![\"A](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204459\/Figure_13_02_05.jpg\")
A young man sits at the grave of his great-grandmother. (Photo courtesy of Sara Goldsmith\/flickr)[\/caption]\r\n A young man sits at the grave of his great-grandmother. (Photo courtesy of Sara Goldsmith\/flickr)[\/caption]\r\nFor most of human history, the standard of living was significantly lower than it is now. Humans struggled to survive with few amenities and very limited medical technology. The risk of death due to disease or accident was high in any life stage, and life expectancy was low. As people began to live longer, death became associated with old age.<\/p>\r\n
For many teenagers and young adults, losing a grandparent or another older relative can be the first loss of a loved one they experience. It may be their first encounter with grief<\/span><\/strong>, a psychological, emotional, and social response to the feelings of loss that accompanies death or a similar event.<\/p>\r\n People tend to perceive death, their own and that of others, based on the values of their culture. While some may look upon death as the natural conclusion to a long, fruitful life, others may find the prospect of dying frightening to contemplate. People tend to have strong resistance to the idea of their own death, and strong emotional reactions of loss to the death of loved ones. Viewing death as a loss, as opposed to a natural or tranquil transition, is often considered normal in the United States.<\/p>\r\n What may be surprising is how few studies were conducted on death and dying prior to the 1960s. Death and dying were fields that had received little attention until a psychologist named Elisabeth K\u00fcbler-Ross began observing people who were in the process of dying. As K\u00fcbler-Ross witnessed people\u2019s transition toward death, she found some common threads in their experiences. She observed that the process had five distinct stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. She published her findings in a 1969 book called On Death and Dying<\/em>. The book remains a classic on the topic today.<\/p>\r\n K\u00fcbler-Ross found that a person\u2019s first reaction to the prospect of dying is denial<\/em>: this is characterized by the person's not wanting to believe he or she is dying, with common thoughts such as \u201cI feel fine\u201d or \u201cThis is not really happening to me.\u201d The second stage is anger<\/em>, when loss of life is seen as unfair and unjust. A person then resorts to the third stage, bargaining<\/em>: trying to negotiate with a higher power to postpone the inevitable by reforming or changing the way he or she lives. The fourth stage, psychological depression<\/em>, allows for resignation as the situation begins to seem hopeless. In the final stage, a person adjusts to the idea of death and reaches acceptance<\/em>. At this point, the person can face death honestly, by regarding it as a natural and inevitable part of life and can make the most of their remaining time.<\/p>\r\n The work of K\u00fcbler-Ross was eye-opening when it was introduced. It broke new ground and opened the doors for sociologists, social workers, health practitioners, and therapists to study death and help those who were facing death. K\u00fcbler-Ross\u2019s work is generally considered a major contribution to thanatology<\/span><\/strong>: the systematic study of death and dying.<\/p>\r\n Of special interest to thanatologists is the concept of \u201cdying with dignity.\u201d Modern medicine includes advanced medical technology that may prolong life without a parallel improvement to the quality of life one may have. In some cases, people may not want to continue living when they are in constant pain and no longer enjoying life. Should patients have the right to choose to die with dignity? Dr. Jack Kevorkian was a staunch advocate for physician-assisted suicide<\/span><\/strong>: the voluntary or physician-assisted use of lethal medication provided by a medical doctor to end one\u2019s life. This right to have a doctor help a patient die with dignity is controversial. In the United States, Oregon was the first state to pass a law allowing physician-assisted suicides. In 1997, Oregon instituted the Death with Dignity Act, which required the presence of two physicians for a legal assisted suicide. This law was successfully challenged by U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft in 2001, but the appeals process ultimately upheld the Oregon law. Subsequently, both Montana and Washington have passed similar laws.<\/p>\r\n The controversy surrounding death with dignity laws is emblematic of the way our society tries to separate itself from death. Health institutions have built facilities to comfortably house those who are terminally ill. This is seen as a compassionate act, helping relieve the surviving family members of the burden of caring for the dying relative. But studies almost universally show that people prefer to die in their own homes (Lloyd, White, and Sutton 2011). Is it our social responsibility to care for elderly relatives up until their death? How do we balance the responsibility for caring for an elderly relative with our other responsibilities and obligations? As our society grows older, and as new medical technology can prolong life even further, the answers to these questions will develop and change.