{"id":84,"date":"2016-11-15T20:32:12","date_gmt":"2016-11-15T20:32:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/odessa-texasgovernment\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=84"},"modified":"2017-03-24T17:14:09","modified_gmt":"2017-03-24T17:14:09","slug":"law-and-due-process","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/chapter\/law-and-due-process\/","title":{"raw":"Texas Criminal Justice Process","rendered":"Texas Criminal Justice Process"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Discuss the steps in the Texas Criminal Justice process<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp225728592\"><section id=\"fs-idp225728592\">\r\n<h1>Texas Criminal Justice Process<\/h1>\r\nThe Texas court systems have two conflicting goals: they must protect the people and the accused. Therefore the state of Texas must ensure that every person is treated equally in legal matters- this is known as due process. The steps in the Texas criminal justice process are: 1. Arrest, 2. Indictment, 3. Plea bargaining, 4. Trial, and 5. Post-trial.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Arrest<\/strong>. One aspect pertinent to arrest are the Miranda Rights. Miranda Rights derived from the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case <strong><em>Miranda vs. Arizona<\/em><\/strong> (1966). During the Miranda case the question was whether or not procedures must be utilized by law enforcement officials to ensure that an individual's 5th Amendment Self-incrimination rights are not violated. The United States Supreme Court ruled that a person must be made aware of their rights prior to being questioned. [footnote]http:\/\/www.uscourts.gov\/educational-resources\/educational-activities\/facts-and-case-summary-miranda-v-arizona[\/footnote] Once an arrest is made, the defendant is arraigned and bond is set. <strong>Arraignment<\/strong> is when a defendant is formally charged and made aware of their rights. After this the defendant may receive <strong>bail<\/strong>, although bail is not guaranteed (Texas Constitution Article 1, Section 11 &amp; 11a-b).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Indictment<\/strong>. If the charge is a <strong>felony<\/strong>, than an indictment must occur for the process to continue. A grand jury is in charge of determining whether there is enough evidence to move forward with the charge- 9 out of 12 grand jury members must agree that the process can move forward. If this occurs it is knows as a <strong>\"true bill\"<\/strong> (indictment), if not it is known as a \"<strong>No bill<\/strong>.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Plea bargaining<\/strong>. Due to the fact that there are <strong>overcrowded dockets<\/strong>, plea bargaining is the most common method for resolving criminal cases in Texas. Plea bargaining is when the defendant and the prosecutor negotiate a deal to avoid having to go to trial- the concept is that this saves time and money.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Trial<\/strong>. If the case reaches trial, the defendant may choose to have a <strong>trial by jury<\/strong> (guaranteed by the Texas Constitution Article 1, Section 15); or waive that right and choose trial by a presiding judge. Texas utilizes an adversary system, which means the two sides will attempt to convince the jury or judge why they are correct.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Post Trial<\/strong>. Post trial is the final step where the defendant, if found guilty, will receive a form of rehabilitation or punishment. Some examples of rehabilitation or punishment are prison time, probation, parole, house arrest, and fines.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section><\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Discuss the steps in the Texas Criminal Justice process<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idp225728592\">\n<section id=\"fs-idp225728592\">\n<h1>Texas Criminal Justice Process<\/h1>\n<p>The Texas court systems have two conflicting goals: they must protect the people and the accused. Therefore the state of Texas must ensure that every person is treated equally in legal matters- this is known as due process. The steps in the Texas criminal justice process are: 1. Arrest, 2. Indictment, 3. Plea bargaining, 4. Trial, and 5. Post-trial.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Arrest<\/strong>. One aspect pertinent to arrest are the Miranda Rights. Miranda Rights derived from the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case <strong><em>Miranda vs. Arizona<\/em><\/strong> (1966). During the Miranda case the question was whether or not procedures must be utilized by law enforcement officials to ensure that an individual&#8217;s 5th Amendment Self-incrimination rights are not violated. The United States Supreme Court ruled that a person must be made aware of their rights prior to being questioned. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"http:\/\/www.uscourts.gov\/educational-resources\/educational-activities\/facts-and-case-summary-miranda-v-arizona\" id=\"return-footnote-84-1\" href=\"#footnote-84-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Once an arrest is made, the defendant is arraigned and bond is set. <strong>Arraignment<\/strong> is when a defendant is formally charged and made aware of their rights. After this the defendant may receive <strong>bail<\/strong>, although bail is not guaranteed (Texas Constitution Article 1, Section 11 &amp; 11a-b).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indictment<\/strong>. If the charge is a <strong>felony<\/strong>, than an indictment must occur for the process to continue. A grand jury is in charge of determining whether there is enough evidence to move forward with the charge- 9 out of 12 grand jury members must agree that the process can move forward. If this occurs it is knows as a <strong>&#8220;true bill&#8221;<\/strong> (indictment), if not it is known as a &#8220;<strong>No bill<\/strong>.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Plea bargaining<\/strong>. Due to the fact that there are <strong>overcrowded dockets<\/strong>, plea bargaining is the most common method for resolving criminal cases in Texas. Plea bargaining is when the defendant and the prosecutor negotiate a deal to avoid having to go to trial- the concept is that this saves time and money.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trial<\/strong>. If the case reaches trial, the defendant may choose to have a <strong>trial by jury<\/strong> (guaranteed by the Texas Constitution Article 1, Section 15); or waive that right and choose trial by a presiding judge. Texas utilizes an adversary system, which means the two sides will attempt to convince the jury or judge why they are correct.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Post Trial<\/strong>. Post trial is the final step where the defendant, if found guilty, will receive a form of rehabilitation or punishment. Some examples of rehabilitation or punishment are prison time, probation, parole, house arrest, and fines.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-84-1\">http:\/\/www.uscourts.gov\/educational-resources\/educational-activities\/facts-and-case-summary-miranda-v-arizona <a href=\"#return-footnote-84-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":5721,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-84","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":41,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5721"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":268,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84\/revisions\/268"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/41"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=84"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=84"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=84"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sanjacinto-texasgov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=84"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}