{"id":936,"date":"2016-04-14T15:58:08","date_gmt":"2016-04-14T15:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=936"},"modified":"2017-07-14T23:18:17","modified_gmt":"2017-07-14T23:18:17","slug":"outcome-adjective-and-adverbs-4-4","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/chapter\/outcome-adjective-and-adverbs-4-4\/","title":{"raw":"Adjectives and Adverbs","rendered":"Adjectives and Adverbs"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>identify functions of adjectives and adverbs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>identify differences between adjectives and adverbs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>identify common mistakes with adjectives and adverbs<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAdjectives and adverbs describe things. For example, compare the phrase \"the bear\" to \"the red bear\" or the phrase \"run\" to \"run slowly.\"\r\n\r\nIn\u00a0both of these cases, the adjective (<em>red<\/em>) or adverb (<em>slowly<\/em>) changes how we understand the phrase. When you first read the word\u00a0<em>bear<\/em>, you probably didn't\u00a0imagine a red bear. When you saw\u00a0the word\u00a0<em>run<\/em> you probably didn't\u00a0think of it as something done slowly.\r\n\r\nAdjectives and adverbs\u00a0modify other words; they change our understanding of things.\r\n\r\nFor a catchy introduction to these words in song, watch the following videos.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/c_TmWClYse0\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/FQPDk_fMcs0\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Functions of Adjectives<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2367\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/21204623\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-21-at-4.45.37-PM-264x300.png\" alt=\"Figure holding a square in one hand and a triangle in the other\" width=\"132\" height=\"150\" \/>An adjective modifies a noun; that is, it provides more detail about a noun. This can be anything from color to size to temperature to personality.\u00a0Adjectives usually\u00a0occur just before the nouns they modify. In the following examples, adjectives are in bold, while the nouns they modify are in italics (the <strong>big<\/strong>\u00a0<em>bear<\/em>):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The generator is used to convert <strong>mechanical<\/strong> <em>energy<\/em> into <strong>electrical<\/strong> <em>energy<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The <strong>steel<\/strong> <em>pipes<\/em> contain a <strong>protective sacrificial<\/strong> <em>anode<\/em> and are surrounded by <strong>packing<\/strong> <em>material<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAdjectives can also follow a linking verb. In these instances, adjectives can modify pronouns as well. In the following examples, adjectives are still bold, while the linking verb is in italics this time (the sun <em>is<\/em> <strong>yellow<\/strong>):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The schoolhouse\u00a0<em>was<\/em> <strong>red<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I <em>looked<\/em> <strong>good<\/strong> today.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She <em>was<\/em> <strong>funny<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNumbers can also be adjectives in some\u00a0cases. When you say \"Seven is my lucky\u00a0number,\"\u00a0<em>seven\u00a0<\/em>is a noun, but when you say \"There are seven cats in this painting,\"\u00a0<em>seven<\/em> is an adjective because it is modifying the noun\u00a0<em>cats<\/em>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the adjectives in the following sentences:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Of the four\u00a0seasons, fall is my favorite; I love the\u00a0red leaves, the\u00a0cool weather, and the\u00a0brisk wind.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>My roommate, on the other hand, thinks that summer is the best season.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I think she is crazy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fall is\u00a0better than summer. Summer is too hot and muggy to be enjoyable.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"383934\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"383934\"]\r\n\r\nThe adjectives have been bolded in the sentences below:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Of the <strong>four<\/strong> seasons, fall is my <strong>favorite<\/strong>; I love the\u00a0<strong>red<\/strong> leaves, the\u00a0<strong>cool<\/strong> weather, and the\u00a0<strong>brisk<\/strong> wind.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>My roommate, on the other hand, thinks that summer is the <strong>best<\/strong> season.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I think she is <strong>crazy<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fall is <strong>better<\/strong> than summer. Summer is too <strong>hot<\/strong> and <strong>muggy<\/strong> to be <strong>enjoyable<\/strong>. (All of these adjectives follow linking verbs.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Comparable Adjectives<\/h3>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2357\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/21201038\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-21-at-3.44.43-PM-300x230.png\" alt=\"Icon of 3 Russian nesting dolls, larger to smaller\" width=\"196\" height=\"150\" \/>Some adjectives are <strong>comparable<\/strong>. For example, a person may be polite, but another person may be more polite, and a third person may be the most polite of the three. The word <em>more<\/em>\u00a0here modifies the adjective <em>polite<\/em>\u00a0to indicate a comparison is being made (a <strong>comparative<\/strong>), and <em>most<\/em>\u00a0modifies the adjective to indicate an absolute comparison (a <strong>superlative<\/strong>).\r\n\r\nThere is another way to compare adjectives in English.\u00a0Many adjectives can take the suffixes -<em>er<\/em>\u00a0and -<em>est<\/em>\u00a0(sometimes requiring additional letters before the suffix; see forms for <i>far<\/i> below) to indicate the comparative and\u00a0superlative forms, respectively:\r\n<dl>\r\n \t<dd><em>great<\/em>, <em>greater<\/em>, <em>greatest<\/em><\/dd>\r\n \t<dd><em>deep<\/em>, <em>deeper<\/em>, <em>deepest<\/em><\/dd>\r\n \t<dd><em>far<\/em>, <em>farther<\/em>, <em>farthest<\/em><\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\nSome adjectives are <i>irregular<\/i> in this sense:\r\n<dl>\r\n \t<dd><em>good<\/em>, <em>better<\/em>, <em>best<\/em><\/dd>\r\n \t<dd><em>bad<\/em>, <em>worse<\/em>, <em>worst<\/em><\/dd>\r\n \t<dd><em>little<\/em>, <em>less<\/em>, <em>least<\/em><\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\nAnother way to convey comparison is by incorporating the words <em>more<\/em>\u00a0and <em>most<\/em>. There is no simple rule to decide which means is correct for any given adjective, however. The general tendency is for shorter\u00a0adjectives to take the suffixes, while longer adjectives do not\u2014but sometimes <i>sound<\/i> of the word is the deciding factor.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>more beautiful\u00a0<\/em>not\u00a0<em>beautifuller\r\nmore pretentious <\/em>not\u00a0<em>pretentiouser<\/em><em>\r\n<\/em><\/p>\r\nWhile there is no perfect rule to determine which adjectives will or won't take -<em>er<\/em> and -<em>est<\/em> suffixes, this video lays out some \"sound rules\" that can serve as helpful guidelines:<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/Mxblg8xKBoc\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>A Note about\u00a0<em>Fun<\/em><\/h3>\r\nThe adjective\u00a0<em>fun<\/em> is one of the most notable\u00a0exceptions to the rules. If you follow the sound rules we just learned about, the comparative should be\u00a0<em>funner<\/em> and the superlative\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em>. However, for a long time, these words were considered\u00a0non-standard, with\u00a0<em>more fun<\/em> and\u00a0<em>most fun<\/em> acting as the correct forms.\r\n\r\nThe reasoning behind this rule is now obsolete (it has a lot to do with the way\u00a0<em>fun<\/em> became an adjective), but the stigma against\u00a0<em>funner<\/em> and\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em> remains. While the tides are beginning to change, it's safest to stick to\u00a0<em>more fun<\/em> and\u00a0<em>most fun<\/em> in formal situations (such as in academic writing or in professional correspondence).