{"id":540,"date":"2016-08-24T00:11:27","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T00:11:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/americangovernment\/?post_type=chapter&p=540"},"modified":"2016-08-24T00:11:27","modified_gmt":"2016-08-24T00:11:27","slug":"glossary-11","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-amgovernment\/chapter\/glossary-11\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"

The Institutional Design of Congress<\/h2>\r\napportionment<\/strong> the process by which seats in the House of Representatives are distributed among the fifty states\r\n\r\nbicameralism<\/strong> the political process that results from dividing a legislature into two separate assemblies\r\n\r\nbill<\/strong> proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature\r\n\r\nconstituency<\/strong> the body of voters, or constituents, represented by a particular politician\r\n\r\nenumerated powers<\/strong> the powers given explicitly to the federal government by the Constitution to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money, and conduct foreign affairs\r\n\r\nimplied powers<\/strong> the powers not specifically detailed in the U.S. Constitution but inferred as necessary to achieve the objectives of the national government\r\n\r\ninherent powers<\/strong> the powers neither enumerated nor implied but assumed to exist as a direct result of the country\u2019s existence\r\n\r\noversight<\/strong> the right to review and monitor other bodies such as the executive branch\r\n

Congressional Elections<\/h2>\r\nsurge-and-decline theory<\/strong> a theory proposing that the surge of stimulation occurring during presidential elections subsides during midterm elections, accounting for the differences we observe in turnouts and results\r\n

Congressional Representation<\/h2>\r\ncollective representation<\/strong> the relationship between Congress and the United States as a whole, and whether the institution itself represents the American people\r\n\r\ndelegate model of representation<\/strong> a model of representation in which representatives feel compelled to act on the specific stated wishes of their constituents\r\n\r\ndescriptive representation<\/strong> the extent to which a body of representatives represents the descriptive characteristics of their constituencies, such as class, race, ethnicity, and gender\r\n\r\npolitico model of representation<\/strong> a model of representation in which members of Congress act as either trustee or delegate, based on rational political calculations about who is best served, the constituency or the nation\r\n\r\npork-barrel politics<\/strong> federal spending intended to benefit a particular district or set of constituents\r\n\r\nrepresentation<\/strong> an elected leader\u2019s looking out for his or her constituents while carrying out the duties of the office\r\n\r\ntrustee model of representation<\/strong> a model of representation in which representatives feel at liberty to act in the way they believe is best for their constituents\r\n

House and Senate Organizations<\/h2>\r\nconference committee<\/strong> a special type of joint committee that reconciles different bills passed in the House and Senate so a single bill results\r\n\r\njoint committee<\/strong> a legislative committee consisting of members from both chambers that investigates certain topics but lacks bill referral authority\r\n\r\nmajority leader<\/strong> the leader of the majority party in either the House or Senate; in the House, the majority leader serves under the Speaker of the House, in the Senate, the majority leader is the functional leader and chief spokesperson for the majority party\r\n\r\nminority leader<\/strong> the party member who directs the activities of the minority party on the floor of either the House or the Senate\r\n\r\npresident pro tempore<\/em><\/strong> the senator who acts in the absence of the actual president of the Senate, who is also the vice president of the United States; the president pro tempore<\/em> is usually the most senior senator of the majority party\r\n\r\nselect committee<\/strong> a small legislative committee created to fulfill a specific purpose and then disbanded; also called an ad hoc, or special, committee\r\n\r\nSpeaker of the House<\/strong> the presiding officer of the House of Representatives and the leader of the majority party; the Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession, after the vice president\r\n\r\nstanding committee<\/strong> a permanent legislative committee that meets regularly\r\n\r\nwhip<\/strong> in the House and in the Senate, a high leadership position whose primary duty is to enforce voting discipline in the chambers and conferences\r\n

The Legislative Process<\/h2>\r\ncloture<\/strong> a parliamentary process to end a debate in the Senate, as a measure against the filibuster; invoked when three-fifths of senators vote for the motion\r\n\r\nfilibuster<\/strong> a parliamentary maneuver used in the Senate to extend debate on a piece of legislation as long as possible, typically with the intended purpose of obstructing or killing it\r\n\r\nmarkup<\/strong> the amending and voting process in a congressional committee","rendered":"

