{"id":1457,"date":"2016-05-19T18:35:56","date_gmt":"2016-05-19T18:35:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontosociology-waymaker\/?post_type=chapter&p=1457"},"modified":"2016-07-19T23:37:08","modified_gmt":"2016-07-19T23:37:08","slug":"reading-lines-of-descent-and-family-stages","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-introsociology-1\/chapter\/reading-lines-of-descent-and-family-stages\/","title":{"raw":"Reading: Lines of Descent and Family Stages","rendered":"Reading: Lines of Descent and Family Stages"},"content":{"raw":"
<\/span><\/figure><\/figure>
<\/figure><\/section><\/section>
\r\n

Residency and Lines of Descent<\/h2>\r\nWhen considering one\u2019s lineage, most people in the United States look to both their father\u2019s and mother\u2019s sides. Both paternal and maternal ancestors are considered part of one\u2019s family. This pattern of tracing kinship is called bilateral descent<\/span><\/strong>. Note that kinship<\/span>, or one\u2019s traceable ancestry, can be based on blood or marriage or adoption. Sixty percent of societies, mostly modernized nations, follow a bilateral descent pattern. Unilateral descent<\/span><\/strong> (the tracing of kinship through one parent only) is practiced in the other 40 percent of the world\u2019s societies, with high concentration in pastoral cultures (O\u2019Neal 2006).\r\n\r\nThere are three types of unilateral descent: patrilineal<\/span><\/strong>, which follows the father\u2019s line only; matrilineal<\/span><\/strong>, which follows the mother\u2019s side only; and ambilineal<\/span><\/strong>, which follows either the father\u2019s only or the mother\u2019s side only, depending on the situation. In partrilineal societies, such as those in rural China and India, only males carry on the family surname. This gives males the prestige of permanent family membership while females are seen as only temporary members (Harrell 2001). U.S. society assumes some aspects of partrilineal decent. For instance, most children assume their father\u2019s last name even if the mother retains her birth name.\r\n\r\nIn matrilineal societies, inheritance and family ties are traced to women. Matrilineal descent is common in Native American societies, notably the Crow and Cherokee tribes. In these societies, children are seen as belonging to the women and, therefore, one\u2019s kinship is traced to one\u2019s mother, grandmother, great grandmother, and so on (Mails 1996). In ambilineal societies, which are most common in Southeast Asian countries, parents may choose to associate their children with the kinship of either the mother or the father. This choice maybe based on the desire to follow stronger or more prestigious kinship lines or on cultural customs such as men following their father\u2019s side and women following their mother\u2019s side (Lambert 2009).\r\n

Tracing one\u2019s line of descent to one parent rather than the other can be relevant to the issue of residence. In many cultures, newly married couples move in with, or near to, family members. In a patrilocal<\/strong> residence<\/span> system it is customary for the wife to live with (or near) her husband\u2019s blood relatives (or family or orientation). Patrilocal systems can be traced back thousands of years. In a DNA analysis of 4,600-year-old bones found in Germany, scientists found indicators of patrilocal living arrangements (Haak et al 2008). Patrilocal residence is thought to be disadvantageous to women because it makes them outsiders in the home and community; it also keeps them disconnected from their own blood relatives. In China, where patrilocal and patrilineal customs are common, the written symbols for maternal grandmother (w\u00e1ip\u00e1<\/em>) are separately translated to mean \u201coutsider\u201d and \u201cwomen\u201d (Cohen 2011).<\/p>\r\n

Similarly, in matrilocal<\/strong> residence<\/span> systems, where it is customary for the husband to live with his wife\u2019s blood relatives (or her family of orientation), the husband can feel disconnected and can be labeled as an outsider. The Minangkabau people, a matrilocal society that is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra in Indonesia, believe that home is the place of women and they give men little power in issues relating to the home or family (Joseph and Najmabadi 2003). Most societies that use patrilocal and patrilineal systems are patriarchal, but very few societies that use matrilocal and matrilineal systems are matriarchal, as family life is often considered an important part of the culture for women, regardless of their power relative to men.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