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nWhat are\u00a0the correct comparative and superlative forms for the adjectives below?\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Adjective<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 37%;\">Comparative<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 37%;\">Superlative<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>fun<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td><em>more fun<\/em> (or\u00a0<em>funner<\/em>, conversationally)<\/td>\r\n<td><em>most fun<\/em> (or\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em>, conversationally)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>red<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>shimmery<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>fresh<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>popular<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>squishy<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>quiet<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>large<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"393114\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"393114\"]\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Adjective<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 37%;\">Comparative<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 37%;\">Superlative<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>fun<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td><em>more fun<\/em> (or\u00a0<em>funner<\/em>, conversationally)<\/td>\r\n<td><em>most fun<\/em> (or\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em>, conversationally)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>red<\/td>\r\n<td>redder<\/td>\r\n<td>reddest<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>shimmery<\/td>\r\n<td>more shimmery<\/td>\r\n<td>most shimmery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>fresh<\/td>\r\n<td>fresher<\/td>\r\n<td>freshest<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>popular<\/td>\r\n<td>more popular<\/td>\r\n<td>most popular<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>squishy<\/td>\r\n<td>squishier<\/td>\r\n<td>squishiest<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>quiet<\/td>\r\n<td>quieter<\/td>\r\n<td>quietest<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>large<\/td>\r\n<td>larger<\/td>\r\n<td>largest<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Non-Comparable Adjectives<\/h3>\r\nMany adjectives do not naturally lend themselves to comparison. For example, some English speakers would argue that it does not make sense to say that one thing is \"more ultimate\" than another, or that something is \"most ultimate,\" since the word <em>ultimate<\/em> is already an absolute. Such adjectives are called <strong>non-comparable adjectives<\/strong>. Other examples include\u00a0<em>dead<\/em>,\u00a0<em>true<\/em>, and <em>unique<\/em>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Native speakers will frequently play with non-comparable\u00a0adjectives. Although <em>pregnant<\/em> is logically non-comparable (someone is pregnant or she\u00a0is\u00a0not), you\u00a0may hear a sentence like \"She looks more and more pregnant each day.\" Likewise <em>extinct<\/em>\u00a0and <em>equal<\/em>\u00a0appear to be non-comparable, but one might say that a language about which nothing is known is \"more extinct\" than a well-documented language with surviving literature but no speakers, and George Orwell\u00a0once wrote \"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.\"<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Functions of Adverbs<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2365\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/21203735\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-21-at-4.37.06-PM-300x265.png\" alt=\"Icon of person in wheelchair, tilted back, flames coming from wheel\" width=\"170\" height=\"150\" \/>Adverbs can\u00a0perform a wide range of functions: they can modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs.\u00a0They\u00a0can come either before or after the word they modify.\u00a0In the following examples, adverbs\u00a0are in bold, while the words\u00a0they modify are in italics (the <strong>quite<\/strong> <em>handsome<\/em> man):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The desk is made of an <strong>especially<\/strong> <em>corrosion-resistant industrial<\/em> steel.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The power company uses huge generators which are <strong>generally<\/strong> <em>turned<\/em> by steam turbines.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Jaime\u00a0won the race, because he\u00a0<em>ran<\/em><strong>\u00a0quickly<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This fence was <em>installed<\/em>\u00a0<strong>sloppily<\/strong>. It needs to be redone.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAn adverb may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity indicated\u00a0by the verb. Some examples, where again the adverb is in bold and the words modified are in italics:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Suzanne\u00a0sang <b>loudly<\/b> (<i>loudly<\/i> modifies the verb <i>sang<\/i>, indicating the manner of singing)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>We left it <b>here<\/b> (<i>here<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>left it<\/i>, indicating place)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I worked <b>yesterday<\/b> (<i>yesterday<\/i> modifies the verb <i>worked<\/i>, indicating time)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>He <b>undoubtedly<\/b> did it (<i>undoubtedly<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>did it<\/i>, indicating certainty)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You <b>often<\/b> make mistakes (<i>often<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>make mistakes<\/i>, indicating frequency)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThey can also modify noun phrases, prepositional phrases,\u00a0or whole clauses or sentences, as in the following examples. Once again the adverbs are in bold, while the words they modify are in italics.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I bought <b>only<\/b> the fruit (<i>only<\/i> modifies the noun phrase <i>the fruit<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Roberto drove us <b>almost<\/b> to the station (<i>almost<\/i> modifies the prepositional phrase <i>to the station<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Certainly<\/b> we need to act (<i>certainly<\/i> modifies the sentence as a whole)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the adverbs in these paragraphs:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Mass extinctions are insanely catastrophic\u2014but important\u2014events that punctuate the history of life on Earth. The Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary was originally thought of to represent a mass extinction, but has subsequently been \"downgraded\" to a minor extinction event based on new discoveries.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">However, compared to other important stratigraphic boundaries, like the end-Triassic or the end-Cretaceous, the Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary remains really poorly understood.<\/p>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"138389\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"138389\"]There are five adverbs in the paragraphs:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">insanely; originally; subsequently; really; poorly<\/p>\r\nHere the adverbs have been bolded:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Mass extinctions are <strong>insanely<\/strong> catastrophic\u2014but important\u2014events that punctuate the history of life on Earth. The Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary was <strong>originally<\/strong> thought of to represent a mass extinction, but has <strong>subsequently<\/strong> been \"downgraded\" to a minor extinction event based on new discoveries.