{"id":1714,"date":"2014-10-21T04:09:41","date_gmt":"2014-10-21T04:09:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/apvccs\/?post_type=chapter&p=1714"},"modified":"2014-11-07T04:58:14","modified_gmt":"2014-11-07T04:58:14","slug":"glossary-module-3","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sjcd-austincc-ap1\/chapter\/glossary-module-3\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary: The Cellular Level of Organization","rendered":"Glossary: The Cellular Level of Organization"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
active transport<\/dt>
form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy<\/dd>
amphipathic<\/dt>
describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility<\/dd>
anaphase<\/dt>
third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell<\/dd>
anticodon<\/dt>
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule<\/dd>
autolysis<\/dt>
breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action<\/dd>
autophagy<\/dt>
lysosomal breakdown of a cell\u2019s own components<\/dd>
cell cycle<\/dt>
life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells<\/dd>
cell membrane<\/dt>
membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane<\/dd>
centriole<\/dt>
small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division<\/dd>
centromere<\/dt>
region of attachment for two sister chromatids<\/dd>
centrosome<\/dt>
cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division<\/dd>
channel protein<\/dt>
membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances<\/dd>
checkpoint<\/dt>
progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase<\/dd>
chromatin<\/dt>
substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins<\/dd>
chromosome<\/dt>
condensed version of chromatin<\/dd>
cilia<\/dt>
small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface<\/dd>
cleavage furrow<\/dt>
contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves<\/dd>
codon<\/dt>
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid<\/dd>
concentration gradient<\/dt>
difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions<\/dd>
cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)<\/dt>
one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions<\/dd>
cyclin<\/dt>
one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle<\/dd>
cytokinesis<\/dt>
final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells<\/dd>
cytoplasm<\/dt>
internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials<\/dd>
cytoskeleton<\/dt>
\u201cskeleton\u201d of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell\u2019s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities<\/dd>
cytosol<\/dt>
clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water<\/dd>
DNA polymerase<\/dt>
enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication<\/dd>
DNA replication<\/dt>
process of duplicating a molecule of DNA<\/dd>
diffusion<\/dt>
movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration<\/dd>
diploid<\/dt>
condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents)<\/dd>
electrical gradient<\/dt>
difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions<\/dd>
endocytosis<\/dt>
import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle<\/dd>
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)<\/dt>
cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively)<\/dd>
exocytosis<\/dt>
export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle<\/dd>
exon<\/dt>
one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing<\/dd>
extracellular fluid (ECF)<\/dt>
fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body<\/dd>
facilitated diffusion<\/dt>
diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein<\/dd>
flagellum<\/dt>
appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement<\/dd>
G0<\/sub>\u00a0phase<\/dt>
phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1<\/sub>\u00a0phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase<\/dd>
G1<\/sub>\u00a0phase<\/dt>
first phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born<\/dd>
G2<\/sub>\u00a0phase<\/dt>
third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase<\/dd>
Golgi apparatus<\/dt>
cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport<\/dd>
gene expression<\/dt>
active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product<\/dd>
gene<\/dt>
functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein<\/dd>
genome<\/dt>
entire complement of an organism\u2019s DNA; found within virtually every cell<\/dd>
glycocalyx<\/dt>
coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane<\/dd>
glycoprotein<\/dt>
protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached<\/dd>
helicase<\/dt>
enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication<\/dd>
histone<\/dt>
family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin<\/dd>
homologous<\/dt>
describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent<\/dd>
hydrophilic<\/dt>
describes a substance or structure attracted to water<\/dd>
hydrophobic<\/dt>
describes a substance or structure repelled by water<\/dd>
hypertonic<\/dt>
describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration<\/dd>
hypotonic<\/dt>
describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration<\/dd>
integral protein<\/dt>
membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer<\/dd>
intermediate filament<\/dt>
type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension<\/dd>