\r\n

Stages of Family Life<\/h2>\r\n

As we\u2019ve established, the concept of family has changed greatly in recent decades. Historically, it was often thought that many families evolved through a series of predictable stages. Developmental or \u201cstage\u201d theories used to play a prominent role in family sociology (Strong and DeVault 1992). Today, however, these models have been criticized for their linear and conventional assumptions as well as for their failure to capture the diversity of family forms. While reviewing some of these once-popular theories, it is important to identify their strengths and weaknesses.<\/p>\r\n

The set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time is referred to as the family life cycle<\/span><\/strong>. One of the first designs of the family life cycle was developed by Paul Glick in 1955. In Glick\u2019s original design, he asserted that most people will grow up, establish families, rear and launch their children, experience an \u201cempty nest\u201d period, and come to the end of their lives. This cycle will then continue with each subsequent generation (Glick 1989). Glick\u2019s colleague, Evelyn Duvall, elaborated on the family life cycle by developing these classic stages of family (Strong and DeVault 1992):<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Stage Theory.\u00a0<\/span>This table shows one example of how a \u201cstage\u201d theory might categorize the phases a family goes through.<\/caption>\r\n
Stage<\/th>\r\nFamily Type<\/th>\r\nChildren<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
1<\/td>\r\nMarriage Family<\/td>\r\nChildless<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
2<\/td>\r\nProcreation Family<\/td>\r\nChildren ages 0 to 2.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
3<\/td>\r\nPreschooler Family<\/td>\r\nChildren ages 2.5 to 6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
4<\/td>\r\nSchool-age Family<\/td>\r\nChildren ages 6\u201313<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
5<\/td>\r\nTeenage Family<\/td>\r\nChildren ages 13\u201320<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
6<\/td>\r\nLaunching Family<\/td>\r\nChildren begin to leave home<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
7<\/td>\r\nEmpty Nest Family<\/td>\r\n\u201cEmpty nest\u201d; adult children have left home<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

The family life cycle was used to explain the different processes that occur in families over time. Sociologists view each stage as having its own structure with different challenges, achievements, and accomplishments that transition the family from one stage to the next. For example, the problems and challenges that a family experiences in Stage 1 as a married couple with no children are likely much different than those experienced in Stage 5 as a married couple with teenagers. The success of a family can be measured by how well they adapt to these challenges and transition into each stage. While sociologists use the family life cycle to study the dynamics of family overtime, consumer and marketing researchers have used it to determine what goods and services families need as they progress through each stage (Murphy and Staples 1979).<\/p>\r\n

As early \u201cstage\u201d theories have been criticized for generalizing family life and not accounting for differences in gender, ethnicity, culture, and lifestyle, less rigid models of the family life cycle have been developed. One example is the family life course<\/span><\/strong>, which recognizes the events that occur in the lives of families but views them as parting terms of a fluid course rather than in consecutive stages (Strong and DeVault 1992). This type of model accounts for changes in family development, such as the fact that in today\u2019s society, childbearing does not always occur with marriage. It also sheds light on other shifts in the way family life is practiced. Society\u2019s modern understanding of family rejects rigid \u201cstage\u201d theories and is more accepting of new, fluid models.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

The Evolution of Television Families<\/h3>\r\n

Whether you grew up watching the Cleavers, the Waltons, the Huxtables, or the Simpsons, most of the iconic families you saw in television sitcoms included a father, a mother, and children cavorting under the same roof while comedy ensued. The 1960s was the height of the suburban U.S. nuclear family on television with shows such as The Donna Reed Show<\/em> and Father Knows Best<\/em>. While some shows of this era portrayed single parents (My Three Sons<\/em> and Bonanza<\/em>, for instance), the single status almost always resulted from being widowed\u2014not divorced or unwed.<\/p>\r\n