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">However, compared to other important stratigraphic boundaries, like the end-Triassic or the end-Cretaceous, the Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary remains <strong>really<\/strong> <strong>poorly<\/strong> understood.<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Intensifiers and Adverbs of Degree<\/h3>\r\nAdverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree. Here are a few examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You are <b>quite<\/b> right (the adverb <i>quite<\/i> modifies the adjective <i>right<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Milagros is <strong>exceptionally\u00a0<\/strong>pretty\u00a0(the adverb <em>exceptionally<\/em>\u00a0modifies the adjective <em>pretty<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She sang <b>very<\/b> loudly (the adverb <i>very<\/i> modifies another adverb\u2014<i>loudly<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wow! You ran <strong>really<\/strong> quickly!\u00a0(the adverb <em>really<\/em>\u00a0modifies another adverb\u2014<em>quickly<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nOther intensifiers include\u00a0<em>mildly<\/em>,\u00a0<em>pretty<\/em>,\u00a0<em>slightly<\/em>, etc.\r\n\r\nThis video provides more discussion and examples of intensifiers:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/_2htRrOPiDE\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Adverbs may also undergo comparison, taking comparative and superlative forms.\u00a0This is usually done by adding <i>more<\/i> and <i>most<\/i> before the adverb (<i>more slowly, most slowly<\/i>). However, there are a few adverbs that take non-standard\u00a0forms, such as <i>well<\/i>, for which <i>better<\/i> and <i>best<\/i> are used.<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Differences Between Adjectives and Adverbs<\/h2>\r\nAs we've learned, adjectives and adverbs act in similar but different roles. A lot of the time this difference can be seen in the structure of the words:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A <b>clever<\/b> new idea.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A <b>cleverly<\/b> developed idea.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<em>Clever<\/em> is an adjective, and\u00a0<em>cleverly<\/em> is an adverb. This adjective +\u00a0<em>ly<\/em> construction is a short-cut to identifying adverbs.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/_5ehfoEJwLg\r\n\r\nWhile -<em>ly<\/em> is helpful, it's not a universal rule.\u00a0Not all words that end in\u00a0-<em>ly<\/em> are adverbs: <em>lovely<\/em>, <em>costly<\/em>, <em>friendly, <\/em>etc. Additionally,\u00a0not all adverbs end in <em>-ly<\/em>:\u00a0<i>here, there, together, yesterday, aboard, very,<\/i><i>\u00a0almost<\/i>, etc.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Some words can function both as\u00a0an adjective and as and adverb:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Fast<\/em> is an adjective in \"a <b>fast<\/b> car\" (where it qualifies the noun <i>car<\/i>), but an adverb in \"he drove fast\" (where it modifies the verb <i>drove<\/i>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Likely<\/em> is an adjective in \"a likely outcome\" (where it modifies the noun\u00a0<em>outcome<\/em>), but an adverb in \"we will likely go\" (where it modifies the verb\u00a0<em>go<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Common Mistakes with Adjectives and Adverbs<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Mistaking Adverbs and Adjectives<\/h3>\r\nOne\u00a0common mistake with adjectives and adverbs is using\u00a0one in the place of the other. For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I wish I could write as neat as he can.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The word should be\u00a0<em>neatly<\/em>, an adverb, since it's modifying a verb.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Well, that's real nice of you.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Should be\u00a0<em>really<\/em>, an adverb, since it's modifying an adjective<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nRemember, if you're modifying a noun or pronoun, you should use\u00a0an adjective. If you're modifying anything else, you should use an adverb.\r\n<h4><em>Good v. Well<\/em><\/h4>\r\nOne of the most commonly confused adjective\/adverb pairs is <em>good<\/em> versus\u00a0<em>well<\/em>. There isn't really a good way to remember this besides memorization.\u00a0<em>Good<\/em> is an adjective.\u00a0<em>Well<\/em> is an adverb. Let's look at a couple of sentence where people often confuse these two:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">She plays basketball good.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\nIn this sentence<em>\u00a0good<\/em>\u00a0is supposed to be modifying\u00a0<em>plays,<\/em> a verb; therefore the use of <em>good<\/em>\u2014an adjective\u2014is incorrect. <em>Plays<\/em>\u00a0should be modified by an adverb. The correct sentence would read \"She plays basketball well.\"\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">I'm doing good.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\nIn this sentence, <em>good<\/em> is supposed to be modifying\u00a0<em>doing<\/em>, a verb. Once again, this means that\u00a0<em>well<\/em>\u2014an adverb\u2014should be used instead: \"I'm doing well.\"\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> The sentence \"I'm doing good\" can be grammatically correct, but only when it means \"I'm doing good things,\" rather than when it is describing how a person is feeling.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nSelect the correct modifier for\u00a0each sentence:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Billy has to work\u00a0(real \/ really) hard to be (healthy \/ healthily).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kate is really (good \/ well) with bows. She shoots really (good \/ well).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Eli reads (quick \/ quickly), and he retains the information (good \/ well).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"483134\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"483134\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Billy has to work\u00a0<strong>really<\/strong>\u00a0hard to be <strong>healthy<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Remember that\u00a0<em>to be<\/em> is a linking verb. Linking verbs often connect the subject of the sentence (Billy) to an adjective that describes it (<em>healthy<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kate is really <strong>good<\/strong> with bows. She shoots really <strong>well<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Eli reads <strong>quickly<\/strong>, and he retains the information <strong>well<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Adjectives<\/h3>\r\nIf you're a native English speaker, you may have noticed that \"the big red house\" sounds more natural than \"the red big house.\" The video below explains the order in which\u00a0adjectives occur in English:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/7sHbB9VQBgo\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nSelect\u00a0the adjectives that are in a natural sounding word order for each sentence.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>She found a(n) _______ record in her attic\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>dusty, Jazz, old<\/li>\r\n \t<li>old, dusty, Jazz<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Jazz, dusty, old<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>He walked into a pole because he was distracted by a(n) _____ dog.\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>adorable, tiny, brown<\/li>\r\n \t<li>tiny, adorable, brown<\/li>\r\n \t<li>tiny, brown, adorable<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The crowd was astounded when the professional chess player arrived wearing a(n) ____ suit to his match.\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>antique, blue, cashmere<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cashmere, blue, antique<\/li>\r\n \t<li>blue, antique, cashmere<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For her daughter\u2019s birthday, she made a(n) _____ doll house.