interphase<\/dt>
entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis<\/dd>
interstitial fluid (IF)<\/dt>
fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels<\/dd>
intracellular fluid (ICF)<\/dt>
fluid in the cytosol of cells<\/dd>
intron<\/dt>
non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing<\/dd>
isotonic<\/dt>
describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration<\/dd>
kinetochore<\/dt>
region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids<\/dd>
ligand<\/dt>
molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule<\/dd>
lysosome<\/dt>
membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes<\/dd>
messenger RNA (mRNA)<\/dt>
nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein<\/dd>
metaphase plate<\/dt>
linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase<\/dd>
metaphase<\/dt>
second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell<\/dd>
microfilament<\/dt>
the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support<\/dd>
microtubule<\/dt>
the thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support<\/dd>
mitochondrion<\/dt>
one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)<\/dd>
mitosis<\/dt>
division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed<\/dd>
mitotic phase<\/dt>
phase of the cell cycle in which a cell undergoes mitosis<\/dd>
mitotic spindle<\/dt>
network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis<\/dd>
multipotent<\/dt>
describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell<\/dd>
mutation<\/dt>
change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell\u2019s DNA<\/dd>
nuclear envelope<\/dt>
membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer<\/dd>
nuclear pore<\/dt>
one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope<\/dd>
nucleolus<\/dt>
small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis<\/dd>
nucleosome<\/dt>
unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins<\/dd>
nucleus<\/dt>
cell\u2019s central organelle; contains the cell\u2019s DNA<\/dd>
oligopotent<\/dt>
describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types<\/dd>
organelle<\/dt>
any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell<\/dd>
osmosis<\/dt>
diffusion of molecules down their concentration across a selectively permeable membrane<\/dd>
passive transport<\/dt>
form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy<\/dd>
peripheral protein<\/dt>
membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane<\/dd>
peroxisome<\/dt>
membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances<\/dd>
phagocytosis<\/dt>
endocytosis of large particles<\/dd>
pinocytosis<\/dt>
endocytosis of fluid<\/dd>
pluripotent<\/dt>
describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types<\/dd>
polypeptide<\/dt>
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds<\/dd>
polyribosome<\/dt>
simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosomes<\/dd>
promoter<\/dt>
region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene<\/dd>
prophase<\/dt>
first stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes<\/dd>
proteome<\/dt>
full complement of proteins produced by a cell (determined by the cell\u2019s specific gene expression)<\/dd>
RNA polymerase<\/dt>
enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis<\/dd>
reactive oxygen species (ROS)<\/dt>
a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage<\/dd>
receptor-mediated endocytosis<\/dt>
endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors<\/dd>
receptor<\/dt>
protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)<\/dd>
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)<\/dt>
RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome<\/dd>
ribosome<\/dt>
cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis<\/dd>
S phase<\/dt>
stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs<\/dd>
selective permeability<\/dt>
feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others<\/dd>
sister chromatid<\/dt>
one of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication<\/dd>
sodium-potassium pump<\/dt>
(also, Na+<\/sup>\/K+<\/sup>\u00a0ATP-ase) membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+<\/sup>\u00a0out of a cell and K+<\/sup>\u00a0into the cell<\/dd>
somatic cell<\/dt>
all cells of the body excluding gamete cells<\/dd>
spliceosome<\/dt>
complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript<\/dd>
splicing<\/dt>
the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions<\/dd>
stem cell<\/dt>
cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized<\/dd>
telophase<\/dt>
final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei<\/dd>
totipotent<\/dt>
embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body<\/dd>
transcription factor<\/dt>
one of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes<\/dd>
transcription<\/dt>
process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA<\/dd>
transfer RNA (tRNA)<\/dt>
molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence<\/dd>
translation<\/dt>
process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript<\/dd>
triplet<\/dt>
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid<\/dd>
unipotent<\/dt>
describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type<\/dd>
vesicle<\/dt>
membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell<\/dd><\/dl> \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>","rendered":"