Although family dynamics in real U.S. homes were changing, the expectations for families portrayed on television were not. The United States\u2019 first reality show, An American Family<\/em> (which aired on PBS in 1973) chronicled Bill and Pat Loud and their children as a \u201ctypical\u201d U.S. family. During the series, the oldest son, Lance, announced to the family that he was gay, and at the series\u2019 conclusion, Bill and Pat decided to divorce. Although the Loud\u2019s union was among the 30 percent of marriages that ended in divorce in 1973, the family was featured on the cover of the March 12 issue of Newsweek<\/em> with the title \u201cThe Broken Family\u201d (Ruoff 2002).<\/p>\r\n

Less traditional family structures in sitcoms gained popularity in the 1980s with shows such as Diff\u2019rent Strokes<\/em> (a widowed man with two adopted African American sons) and One Day at a Time<\/em> (a divorced woman with two teenage daughters). Still, traditional families such as those in Family Ties<\/em> and The Cosby Show<\/em> dominated the ratings. The late 1980s and the 1990s saw the introduction of the dysfunctional family. Shows such as Roseanne<\/em>, Married with Children<\/em>, and The Simpsons<\/em> portrayed traditional nuclear families, but in a much less flattering light than those from the 1960s did (Museum of Broadcast Communications 2011).<\/p>\r\n

Over the past ten years, the nontraditional family has become somewhat of a tradition in television. While most situation comedies focus on single men and women without children, those that do portray families often stray from the classic structure: they include unmarried and divorced parents, adopted children, gay couples, and multigenerational households. Even those that do feature traditional family structures may show less-traditional characters in supporting roles, such as the brothers in the highly rated shows Everybody Loves Raymond<\/em> and Two and Half Men<\/em>. Even wildly popular children\u2019s programs as Disney\u2019s Hannah Montana<\/em> and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody<\/em> feature single parents.<\/p>\r\n

In 2009, ABC premiered an intensely nontraditional family with the broadcast of Modern Family<\/em>. The show follows an extended family that includes a divorced and remarried father with one stepchild, and his biological adult children\u2014one of who is in a traditional two-parent household, and the other who is a gay man in a committed relationship raising an adopted daughter. While this dynamic may be more complicated than the typical \u201cmodern\u201d family, its elements may resonate with many of today\u2019s viewers. \u201cThe families on the shows aren't as idealistic, but they remain relatable,\u201d states television critic Maureen Ryan. \u201cThe most successful shows, comedies especially, have families that you can look at and see parts of your family in them\u201d (Respers France 2010).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

<\/section>
\r\n
\r\n

Think It Over<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\nExplain the difference between bilateral and unilateral descent. Using your own association with kinship, explain which type of descent applies to you?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Practice<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
1. A child who associates his line of descent with his father\u2019s side only is part of a _____ society.<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. matrilocal<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. bilateral<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. matrilineal<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. patrilineal<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    [reveal-answer q=\"784141\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"784141\"]d[\/hidden-answer]<\/div>\r\n
    <\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    2. Which of the following is a criticism of the family life cycle model?<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. It is too broad and accounts for too many aspects of family.<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages.<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. It does not serve a practical purpose for studying family behavior.<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. It is not based on comprehensive research.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
      \r\n
      [reveal-answer q=\"700503\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"700503\"]b[\/hidden-answer]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"841490\"]Show Glossary[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"841490\"]\r\n
      \r\n \t
      ambilineal:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father\u2019s or the mother\u2019s side exclusively<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      bilateral descent:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      the tracing of kinship through both parents\u2019 ancestral lines<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      bigamy:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      family:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      family life course:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      family life cycle:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      family of orientation:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      the family into which one is born<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      family of procreation:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a family that is formed through marriage<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      kinship:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a person\u2019s traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and\/or adoption)<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      marriage:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      matrilineal descent:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother\u2019s side only<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      matrilocal residence:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife\u2019s family<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      patrilineal descent:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a type of unilateral descent that follows the father\u2019s line only<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      patrilocal residence:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband\u2019s family<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
      \r\n \t
      unilateral descent:<\/dt>\r\n \t
      the tracing of kinship through one parent only<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n