\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>cute, wooden, yellow<\/li>\r\n \t<li>wooden, yellow, cute<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cute, yellow, wooden<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"5845\"]<strong>Click to Show Answers<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"5845\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>b. old, dusty, Jazz<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a. adorably, tiny, brown<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a. antique, blue, cashmere<\/li>\r\n \t<li>c. cute, yellow, wooden<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Adverbs<\/h3>\r\n<h4><em>Only<\/em><\/h4>\r\nHave you ever noticed the effect the word\u00a0<em>only<\/em> can have on a sentence, especially depending on where it's placed? Let's look at a simple sentence:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">She loves horses.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\nLet's see how\u00a0<em>only<\/em> can influence the meaning of this sentence:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Only<\/em> she loves horses.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No one loves horses but her.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She\u00a0<em>only<\/em> loves horses.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The one thing she does is love horses.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She loves\u00a0<em>only<\/em> horses.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>She loves horses and nothing else.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<em>Only<\/em> modifies the word that directly follows it.\u00a0Whenever you use the word\u00a0<em>only<\/em> make sure you've placed it correctly in your sentence.\r\n<h4><em>Literally<\/em><\/h4>\r\nA\u00a0linguistic\u00a0phenomenon is sweeping the nation: people are\u00a0using\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> as an intensifier. How many times have you heard things like \"It was literally the worst thing that has ever happened to me,\" or \"His head literally exploded when I told him I was going to be late again\"? Some people love this phrase, while it makes other people want to pull their hair out.\r\n\r\nSo what's the problem with this? According to\u00a0<em>Merriam-Webster's Dictionary<\/em>,<em>\u00a0<\/em>the actual definition of <em>literal<\/em>\u00a0is as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>involving the ordinary or usual meaning of a word<\/li>\r\n \t<li>giving the meaning of each individual word<\/li>\r\n \t<li>completely true and accurate : not exaggerated[footnote]\"<a href=\"http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/literal[1]\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Literal<\/a>.\" <i>Merriam-Webster.com<\/i>. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 20 June 2016.[\/footnote]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAccording to this definition,\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> should be used only when something actually happened. Our cultural usage\u00a0may be slowly shifting to allow <em>literally<\/em>\u00a0as an intensifier, but it's best to avoid using <em>literally<\/em> in any way other than its dictionary definition, especially in formal writing.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nWhich of the following sentences use the adverb\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> correctly?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>David often takes things too literally.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tommy literally died when he heard the news.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Teddy is literally the best person on the planet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"648403\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"648403\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is correct.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is incorrect (hopefully). Try replacing\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> with\u00a0<em>practically<\/em> or\u00a0<em>nearly<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence\u00a0may or may not be true; it's something that would be very hard to verify. When you're being purposefully hyperbolic, this may be okay in a non-formal setting, but you may want to consider replacing <em>literally <\/em>with an intensifier like\u00a0<em>actually <\/em>or omitting the adverb altogether, since <em>literally<\/em> has such a stigma around it.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Self-Check<\/h2>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/1275","rendered":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>identify functions of adjectives and adverbs<\/li>\n<li>identify differences between adjectives and adverbs<\/li>\n<li>identify common mistakes with adjectives and adverbs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Adjectives and adverbs describe things. For example, compare the phrase &#8220;the bear&#8221; to &#8220;the red bear&#8221; or the phrase &#8220;run&#8221; to &#8220;run slowly.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0both of these cases, the adjective (<em>red<\/em>) or adverb (<em>slowly<\/em>) changes how we understand the phrase. When you first read the word\u00a0<em>bear<\/em>, you probably didn&#8217;t\u00a0imagine a red bear. When you saw\u00a0the word\u00a0<em>run<\/em> you probably didn&#8217;t\u00a0think of it as something done slowly.<\/p>\n<p>Adjectives and adverbs\u00a0modify other words; they change our understanding of things.<\/p>\n<p>For a catchy introduction to these words in song, watch the following videos.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Adjectives Song - Educational Music Video\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/c_TmWClYse0?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Adverb Song - Educational Music Video\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FQPDk_fMcs0?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Functions of Adjectives<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2367\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/21204623\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-21-at-4.45.37-PM-264x300.png\" alt=\"Figure holding a square in one hand and a triangle in the other\" width=\"132\" height=\"150\" \/>An adjective modifies a noun; that is, it provides more detail about a noun. This can be anything from color to size to temperature to personality.\u00a0Adjectives usually\u00a0occur just before the nouns they modify. In the following examples, adjectives are in bold, while the nouns they modify are in italics (the <strong>big<\/strong>\u00a0<em>bear<\/em>):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The generator is used to convert <strong>mechanical<\/strong> <em>energy<\/em> into <strong>electrical<\/strong> <em>energy<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>steel<\/strong> <em>pipes<\/em> contain a <strong>protective sacrificial<\/strong> <em>anode<\/em> and are surrounded by <strong>packing<\/strong> <em>material<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Adjectives can also follow a linking verb. In these instances, adjectives can modify pronouns as well. In the following examples, adjectives are still bold, while the linking verb is in italics this time (the sun <em>is<\/em> <strong>yellow<\/strong>):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The schoolhouse\u00a0<em>was<\/em> <strong>red<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>I <em>looked<\/em> <strong>good<\/strong> today.<\/li>\n<li>She <em>was<\/em> <strong>funny<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Numbers can also be adjectives in some\u00a0cases. When you say &#8220;Seven is my lucky\u00a0number,&#8221;\u00a0<em>seven\u00a0<\/em>is a noun, but when you say &#8220;There are seven cats in this painting,&#8221;\u00a0<em>seven<\/em> is an adjective because it is modifying the noun\u00a0<em>cats<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the adjectives in the following sentences:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Of the four\u00a0seasons, fall is my favorite; I love the\u00a0red leaves, the\u00a0cool weather, and the\u00a0brisk wind.<\/li>\n<li>My roommate, on the other hand, thinks that summer is the best season.<\/li>\n<li>I think she is crazy.<\/li>\n<li>Fall is\u00a0better than summer. Summer is too hot and muggy to be enjoyable.