

Witte, K. & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27 (5), 591-615.

Zarefsky, D. (2005). Public Speaking: Strategies for Success (Special edition for The Pennsylvania State University). Boston: Pearson.

photo credits

p. 1 Judi Chamberlin by Tom Olin http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Judi_Chamberlin_2000_From_Privileges_to_Rights.jpg

p. 2 NASUWT officer speaking by Sam Saunders http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/NASUWT _officer_speaking_at_Bristol_public_sector_pensions_rally_in_ November_2011.jpg

p. 2 Air Pollution by US Environmental Protection Agency http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AirPollutionSource.jpg p. 3 California Traffic by Downtowngal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Interstate _10_looking_east_from_Crenshaw_Boulevard.jpg

p. 4 McLaren F1 by Jagvar http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/MclarenF 1.JPG

p. 4 USPS mailboxes by Erasergirl http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USPS_mailboxes.jpg

p. 5 Jade Raymond by Gamescore Blog http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jade_Raymond_-_E3_2007_2.jpg

p. 5 Audience member at USO show by .S. Air Force Master Sgt. Adam M. Stump http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_081112-F-6684S-757.jpg

p. 6 Children at play by Nils Fretwurst http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Children_play_in_push_car.jpg

p. 6 Credit cards by Lotus Head http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Credit- cards.jpg

p. 7 Danny Shine by Acapeloahddub http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danny_Shine_Speaker %27s_Corner.JPG

p. 8 Dining booth by Wayne Truong http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dining_Booth.jpg

p. 9 Deepwater Horizon fire by US Coast Guard http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Deepwater_Horizon_fire_2010-04-21.jpg

p. 9 Nancy Brinker by Nancy Brinker http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Brinker.jpg

p. 10 Speaker’s Corner speaker by Deborah MacLean http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Speakers-Corner- Speaker-1987.jpg

p. 12 Roman Rackwitz by Romrack http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Rackwitz_Pres entation.jpg

p. 13 Jeanette Chong-Aruldoss by Terence Lee http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jeanette_Chong-Aruldoss_at_a_Reform_Party_rally,_Speakers%27_Corner,_Singapore_-_20110115.jpg

p. 14 Bonnie Franklin by Pattymooney http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actress_Bonnie_Franklin_Speaks_at_March_For_Women%27s_Lives_2004.jpg

p. 14 Martin_Kingham by pfctdayelise http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Kingham,_CF MEU.JPG