      Self-Check: Marriage and Family<\/h2>\r\n

      You\u2019ll have more success on the Self-Check, if you\u2019ve completed the three Readings in this section.<\/span><\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/1032\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/section>","rendered":"

      \n
      <\/span><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n
      \n
      \n
      <\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
      \n

      Residency and Lines of Descent<\/h2>\n

      When considering one\u2019s lineage, most people in the United States look to both their father\u2019s and mother\u2019s sides. Both paternal and maternal ancestors are considered part of one\u2019s family. This pattern of tracing kinship is called bilateral descent<\/span><\/strong>. Note that kinship<\/span>, or one\u2019s traceable ancestry, can be based on blood or marriage or adoption. Sixty percent of societies, mostly modernized nations, follow a bilateral descent pattern. Unilateral descent<\/span><\/strong> (the tracing of kinship through one parent only) is practiced in the other 40 percent of the world\u2019s societies, with high concentration in pastoral cultures (O\u2019Neal 2006).<\/p>\n

      There are three types of unilateral descent: patrilineal<\/span><\/strong>, which follows the father\u2019s line only; matrilineal<\/span><\/strong>, which follows the mother\u2019s side only; and ambilineal<\/span><\/strong>, which follows either the father\u2019s only or the mother\u2019s side only, depending on the situation. In partrilineal societies, such as those in rural China and India, only males carry on the family surname. This gives males the prestige of permanent family membership while females are seen as only temporary members (Harrell 2001). U.S. society assumes some aspects of partrilineal decent. For instance, most children assume their father\u2019s last name even if the mother retains her birth name.<\/p>\n

      In matrilineal societies, inheritance and family ties are traced to women. Matrilineal descent is common in Native American societies, notably the Crow and Cherokee tribes. In these societies, children are seen as belonging to the women and, therefore, one\u2019s kinship is traced to one\u2019s mother, grandmother, great grandmother, and so on (Mails 1996). In ambilineal societies, which are most common in Southeast Asian countries, parents may choose to associate their children with the kinship of either the mother or the father. This choice maybe based on the desire to follow stronger or more prestigious kinship lines or on cultural customs such as men following their father\u2019s side and women following their mother\u2019s side (Lambert 2009).<\/p>\n

      Tracing one\u2019s line of descent to one parent rather than the other can be relevant to the issue of residence. In many cultures, newly married couples move in with, or near to, family members. In a patrilocal<\/strong> residence<\/span> system it is customary for the wife to live with (or near) her husband\u2019s blood relatives (or family or orientation). Patrilocal systems can be traced back thousands of years. In a DNA analysis of 4,600-year-old bones found in Germany, scientists found indicators of patrilocal living arrangements (Haak et al 2008). Patrilocal residence is thought to be disadvantageous to women because it makes them outsiders in the home and community; it also keeps them disconnected from their own blood relatives. In China, where patrilocal and patrilineal customs are common, the written symbols for maternal grandmother (w\u00e1ip\u00e1<\/em>) are separately translated to mean \u201coutsider\u201d and \u201cwomen\u201d (Cohen 2011).<\/p>\n

      Similarly, in matrilocal<\/strong> residence<\/span> systems, where it is customary for the husband to live with his wife\u2019s blood relatives (or her family of orientation), the husband can feel disconnected and can be labeled as an outsider. The Minangkabau people, a matrilocal society that is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra in Indonesia, believe that home is the place of women and they give men little power in issues relating to the home or family (Joseph and Najmabadi 2003). Most societies that use patrilocal and patrilineal systems are patriarchal, but very few societies that use matrilocal and matrilineal systems are matriarchal, as family life is often considered an important part of the culture for women, regardless of their power relative to men.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

      \n

      Stages of Family Life<\/h2>\n

      As we\u2019ve established, the concept of family has changed greatly in recent decades. Historically, it was often thought that many families evolved through a series of predictable stages. Developmental or \u201cstage\u201d theories used to play a prominent role in family sociology (Strong and DeVault 1992). Today, however, these models have been criticized for their linear and conventional assumptions as well as for their failure to capture the diversity of family forms. While reviewing some of these once-popular theories, it is important to identify their strengths and weaknesses.<\/p>\n