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q383934\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q383934\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>The adjectives have been bolded in the sentences below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Of the <strong>four<\/strong> seasons, fall is my <strong>favorite<\/strong>; I love the\u00a0<strong>red<\/strong> leaves, the\u00a0<strong>cool<\/strong> weather, and the\u00a0<strong>brisk<\/strong> wind.<\/li>\n<li>My roommate, on the other hand, thinks that summer is the <strong>best<\/strong> season.<\/li>\n<li>I think she is <strong>crazy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Fall is <strong>better<\/strong> than summer. Summer is too <strong>hot<\/strong> and <strong>muggy<\/strong> to be <strong>enjoyable<\/strong>. (All of these adjectives follow linking verbs.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Comparable Adjectives<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2357\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/21201038\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-21-at-3.44.43-PM-300x230.png\" alt=\"Icon of 3 Russian nesting dolls, larger to smaller\" width=\"196\" height=\"150\" \/>Some adjectives are <strong>comparable<\/strong>. For example, a person may be polite, but another person may be more polite, and a third person may be the most polite of the three. The word <em>more<\/em>\u00a0here modifies the adjective <em>polite<\/em>\u00a0to indicate a comparison is being made (a <strong>comparative<\/strong>), and <em>most<\/em>\u00a0modifies the adjective to indicate an absolute comparison (a <strong>superlative<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>There is another way to compare adjectives in English.\u00a0Many adjectives can take the suffixes &#8211;<em>er<\/em>\u00a0and &#8211;<em>est<\/em>\u00a0(sometimes requiring additional letters before the suffix; see forms for <i>far<\/i> below) to indicate the comparative and\u00a0superlative forms, respectively:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><em>great<\/em>, <em>greater<\/em>, <em>greatest<\/em><\/dd>\n<dd><em>deep<\/em>, <em>deeper<\/em>, <em>deepest<\/em><\/dd>\n<dd><em>far<\/em>, <em>farther<\/em>, <em>farthest<\/em><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>Some adjectives are <i>irregular<\/i> in this sense:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><em>good<\/em>, <em>better<\/em>, <em>best<\/em><\/dd>\n<dd><em>bad<\/em>, <em>worse<\/em>, <em>worst<\/em><\/dd>\n<dd><em>little<\/em>, <em>less<\/em>, <em>least<\/em><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>Another way to convey comparison is by incorporating the words <em>more<\/em>\u00a0and <em>most<\/em>. There is no simple rule to decide which means is correct for any given adjective, however. The general tendency is for shorter\u00a0adjectives to take the suffixes, while longer adjectives do not\u2014but sometimes <i>sound<\/i> of the word is the deciding factor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>more beautiful\u00a0<\/em>not\u00a0<em>beautifuller<br \/>\nmore pretentious <\/em>not\u00a0<em>pretentiouser<\/em><em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>While there is no perfect rule to determine which adjectives will or won&#8217;t take &#8211;<em>er<\/em> and &#8211;<em>est<\/em> suffixes, this video lays out some &#8220;sound rules&#8221; that can serve as helpful guidelines:<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"Forming comparative and superlative modifiers | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Mxblg8xKBoc?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>A Note about\u00a0<em>Fun<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>The adjective\u00a0<em>fun<\/em> is one of the most notable\u00a0exceptions to the rules. If you follow the sound rules we just learned about, the comparative should be\u00a0<em>funner<\/em> and the superlative\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em>. However, for a long time, these words were considered\u00a0non-standard, with\u00a0<em>more fun<\/em> and\u00a0<em>most fun<\/em> acting as the correct forms.<\/p>\n<p>The reasoning behind this rule is now obsolete (it has a lot to do with the way\u00a0<em>fun<\/em> became an adjective), but the stigma against\u00a0<em>funner<\/em> and\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em> remains. While the tides are beginning to change, it&#8217;s safest to stick to\u00a0<em>more fun<\/em> and\u00a0<em>most fun<\/em> in formal situations (such as in academic writing or in professional correspondence).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>What are\u00a0the correct comparative and superlative forms for the adjectives below?<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Adjective<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 37%;\">Comparative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 37%;\">Superlative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><em>fun<\/em><\/td>\n<td><em>more fun<\/em> (or\u00a0<em>funner<\/em>, conversationally)<\/td>\n<td><em>most fun<\/em> (or\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em>, conversationally)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>red<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>shimmery<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>fresh<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>popular<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>squishy<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>quiet<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>large<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q393114\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q393114\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Adjective<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 37%;\">Comparative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 37%;\">Superlative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><em>fun<\/em><\/td>\n<td><em>more fun<\/em> (or\u00a0<em>funner<\/em>, conversationally)<\/td>\n<td><em>most fun<\/em> (or\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em>, conversationally)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>red<\/td>\n<td>redder<\/td>\n<td>reddest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>shimmery<\/td>\n<td>more shimmery<\/td>\n<td>most shimmery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>fresh<\/td>\n<td>fresher<\/td>\n<td>freshest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>popular<\/td>\n<td>more popular<\/td>\n<td>most popular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>squishy<\/td>\n<td>squishier<\/td>\n<td>squishiest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>quiet<\/td>\n<td>quieter<\/td>\n<td>quietest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>large<\/td>\n<td>larger<\/td>\n<td>largest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Non-Comparable Adjectives<\/h3>\n<p>Many adjectives do not naturally lend themselves to comparison. For example, some English speakers would argue that it does not make sense to say that one thing is &#8220;more ultimate&#8221; than another, or that something is &#8220;most ultimate,&#8221; since the word <em>ultimate<\/em> is already an absolute. Such adjectives are called <strong>non-comparable adjectives<\/strong>. Other examples include\u00a0<em>dead<\/em>,\u00a0<em>true<\/em>, and <em>unique<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Native speakers will frequently play with non-comparable\u00a0adjectives. Although <em>pregnant<\/em> is logically non-comparable (someone is pregnant or she\u00a0is\u00a0not), you\u00a0may hear a sentence like &#8220;She looks more and more pregnant each day.&#8221; Likewise <em>extinct<\/em>\u00a0and <em>equal<\/em>\u00a0appear to be non-comparable, but one might say that a language about which nothing is known is &#8220;more extinct&#8221; than a well-documented language with surviving literature but no speakers, and George Orwell\u00a0once wrote &#8220;All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.&#8221;<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Functions of Adverbs<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2365\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/21203735\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-21-at-4.37.06-PM-300x265.png\" alt=\"Icon of person in wheelchair, tilted back, flames coming from wheel\" width=\"170\" height=\"150\" \/>Adverbs can\u00a0perform a wide range of functions: they can modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs.\u00a0They\u00a0can come either before or after the word they modify.\u00a0In the following examples, adverbs\u00a0are in bold, while the words\u00a0they modify are in italics (the <strong>quite<\/strong> <em>handsome<\/em> man):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The desk is made of an <strong>especially<\/strong> <em>corrosion-resistant industrial<\/em> steel.<\/li>\n<li>The power company uses huge generators which are <strong>generally<\/strong> <em>turned<\/em> by steam turbines.<\/li>\n<li>Jaime\u00a0won the race, because he\u00a0<em>ran<\/em><strong>\u00a0quickly<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>This fence was <em>installed<\/em>\u00a0<strong>sloppily<\/strong>. It needs to be redone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>An adverb may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity indicated\u00a0by the verb. Some examples, where again the adverb is in bold and the words modified are in italics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Suzanne\u00a0sang <b>loudly<\/b> (<i>loudly<\/i> modifies the verb <i>sang<\/i>, indicating the manner of singing)<\/li>\n<li>We left it <b>here<\/b> (<i>here<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>left it<\/i>, indicating place)<\/li>\n<li>I worked <b>yesterday<\/b> (<i>yesterday<\/i> modifies the verb <i>worked<\/i>, indicating time)<\/li>\n<li>He <b>undoubtedly<\/b> did it (<i>undoubtedly<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>did it<\/i>, indicating certainty)<\/li>\n<li>You <b>often<\/b> make mistakes (<i>often<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>make mistakes<\/i>, indicating frequency)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>They can also modify noun phrases, prepositional phrases,\u00a0or whole clauses or sentences, as in the following examples. Once again the adverbs are in bold, while the words they modify are in italics.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I bought <b>only<\/b> the fruit (<i>only<\/i> modifies the noun phrase <i>the fruit<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>Roberto drove us <b>almost<\/b> to the station (<i>almost<\/i> modifies the prepositional phrase <i>to the station<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li><b>Certainly<\/b> we need to act (<i>certainly<\/i> modifies the sentence as a whole)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the adverbs in these paragraphs:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Mass extinctions are insanely catastrophic\u2014but important\u2014events that punctuate the history of life on Earth. The Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary was originally thought of to represent a mass extinction, but has subsequently been &#8220;downgraded&#8221; to a minor extinction event based on new discoveries.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">However, compared to other important stratigraphic boundaries, like the end-Triassic or the end-Cretaceous, the Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary remains really poorly understood.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q138389\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q138389\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">There are five adverbs in the paragraphs:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">insanely; originally; subsequently; really; poorly<\/p>\n<p>Here the adverbs have been bolded:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Mass extinctions are <strong>insanely<\/strong> catastrophic\u2014but important\u2014events that punctuate the history of life on Earth. The Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary was <strong>originally<\/strong> thought of to represent a mass extinction, but has <strong>subsequently<\/strong> been &#8220;downgraded&#8221; to a minor extinction event based on new discoveries.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">However, compared to other important stratigraphic boundaries, like the end-Triassic or the end-Cretaceous, the Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary remains <strong>really<\/strong> <strong>poorly<\/strong> understood.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Intensifiers and Adverbs of Degree<\/h3>\n<p>Adverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree. Here are a few examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You are <b>quite<\/b> right (the adverb <i>quite<\/i> modifies the adjective <i>right<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>Milagros is <strong>exceptionally\u00a0<\/strong>pretty\u00a0(the adverb <em>exceptionally<\/em>\u00a0modifies the adjective <em>pretty<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>She sang <b>very<\/b> loudly (the adverb <i>very<\/i> modifies another adverb\u2014<i>loudly<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>Wow! You ran <strong>really<\/strong> quickly!\u00a0(the adverb <em>really<\/em>\u00a0modifies another adverb\u2014<em>quickly<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other intensifiers include\u00a0<em>mildly<\/em>,\u00a0<em>pretty<\/em>,\u00a0<em>slightly<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n<p>This video provides more discussion and examples of intensifiers:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-4\" title=\"Intensifiers and adverbs of degree | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_2htRrOPiDE?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Adverbs may also undergo comparison, taking comparative and superlative forms.\u00a0This is usually done by adding <i>more<\/i> and <i>most<\/i> before the adverb (<i>more slowly, most slowly<\/i>). However, there are a few adverbs that take non-standard\u00a0forms, such as <i>well<\/i>, for which <i>better<\/i> and <i>best<\/i> are used.<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Differences Between Adjectives and Adverbs<\/h2>\n<p>As we&#8217;ve learned, adjectives and adverbs act in similar but different roles. A lot of the time this difference can be seen in the structure of the words:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A <b>clever<\/b> new idea.<\/li>\n<li>A <b>cleverly<\/b> developed idea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Clever<\/em> is an adjective, and\u00a0<em>cleverly<\/em> is an adverb. This adjective +\u00a0<em>ly<\/em> construction is a short-cut to identifying adverbs.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-5\" title=\"The Electric Company   LY\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_5ehfoEJwLg?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>While &#8211;<em>ly<\/em> is helpful, it&#8217;s not a universal rule.\u00a0Not all words that end in\u00a0&#8211;<em>ly<\/em> are adverbs: <em>lovely<\/em>, <em>costly<\/em>, <em>friendly, <\/em>etc. Additionally,\u00a0not all adverbs end in <em>-ly<\/em>:\u00a0<i>here, there, together, yesterday, aboard, very,<\/i><i>\u00a0almost<\/i>, etc.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Some words can function both as\u00a0an adjective and as and adverb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Fast<\/em> is an adjective in &#8220;a <b>fast<\/b> car&#8221; (where it qualifies the noun <i>car<\/i>), but an adverb in &#8220;he drove fast&#8221; (where it modifies the verb <i>drove<\/i>).<\/li>\n<li><em>Likely<\/em> is an adjective in &#8220;a likely outcome&#8221; (where it modifies the noun\u00a0<em>outcome<\/em>), but an adverb in &#8220;we will likely go&#8221; (where it modifies the verb\u00a0<em>go<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Common Mistakes with Adjectives and Adverbs<\/h2>\n<h3>Mistaking Adverbs and Adjectives<\/h3>\n<p>One\u00a0common mistake with adjectives and adverbs is using\u00a0one in the place of the other. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I wish I could write as neat as he can.\n<ul>\n<li>The word should be\u00a0<em>neatly<\/em>, an adverb, since it&#8217;s modifying a verb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Well, that&#8217;s real nice of you.\n<ul>\n<li>Should be\u00a0<em>really<\/em>, an adverb, since it&#8217;s modifying an adjective<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Remember, if you&#8217;re modifying a noun or pronoun, you should use\u00a0an adjective. If you&#8217;re modifying anything else, you should use an adverb.