The Institutional Design of Congress<\/h2>\n

apportionment<\/strong> the process by which seats in the House of Representatives are distributed among the fifty states<\/p>\n

bicameralism<\/strong> the political process that results from dividing a legislature into two separate assemblies<\/p>\n

bill<\/strong> proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature<\/p>\n

constituency<\/strong> the body of voters, or constituents, represented by a particular politician<\/p>\n

enumerated powers<\/strong> the powers given explicitly to the federal government by the Constitution to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money, and conduct foreign affairs<\/p>\n

implied powers<\/strong> the powers not specifically detailed in the U.S. Constitution but inferred as necessary to achieve the objectives of the national government<\/p>\n

inherent powers<\/strong> the powers neither enumerated nor implied but assumed to exist as a direct result of the country\u2019s existence<\/p>\n

oversight<\/strong> the right to review and monitor other bodies such as the executive branch<\/p>\n

Congressional Elections<\/h2>\n

surge-and-decline theory<\/strong> a theory proposing that the surge of stimulation occurring during presidential elections subsides during midterm elections, accounting for the differences we observe in turnouts and results<\/p>\n

Congressional Representation<\/h2>\n

collective representation<\/strong> the relationship between Congress and the United States as a whole, and whether the institution itself represents the American people<\/p>\n

delegate model of representation<\/strong> a model of representation in which representatives feel compelled to act on the specific stated wishes of their constituents<\/p>\n

descriptive representation<\/strong> the extent to which a body of representatives represents the descriptive characteristics of their constituencies, such as class, race, ethnicity, and gender<\/p>\n

politico model of representation<\/strong> a model of representation in which members of Congress act as either trustee or delegate, based on rational political calculations about who is best served, the constituency or the nation<\/p>\n

pork-barrel politics<\/strong> federal spending intended to benefit a particular district or set of constituents<\/p>\n

representation<\/strong> an elected leader\u2019s looking out for his or her constituents while carrying out the duties of the office<\/p>\n

trustee model of representation<\/strong> a model of representation in which representatives feel at liberty to act in the way they believe is best for their constituents<\/p>\n

House and Senate Organizations<\/h2>\n

conference committee<\/strong> a special type of joint committee that reconciles different bills passed in the House and Senate so a single bill results<\/p>\n

joint committee<\/strong> a legislative committee consisting of members from both chambers that investigates certain topics but lacks bill referral authority<\/p>\n

majority leader<\/strong> the leader of the majority party in either the House or Senate; in the House, the majority leader serves under the Speaker of the House, in the Senate, the majority leader is the functional leader and chief spokesperson for the majority party<\/p>\n

minority leader<\/strong> the party member who directs the activities of the minority party on the floor of either the House or the Senate<\/p>\n

president pro tempore<\/em><\/strong> the senator who acts in the absence of the actual president of the Senate, who is also the vice president of the United States; the president pro tempore<\/em> is usually the most senior senator of the majority party<\/p>\n

select committee<\/strong> a small legislative committee created to fulfill a specific purpose and then disbanded; also called an ad hoc, or special, committee<\/p>\n

Speaker of the House<\/strong> the presiding officer of the House of Representatives and the leader of the majority party; the Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession, after the vice president<\/p>\n

standing committee<\/strong> a permanent legislative committee that meets regularly<\/p>\n

whip<\/strong> in the House and in the Senate, a high leadership position whose primary duty is to enforce voting discipline in the chambers and conferences<\/p>\n

The Legislative Process<\/h2>\n

cloture<\/strong> a parliamentary process to end a debate in the Senate, as a measure against the filibuster; invoked when three-fifths of senators vote for the motion<\/p>\n

filibuster<\/strong> a parliamentary maneuver used in the Senate to extend debate on a piece of legislation as long as possible, typically with the intended purpose of obstructing or killing it<\/p>\n

markup<\/strong> the amending and voting process in a congressional committee<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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