<\/p>\r\n The changing concept of hospice<\/span><\/strong> is an indicator of our society\u2019s changing view of death. Hospice is a type of healthcare that treats terminally ill people when \u201ccure-oriented treatments\u201d are no longer an option (Hospice Foundation of America 2012b). Hospice doctors, nurses, and therapists receive special training in the care of the dying. The focus is not on getting better or curing the illness, but on passing out of this life in comfort and peace. Hospice centers exist as a place where people can go to die in comfort, and increasingly, hospice services encourage at-home care so that someone has the comfort of dying in a familiar environment, surrounded by family (Hospice Foundation of America 2012a). While many of us would probably prefer to avoid thinking of the end of our lives, it may be possible to take comfort in the idea that when we do approach death in a hospice setting, it is in a familiar, relatively controlled place.<\/p>\r\n\r\n 1. Thanatology is the study of _____.<\/p>\r\n\r\n You\u2019ll have more success on the Self-Check, if you\u2019ve completed the three Readings in this section.<\/span><\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/1048\r\n\r\n<\/section>","rendered":" A young man sits at the grave of his great-grandmother. (Photo courtesy of Sara Goldsmith\/flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n For most of human history, the standard of living was significantly lower than it is now. Humans struggled to survive with few amenities and very limited medical technology. The risk of death due to disease or accident was high in any life stage, and life expectancy was low. As people began to live longer, death became associated with old age.<\/p>\n For many teenagers and young adults, losing a grandparent or another older relative can be the first loss of a loved one they experience. It may be their first encounter with grief<\/span><\/strong>, a psychological, emotional, and social response to the feelings of loss that accompanies death or a similar event.<\/p>\n People tend to perceive death, their own and that of others, based on the values of their culture. While some may look upon death as the natural conclusion to a long, fruitful life, others may find the prospect of dying frightening to contemplate. People tend to have strong resistance to the idea of their own death, and strong emotional reactions of loss to the death of loved ones. Viewing death as a loss, as opposed to a natural or tranquil transition, is often considered normal in the United States.<\/p>\n What may be surprising is how few studies were conducted on death and dying prior to the 1960s. Death and dying were fields that had received little attention until a psychologist named Elisabeth K\u00fcbler-Ross began observing people who were in the process of dying. As K\u00fcbler-Ross witnessed people\u2019s transition toward death, she found some common threads in their experiences. She observed that the process had five distinct stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. She published her findings in a 1969 book called On Death and Dying<\/em>. The book remains a classic on the topic today.<\/p>\n K\u00fcbler-Ross found that a person\u2019s first reaction to the prospect of dying is denial<\/em>: this is characterized by the person’s not wanting to believe he or she is dying, with common thoughts such as \u201cI feel fine\u201d or \u201cThis is not really happening to me.\u201d The second stage is anger<\/em>, when loss of life is seen as unfair and unjust. A person then resorts to the third stage, bargaining<\/em>: trying to negotiate with a higher power to postpone the inevitable by reforming or changing the way he or she lives. The fourth stage, psychological depression<\/em>, allows for resignation as the situation begins to seem hopeless. In the final stage, a person adjusts to the idea of death and reaches acceptance<\/em>. At this point, the person can face death honestly, by regarding it as a natural and inevitable part of life and can make the most of their remaining time.<\/p>\n The work of K\u00fcbler-Ross was eye-opening when it was introduced. It broke new ground and opened the doors for sociologists, social workers, health practitioners, and therapists to study death and help those who were facing death. K\u00fcbler-Ross\u2019s work is generally considered a major contribution to thanatology<\/span><\/strong>: the systematic study of death and dying.<\/p>\n Of special interest to thanatologists is the concept of \u201cdying with dignity.\u201d Modern medicine includes advanced medical technology that may prolong life without a parallel improvement to the quality of life one may have. In some cases, people may not want to continue living when they are in constant pain and no longer enjoying life. Should patients have the right to choose to die with dignity? Dr. Jack Kevorkian was a staunch advocate for physician-assisted suicide<\/span><\/strong>: the voluntary or physician-assisted use of lethal medication provided by a medical doctor to end one\u2019s life. This right to have a doctor help a patient die with dignity is controversial. In the United States, Oregon was the first state to pass a law allowing physician-assisted suicides. In 1997, Oregon instituted the Death with Dignity Act, which required the presence of two physicians for a legal assisted suicide. This law was successfully challenged by U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft in 2001, but the appeals process ultimately upheld the Oregon law. Subsequently, both Montana and Washington have passed similar laws.