<\/p>\n<h4><em>Good v. Well<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>One of the most commonly confused adjective\/adverb pairs is <em>good<\/em> versus\u00a0<em>well<\/em>. There isn&#8217;t really a good way to remember this besides memorization.\u00a0<em>Good<\/em> is an adjective.\u00a0<em>Well<\/em> is an adverb. Let&#8217;s look at a couple of sentence where people often confuse these two:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">She plays basketball good.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>In this sentence<em>\u00a0good<\/em>\u00a0is supposed to be modifying\u00a0<em>plays,<\/em> a verb; therefore the use of <em>good<\/em>\u2014an adjective\u2014is incorrect. <em>Plays<\/em>\u00a0should be modified by an adverb. The correct sentence would read &#8220;She plays basketball well.&#8221;<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">I&#8217;m doing good.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>In this sentence, <em>good<\/em> is supposed to be modifying\u00a0<em>doing<\/em>, a verb. Once again, this means that\u00a0<em>well<\/em>\u2014an adverb\u2014should be used instead: &#8220;I&#8217;m doing well.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> The sentence &#8220;I&#8217;m doing good&#8221; can be grammatically correct, but only when it means &#8220;I&#8217;m doing good things,&#8221; rather than when it is describing how a person is feeling.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Select the correct modifier for\u00a0each sentence:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Billy has to work\u00a0(real \/ really) hard to be (healthy \/ healthily).<\/li>\n<li>Kate is really (good \/ well) with bows. She shoots really (good \/ well).<\/li>\n<li>Eli reads (quick \/ quickly), and he retains the information (good \/ well).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q483134\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q483134\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Billy has to work\u00a0<strong>really<\/strong>\u00a0hard to be <strong>healthy<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>Remember that\u00a0<em>to be<\/em> is a linking verb. Linking verbs often connect the subject of the sentence (Billy) to an adjective that describes it (<em>healthy<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Kate is really <strong>good<\/strong> with bows. She shoots really <strong>well<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Eli reads <strong>quickly<\/strong>, and he retains the information <strong>well<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Adjectives<\/h3>\n<p>If you&#8217;re a native English speaker, you may have noticed that &#8220;the big red house&#8221; sounds more natural than &#8220;the red big house.&#8221; The video below explains the order in which\u00a0adjectives occur in English:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-6\" title=\"Adjective order | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7sHbB9VQBgo?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Select\u00a0the adjectives that are in a natural sounding word order for each sentence.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>She found a(n) _______ record in her attic\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>dusty, Jazz, old<\/li>\n<li>old, dusty, Jazz<\/li>\n<li>Jazz, dusty, old<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>He walked into a pole because he was distracted by a(n) _____ dog.\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>adorable, tiny, brown<\/li>\n<li>tiny, adorable, brown<\/li>\n<li>tiny, brown, adorable<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>The crowd was astounded when the professional chess player arrived wearing a(n) ____ suit to his match.\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>antique, blue, cashmere<\/li>\n<li>cashmere, blue, antique<\/li>\n<li>blue, antique, cashmere<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>For her daughter\u2019s birthday, she made a(n) _____ doll house.\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>cute, wooden, yellow<\/li>\n<li>wooden, yellow, cute<\/li>\n<li>cute, yellow, wooden<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q5845\"><strong>Click to Show Answers<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q5845\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>b. old, dusty, Jazz<\/li>\n<li>a. adorably, tiny, brown<\/li>\n<li>a. antique, blue, cashmere<\/li>\n<li>c. cute, yellow, wooden<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Adverbs<\/h3>\n<h4><em>Only<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>Have you ever noticed the effect the word\u00a0<em>only<\/em> can have on a sentence, especially depending on where it&#8217;s placed? Let&#8217;s look at a simple sentence:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">She loves horses.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Let&#8217;s see how\u00a0<em>only<\/em> can influence the meaning of this sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Only<\/em> she loves horses.\n<ul>\n<li>No one loves horses but her.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>She\u00a0<em>only<\/em> loves horses.\n<ul>\n<li>The one thing she does is love horses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>She loves\u00a0<em>only<\/em> horses.\n<ul>\n<li>She loves horses and nothing else.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Only<\/em> modifies the word that directly follows it.\u00a0Whenever you use the word\u00a0<em>only<\/em> make sure you&#8217;ve placed it correctly in your sentence.<\/p>\n<h4><em>Literally<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>A\u00a0linguistic\u00a0phenomenon is sweeping the nation: people are\u00a0using\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> as an intensifier. How many times have you heard things like &#8220;It was literally the worst thing that has ever happened to me,&#8221; or &#8220;His head literally exploded when I told him I was going to be late again&#8221;? Some people love this phrase, while it makes other people want to pull their hair out.<\/p>\n<p>So what&#8217;s the problem with this? According to\u00a0<em>Merriam-Webster&#8217;s Dictionary<\/em>,<em>\u00a0<\/em>the actual definition of <em>literal<\/em>\u00a0is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>involving the ordinary or usual meaning of a word<\/li>\n<li>giving the meaning of each individual word<\/li>\n<li>completely true and accurate : not exaggerated<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;Literal.&quot; Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 20 June 2016.\" id=\"return-footnote-936-1\" href=\"#footnote-936-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>According to this definition,\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> should be used only when something actually happened. Our cultural usage\u00a0may be slowly shifting to allow <em>literally<\/em>\u00a0as an intensifier, but it&#8217;s best to avoid using <em>literally<\/em> in any way other than its dictionary definition, especially in formal writing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Which of the following sentences use the adverb\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> correctly?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>David often takes things too literally.<\/li>\n<li>Tommy literally died when he heard the news.<\/li>\n<li>Teddy is literally the best person on the planet.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q648403\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q648403\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>This sentence is correct.<\/li>\n<li>This sentence is incorrect (hopefully). Try replacing\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> with\u00a0<em>practically<\/em> or\u00a0<em>nearly<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>This sentence\u00a0may or may not be true; it&#8217;s something that would be very hard to verify. When you&#8217;re being purposefully hyperbolic, this may be okay in a non-formal setting, but you may want to consider replacing <em>literally <\/em>with an intensifier like\u00a0<em>actually <\/em>or omitting the adverb altogether, since <em>literally<\/em> has such a stigma around it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Self-Check<\/h2>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_1275\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=1275&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_1275\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-936\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Outcome: Adjectives and Adverbs. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision and Adaptation of Wikipedia content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Text: Common Mistakes with Adjectives and Adverbs. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Self-Check. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html#adj\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html#adj<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Adjective. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adjective\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adjective<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Forming comparative and superlative modifiers. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/forming-the-comparative-and-superlative\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/forming-the-comparative-and-superlative<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of Russian nesting dolls. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Dima Lagunov. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=size&#038;i=25765\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=size&#038;i=25765<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image with square and triangle. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anna Vital. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=difference&#038;i=433002\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=difference&#038;i=433002<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Adverb. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adverb\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adverb<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Intensifiers and adverbs of degree. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/intensifiers-and-adverbs-of-degree-modifiers-the-parts-of-speech\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/intensifiers-and-adverbs-of-degree-modifiers-the-parts-of-speech<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Why I think the Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary is super important. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jon Tennant. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: European Geosciences Union. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.egu.eu\/network\/palaeoblog\/2016\/02\/26\/why-i-think-the-jurassiccretaceous-boundary-is-super-important\/\">http:\/\/blogs.egu.eu\/network\/palaeoblog\/2016\/02\/26\/why-i-think-the-jurassiccretaceous-boundary-is-super-important\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Green Tea and Velociraptors. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of wheelchair. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Marco Acri. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=race&#038;i=23467\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=race&#038;i=23467<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Adjective order. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/adjective-order\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/adjective-order<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Rock and Roll Adverbs - Adverb Song - Grammar Rock. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: TheGrammarheads. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FQPDk_fMcs0\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/FQPDk_fMcs0<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Hey! Adjectives - Adjective Song - Grammar Rock Music. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: TheGrammarheads. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/c_TmWClYse0\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/c_TmWClYse0<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>The Electric Company - LY. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: NantoVision1. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/b4KybdSi1Fc\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/b4KybdSi1Fc<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-936-1\">\"<a href=\"http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/literal&#91;1&#93;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Literal<\/a>.\" <i>Merriam-Webster.com<\/i>. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 20 June 2016. <a href=\"#return-footnote-936-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Outcome: Adjectives and Adverbs\",\"author\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Rock and Roll Adverbs - Adverb Song - Grammar Rock\",\"author\":\"TheGrammarheads\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FQPDk_fMcs0\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Hey! Adjectives - Adjective Song - Grammar Rock Music\",\"author\":\"TheGrammarheads\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/c_TmWClYse0\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence\",\"author\":\"David McMurrey\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html#adj\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Adjective\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adjective\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation of Wikipedia content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Forming comparative and superlative modifiers\",\"author\":\"David Rheinstrom\",\"organization\":\"Khan Academy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/forming-the-comparative-and-superlative\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of Russian nesting dolls\",\"author\":\"Dima Lagunov\",\"organization\":\"The Noun Project\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=size&i=25765\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image with square and triangle\",\"author\":\"Anna Vital\",\"organization\":\"The Noun Project\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=difference&i=433002\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Adverb\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adverb\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Intensifiers and adverbs of degree\",\"author\":\"David Rheinstrom\",\"organization\":\"Khan Academy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/intensifiers-and-adverbs-of-degree-modifiers-the-parts-of-speech\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Why I think the Jurassic\/Cretaceous boundary is super important\",\"author\":\"Jon Tennant\",\"organization\":\"European Geosciences Union\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/blogs.egu.eu\/network\/palaeoblog\/2016\/02\/26\/why-i-think-the-jurassiccretaceous-boundary-is-super-important\/\",\"project\":\"Green Tea and Velociraptors\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of wheelchair\",\"author\":\"Marco Acri\",\"organization\":\"The Noun Project\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=race&i=23467\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The Electric Company - LY\",\"author\":\"NantoVision1\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/b4KybdSi1Fc\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Adjective order\",\"author\":\"David Rheinstrom\",\"organization\":\"Khan Academy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/adjective-order\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Text: Common Mistakes with Adjectives and Adverbs\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Self-Check\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"fb13e68c-f6d6-4c54-968a-a49226ce5877","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-936","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/936","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/936\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3185,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/936\/revisions\/3185"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/936\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=936"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=936"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=936"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=936"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}