\n
<\/div>\n
\n
active transport<\/dt>\n
form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy<\/dd>\n
amphipathic<\/dt>\n
describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility<\/dd>\n
anaphase<\/dt>\n
third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell<\/dd>\n
anticodon<\/dt>\n
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule<\/dd>\n
autolysis<\/dt>\n
breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action<\/dd>\n
autophagy<\/dt>\n
lysosomal breakdown of a cell\u2019s own components<\/dd>\n
cell cycle<\/dt>\n
life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells<\/dd>\n
cell membrane<\/dt>\n
membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane<\/dd>\n
centriole<\/dt>\n
small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division<\/dd>\n
centromere<\/dt>\n
region of attachment for two sister chromatids<\/dd>\n
centrosome<\/dt>\n
cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division<\/dd>\n
channel protein<\/dt>\n
membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances<\/dd>\n
checkpoint<\/dt>\n
progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase<\/dd>\n
chromatin<\/dt>\n
substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins<\/dd>\n
chromosome<\/dt>\n
condensed version of chromatin<\/dd>\n
cilia<\/dt>\n
small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface<\/dd>\n
cleavage furrow<\/dt>\n
contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves<\/dd>\n
codon<\/dt>\n
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid<\/dd>\n
concentration gradient<\/dt>\n
difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions<\/dd>\n
cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)<\/dt>\n
one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions<\/dd>\n
cyclin<\/dt>\n
one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle<\/dd>\n
cytokinesis<\/dt>\n
final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells<\/dd>\n
cytoplasm<\/dt>\n
internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials<\/dd>\n
cytoskeleton<\/dt>\n
\u201cskeleton\u201d of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell\u2019s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities<\/dd>\n
cytosol<\/dt>\n
clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water<\/dd>\n
DNA polymerase<\/dt>\n
enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication<\/dd>\n
DNA replication<\/dt>\n
process of duplicating a molecule of DNA<\/dd>\n
diffusion<\/dt>\n
movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration<\/dd>\n
diploid<\/dt>\n
condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents)<\/dd>\n
electrical gradient<\/dt>\n
difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions<\/dd>\n
endocytosis<\/dt>\n
import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle<\/dd>\n
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)<\/dt>\n
cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively)<\/dd>\n
exocytosis<\/dt>\n
export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle<\/dd>\n
exon<\/dt>\n
one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing<\/dd>\n
extracellular fluid (ECF)<\/dt>\n
fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body<\/dd>\n
facilitated diffusion<\/dt>\n
diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein<\/dd>\n
flagellum<\/dt>\n
appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement<\/dd>\n
G0<\/sub>\u00a0phase<\/dt>\n
phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1<\/sub>\u00a0phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase<\/dd>\n
G1<\/sub>\u00a0phase<\/dt>\n
first phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born<\/dd>\n
G2<\/sub>\u00a0phase<\/dt>\n
third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase<\/dd>\n
Golgi apparatus<\/dt>\n
cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport<\/dd>\n
gene expression<\/dt>\n
active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product<\/dd>\n
gene<\/dt>\n
functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein<\/dd>\n
genome<\/dt>\n
entire complement of an organism\u2019s DNA; found within virtually every cell<\/dd>\n
glycocalyx<\/dt>\n
coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane<\/dd>\n
glycoprotein<\/dt>\n
protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached<\/dd>\n
helicase<\/dt>\n
enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication<\/dd>\n
histone<\/dt>\n
family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin<\/dd>\n
homologous<\/dt>\n
describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent<\/dd>\n
hydrophilic<\/dt>\n
describes a substance or structure attracted to water<\/dd>\n
hydrophobic<\/dt>\n
describes a substance or structure repelled by water<\/dd>\n
hypertonic<\/dt>\n
describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration<\/dd>\n
hypotonic<\/dt>\n
describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration<\/dd>\n
integral protein<\/dt>\n
membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer<\/dd>\n
intermediate filament<\/dt>\n
type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension<\/dd>\n
interphase<\/dt>\n
entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis<\/dd>\n
interstitial fluid (IF)<\/dt>\n
fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels<\/dd>\n
intracellular fluid (ICF)<\/dt>\n
fluid in the cytosol of cells<\/dd>\n
intron<\/dt>\n