<\/p>\n The controversy surrounding death with dignity laws is emblematic of the way our society tries to separate itself from death. Health institutions have built facilities to comfortably house those who are terminally ill. This is seen as a compassionate act, helping relieve the surviving family members of the burden of caring for the dying relative. But studies almost universally show that people prefer to die in their own homes (Lloyd, White, and Sutton 2011). Is it our social responsibility to care for elderly relatives up until their death? How do we balance the responsibility for caring for an elderly relative with our other responsibilities and obligations? As our society grows older, and as new medical technology can prolong life even further, the answers to these questions will develop and change.<\/p>\n The changing concept of hospice<\/span><\/strong> is an indicator of our society\u2019s changing view of death. Hospice is a type of healthcare that treats terminally ill people when \u201ccure-oriented treatments\u201d are no longer an option (Hospice Foundation of America 2012b). Hospice doctors, nurses, and therapists receive special training in the care of the dying. The focus is not on getting better or curing the illness, but on passing out of this life in comfort and peace. Hospice centers exist as a place where people can go to die in comfort, and increasingly, hospice services encourage at-home care so that someone has the comfort of dying in a familiar environment, surrounded by family (Hospice Foundation of America 2012a). While many of us would probably prefer to avoid thinking of the end of our lives, it may be possible to take comfort in the idea that when we do approach death in a hospice setting, it is in a familiar, relatively controlled place.<\/p>\n Test Elisabeth K\u00fcbler-Ross\u2019s five stages of grief. Think of someone or something you have lost. You might consider the loss of a relationship, possession, or aspect of your self-identity. For example, perhaps you dissolved a childhood friendship, sold your car, or got a bad haircut. For even a small loss, did you experience all five stages of grief? If so, how did the expression of each stage manifest? Did the process happen slowly or rapidly? Did the stages occur out of order? Did you reach acceptance? Try to recall the experience and analyze your own response to loss. Does your experience facilitate your empathizing with the elderly?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n 1. Thanatology is the study of _____.<\/p>\n You\u2019ll have more success on the Self-Check, if you\u2019ve completed the three Readings in this section.<\/span><\/p>\n \t\r\nThink It Over<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\nTest Elisabeth K\u00fcbler-Ross\u2019s five stages of grief. Think of someone or something you have lost. You might consider the loss of a relationship, possession, or aspect of your self-identity. For example, perhaps you dissolved a childhood friendship, sold your car, or got a bad haircut. For even a small loss, did you experience all five stages of grief? If so, how did the expression of each stage manifest? Did the process happen slowly or rapidly? Did the stages occur out of order? Did you reach acceptance? Try to recall the experience and analyze your own response to loss. Does your experience facilitate your empathizing with the elderly?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\nPractice<\/h3>\r\n
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\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"117585\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"117585\"]c[\/hidden-answer]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n2. Who wrote the book On Death and Dying<\/em>, outlining the five stages of grief?<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n \t
\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"381647\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"381647\"]c[\/hidden-answer]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"101213\"]Show Glossary[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"101213\"]\r\n\r\n \t
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Self-Check: The Process of Aging<\/h2>\r\n
Death and Dying<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n\nThink It Over<\/h3>\n
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\n\nShow Answer<\/span><\/p>\nc<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\n2. Who wrote the book On Death and Dying<\/em>, outlining the five stages of grief?<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\nShow Answer<\/span><\/p>\nc<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nShow Glossary<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n
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Self-Check: The Process of Aging<\/h2>\n