      The set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time is referred to as the family life cycle<\/span><\/strong>. One of the first designs of the family life cycle was developed by Paul Glick in 1955. In Glick\u2019s original design, he asserted that most people will grow up, establish families, rear and launch their children, experience an \u201cempty nest\u201d period, and come to the end of their lives. This cycle will then continue with each subsequent generation (Glick 1989). Glick\u2019s colleague, Evelyn Duvall, elaborated on the family life cycle by developing these classic stages of family (Strong and DeVault 1992):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Stage Theory.\u00a0<\/span>This table shows one example of how a \u201cstage\u201d theory might categorize the phases a family goes through.<\/caption>\n
      Stage<\/th>\nFamily Type<\/th>\nChildren<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      1<\/td>\nMarriage Family<\/td>\nChildless<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      2<\/td>\nProcreation Family<\/td>\nChildren ages 0 to 2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      3<\/td>\nPreschooler Family<\/td>\nChildren ages 2.5 to 6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      4<\/td>\nSchool-age Family<\/td>\nChildren ages 6\u201313<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      5<\/td>\nTeenage Family<\/td>\nChildren ages 13\u201320<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      6<\/td>\nLaunching Family<\/td>\nChildren begin to leave home<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      7<\/td>\nEmpty Nest Family<\/td>\n\u201cEmpty nest\u201d; adult children have left home<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      The family life cycle was used to explain the different processes that occur in families over time. Sociologists view each stage as having its own structure with different challenges, achievements, and accomplishments that transition the family from one stage to the next. For example, the problems and challenges that a family experiences in Stage 1 as a married couple with no children are likely much different than those experienced in Stage 5 as a married couple with teenagers. The success of a family can be measured by how well they adapt to these challenges and transition into each stage. While sociologists use the family life cycle to study the dynamics of family overtime, consumer and marketing researchers have used it to determine what goods and services families need as they progress through each stage (Murphy and Staples 1979).<\/p>\n

      As early \u201cstage\u201d theories have been criticized for generalizing family life and not accounting for differences in gender, ethnicity, culture, and lifestyle, less rigid models of the family life cycle have been developed. One example is the family life course<\/span><\/strong>, which recognizes the events that occur in the lives of families but views them as parting terms of a fluid course rather than in consecutive stages (Strong and DeVault 1992). This type of model accounts for changes in family development, such as the fact that in today\u2019s society, childbearing does not always occur with marriage. It also sheds light on other shifts in the way family life is practiced. Society\u2019s modern understanding of family rejects rigid \u201cstage\u201d theories and is more accepting of new, fluid models.<\/p>\n

      \n

      The Evolution of Television Families<\/h3>\n

      Whether you grew up watching the Cleavers, the Waltons, the Huxtables, or the Simpsons, most of the iconic families you saw in television sitcoms included a father, a mother, and children cavorting under the same roof while comedy ensued. The 1960s was the height of the suburban U.S. nuclear family on television with shows such as The Donna Reed Show<\/em> and Father Knows Best<\/em>. While some shows of this era portrayed single parents (My Three Sons<\/em> and Bonanza<\/em>, for instance), the single status almost always resulted from being widowed\u2014not divorced or unwed.<\/p>\n

      Although family dynamics in real U.S. homes were changing, the expectations for families portrayed on television were not. The United States\u2019 first reality show, An American Family<\/em> (which aired on PBS in 1973) chronicled Bill and Pat Loud and their children as a \u201ctypical\u201d U.S. family. During the series, the oldest son, Lance, announced to the family that he was gay, and at the series\u2019 conclusion, Bill and Pat decided to divorce. Although the Loud\u2019s union was among the 30 percent of marriages that ended in divorce in 1973, the family was featured on the cover of the March 12 issue of Newsweek<\/em> with the title \u201cThe Broken Family\u201d (Ruoff 2002).<\/p>\n