non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing<\/dd>\n
isotonic<\/dt>\n
describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration<\/dd>\n
kinetochore<\/dt>\n
region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids<\/dd>\n
ligand<\/dt>\n
molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule<\/dd>\n
lysosome<\/dt>\n
membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes<\/dd>\n
messenger RNA (mRNA)<\/dt>\n
nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein<\/dd>\n
metaphase plate<\/dt>\n
linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase<\/dd>\n
metaphase<\/dt>\n
second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell<\/dd>\n
microfilament<\/dt>\n
the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support<\/dd>\n
microtubule<\/dt>\n
the thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support<\/dd>\n
mitochondrion<\/dt>\n
one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)<\/dd>\n
mitosis<\/dt>\n
division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed<\/dd>\n
mitotic phase<\/dt>\n
phase of the cell cycle in which a cell undergoes mitosis<\/dd>\n
mitotic spindle<\/dt>\n
network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis<\/dd>\n
multipotent<\/dt>\n
describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell<\/dd>\n
mutation<\/dt>\n
change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell\u2019s DNA<\/dd>\n
nuclear envelope<\/dt>\n
membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer<\/dd>\n
nuclear pore<\/dt>\n
one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope<\/dd>\n
nucleolus<\/dt>\n
small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis<\/dd>\n
nucleosome<\/dt>\n
unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins<\/dd>\n
nucleus<\/dt>\n
cell\u2019s central organelle; contains the cell\u2019s DNA<\/dd>\n
oligopotent<\/dt>\n
describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types<\/dd>\n
organelle<\/dt>\n
any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell<\/dd>\n
osmosis<\/dt>\n
diffusion of molecules down their concentration across a selectively permeable membrane<\/dd>\n
passive transport<\/dt>\n
form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy<\/dd>\n
peripheral protein<\/dt>\n
membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane<\/dd>\n
peroxisome<\/dt>\n
membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances<\/dd>\n
phagocytosis<\/dt>\n
endocytosis of large particles<\/dd>\n
pinocytosis<\/dt>\n
endocytosis of fluid<\/dd>\n
pluripotent<\/dt>\n
describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types<\/dd>\n
polypeptide<\/dt>\n
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds<\/dd>\n
polyribosome<\/dt>\n
simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosomes<\/dd>\n
promoter<\/dt>\n
region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene<\/dd>\n
prophase<\/dt>\n
first stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes<\/dd>\n
proteome<\/dt>\n
full complement of proteins produced by a cell (determined by the cell\u2019s specific gene expression)<\/dd>\n
RNA polymerase<\/dt>\n
enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis<\/dd>\n
reactive oxygen species (ROS)<\/dt>\n
a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage<\/dd>\n
receptor-mediated endocytosis<\/dt>\n
endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors<\/dd>\n
receptor<\/dt>\n
protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)<\/dd>\n
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)<\/dt>\n
RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome<\/dd>\n
ribosome<\/dt>\n
cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis<\/dd>\n
S phase<\/dt>\n
stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs<\/dd>\n
selective permeability<\/dt>\n
feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others<\/dd>\n
sister chromatid<\/dt>\n
one of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication<\/dd>\n
sodium-potassium pump<\/dt>\n
(also, Na+<\/sup>\/K+<\/sup>\u00a0ATP-ase) membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+<\/sup>\u00a0out of a cell and K+<\/sup>\u00a0into the cell<\/dd>\n
somatic cell<\/dt>\n
all cells of the body excluding gamete cells<\/dd>\n
spliceosome<\/dt>\n
complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript<\/dd>\n
splicing<\/dt>\n
the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions<\/dd>\n
stem cell<\/dt>\n
cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized<\/dd>\n
telophase<\/dt>\n
final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei<\/dd>\n
totipotent<\/dt>\n
embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body<\/dd>\n
transcription factor<\/dt>\n
one of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes<\/dd>\n
transcription<\/dt>\n
process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA<\/dd>\n
transfer RNA (tRNA)<\/dt>\n
molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence<\/dd>\n
translation<\/dt>\n
process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript<\/dd>\n
triplet<\/dt>\n
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid<\/dd>\n
unipotent<\/dt>\n
describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type<\/dd>\n
vesicle<\/dt>\n
membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

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CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>