      Less traditional family structures in sitcoms gained popularity in the 1980s with shows such as Diff\u2019rent Strokes<\/em> (a widowed man with two adopted African American sons) and One Day at a Time<\/em> (a divorced woman with two teenage daughters). Still, traditional families such as those in Family Ties<\/em> and The Cosby Show<\/em> dominated the ratings. The late 1980s and the 1990s saw the introduction of the dysfunctional family. Shows such as Roseanne<\/em>, Married with Children<\/em>, and The Simpsons<\/em> portrayed traditional nuclear families, but in a much less flattering light than those from the 1960s did (Museum of Broadcast Communications 2011).<\/p>\n

      Over the past ten years, the nontraditional family has become somewhat of a tradition in television. While most situation comedies focus on single men and women without children, those that do portray families often stray from the classic structure: they include unmarried and divorced parents, adopted children, gay couples, and multigenerational households. Even those that do feature traditional family structures may show less-traditional characters in supporting roles, such as the brothers in the highly rated shows Everybody Loves Raymond<\/em> and Two and Half Men<\/em>. Even wildly popular children\u2019s programs as Disney\u2019s Hannah Montana<\/em> and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody<\/em> feature single parents.<\/p>\n

      In 2009, ABC premiered an intensely nontraditional family with the broadcast of Modern Family<\/em>. The show follows an extended family that includes a divorced and remarried father with one stepchild, and his biological adult children\u2014one of who is in a traditional two-parent household, and the other who is a gay man in a committed relationship raising an adopted daughter. While this dynamic may be more complicated than the typical \u201cmodern\u201d family, its elements may resonate with many of today\u2019s viewers. \u201cThe families on the shows aren’t as idealistic, but they remain relatable,\u201d states television critic Maureen Ryan. \u201cThe most successful shows, comedies especially, have families that you can look at and see parts of your family in them\u201d (Respers France 2010).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/section>\n
      \n
      \n

      Think It Over<\/h3>\n
      \n
      \n

      Explain the difference between bilateral and unilateral descent. Using your own association with kinship, explain which type of descent applies to you?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      Practice<\/h3>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      1. A child who associates his line of descent with his father\u2019s side only is part of a _____ society.<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
        \n
      1. matrilocal<\/li>\n
      2. bilateral<\/li>\n
      3. matrilineal<\/li>\n
      4. patrilineal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
        \n
        \n
        Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n
        d<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        <\/div>\n
        \n
        2. Which of the following is a criticism of the family life cycle model?<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
        \n
        \n
        \n
          \n
        1. It is too broad and accounts for too many aspects of family.<\/li>\n
        2. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages.<\/li>\n
        3. It does not serve a practical purpose for studying family behavior.<\/li>\n
        4. It is not based on comprehensive research.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
          \n
          \n
          Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n
          b<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
          Show Glossary<\/span><\/p>\n
          \n
          \n
          ambilineal:<\/dt>\n
          a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father\u2019s or the mother\u2019s side exclusively<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          bilateral descent:<\/dt>\n
          the tracing of kinship through both parents\u2019 ancestral lines<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          bigamy:<\/dt>\n
          the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          family:<\/dt>\n
          socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          family life course:<\/dt>\n
          a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          family life cycle:<\/dt>\n
          a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          family of orientation:<\/dt>\n
          the family into which one is born<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          family of procreation:<\/dt>\n
          a family that is formed through marriage<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          kinship:<\/dt>\n
          a person\u2019s traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and\/or adoption)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          marriage:<\/dt>\n
          a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          matrilineal descent:<\/dt>\n
          a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother\u2019s side only<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          matrilocal residence:<\/dt>\n
          a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife\u2019s family<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          patrilineal descent:<\/dt>\n
          a type of unilateral descent that follows the father\u2019s line only<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          patrilocal residence:<\/dt>\n
          a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband\u2019s family<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
          \n
          unilateral descent:<\/dt>\n
          the tracing of kinship through one parent only<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

          Self-Check: Marriage and Family<\/h2>\n

          You\u2019ll have more success on the Self-Check, if you\u2019ve completed the three Readings in this section.<\/span><\/p>\n

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