{"id":937,"date":"2016-04-14T15:58:08","date_gmt":"2016-04-14T15:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=937"},"modified":"2016-08-19T21:29:44","modified_gmt":"2016-08-19T21:29:44","slug":"outcome-other-parts-of-speech-4-5","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-basicreadingwriting\/chapter\/outcome-other-parts-of-speech-4-5\/","title":{"raw":"Other Parts of Speech","rendered":"Other Parts of Speech"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>identify functions of conjunctions, and potential usage issues with them<\/li>\r\n \t<li>identify functions of prepositions, and potential usage issues with them<\/li>\r\n \t<li>identify functions of articles, and potential usage issues with them<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2108\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/13202959\/Three-box-figure-graphic-final-01-e1465849827741-866x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A person struggling to hold three boxes, one labelled with a conjunction, one with a preposition, and one with an article. He's saying &quot;Uh, what should I do with these?&quot;\" width=\"350\" height=\"414\" \/>\r\n\r\nWe've covered the majority of parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. So, what's left?\r\n\r\nWhat remains\u00a0are the little connecting word categories: conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. These small words may not seem as important as verbs, nouns, and adjectives, but they are the backbone of English: these are the words that give our language structure.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Conjunctions<\/h2>\r\nConjunctions are the words that join sentences, phrases, and other words together. Conjunctions are divided into several categories, all of which follow different rules. We will discuss coordinating conjunctions, adverbial conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.\r\n<h3><span id=\"Coordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h3>\r\nThe most common conjunctions are\u00a0<em>and<\/em>,\u00a0<em>or<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>but<\/em>. These are all\u00a0<strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>.\u00a0Coordinating conjunctions\u00a0are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more\u00a0equivalent\u00a0items (such as words, phrases, or sentences). The mnemonic acronym <i>FANBOYS<\/i> can be used to remember the most common coordinating conjunctions:\u00a0<i>for<\/i>, <i>and<\/i>, <i>nor<\/i>, <i>but<\/i>, <i>or<\/i>,\u00a0<i>yet<\/i>, and <i>so<\/i>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>For:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a reason\u00a0(\"They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>And:<\/strong>\u00a0presents non-contrasting items or ideas (\"They gamble, and they smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Nor:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a non-contrasting negative idea (\"They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>But:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a contrast or exception (\"They gamble, but they don't smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Or:<\/strong>\u00a0presents an alternative item or idea (\"Every day they gamble, or they smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Yet:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a contrast or exception (\"They gamble, yet they don't smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>So:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a consequence (\"He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.\")<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nHere are some examples of these used in sentences:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Nuclear-powered artificial hearts proved to be complicated, bulky, <strong>and<\/strong> expensive.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well <strong>and<\/strong> tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The blood vessels leading to the device tended to kink, obstructing the filling of the chambers <strong>and<\/strong> resulting in inadequate output.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any external injury\u00a0<strong>or<\/strong> internal injury put patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding because the small clots that formed throughout the circulatory system used up so much of the clotting factor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The current from the storage batteries can power lights, <strong>but<\/strong> the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs you can see from the examples above, a comma only appears before these conjunctions sometimes. So how can you tell if you need a comma or not? There are three\u00a0general rules to help you decide.\r\n<h4>Rule 1: Joining Two Complete Ideas<\/h4>\r\nLet's look back at one of our example sentences:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The current from the storage batteries can power lights, but the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/p>\r\nThere are two complete ideas in this sentence. A complete idea has both a\u00a0subject\u00a0(a noun or pronoun) and a verb. The subjects have been italicized, and the verbs bolded:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>the <em>current<\/em> from the storage batteries <strong>can power<\/strong> lights<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the <em>current<\/em> for appliances <strong>must be modified<\/strong> within an inverter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBecause each of these ideas could\u00a0stand alone as a sentence, the coordinating conjunction that joins them must be preceded by a comma. Otherwise you'll have a run-on sentence.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Run-on sentences are one of the most common errors in college-level writing. Mastering the partnership between commas and coordinating conjunctions will go a long way towards resolving many run-on sentence issues in your writing.<\/div>\r\n<h4>Rule 2: Joining Two Similar Items<\/h4>\r\nSo what if there's only one complete idea, but two subjects or two verbs?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Any external injury or internal injury put patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding because the small clots that formed throughout the circulatory system used up so much of the clotting factor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well and tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe first sentence has two subjects:\u00a0<em>external injury<\/em> and\u00a0<em>internal injury<\/em>. The second sentence has two verbs:\u00a0<em>did not fit well<\/em> and\u00a0<em>tended to obstruct<\/em>.\u00a0In each sentence, the two similar items are separated from each other by a conjunction, but no comma is required.\r\n<h4>Rule 3: Joining Three or More Similar Items<\/h4>\r\nSo what do you do if there are three or more items?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Anna\u00a0loves to run, David loves to hike, and Luz\u00a0loves to dance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fishing, hunting, and gathering were once the only ways for people do get food.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Emanuel has a very careful schedule planned for tomorrow. He needs to work, study, exercise, eat, and clean.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs you can see in the examples above, there is a comma after each item, including the item just prior to the conjunction. There is a little bit of contention about this, but overall, most styles prefer to keep the additional comma (also called the serial comma). We discuss the serial comma\u00a0in more depth\u00a0in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/chapter\/commas-common-rules-4-6-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Commas<\/a>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Starting a Sentence<\/h3>\r\nMany students are taught\u2014and some style\u00a0guides maintain\u2014that English sentences should not start with coordinating conjunctions.\r\n\r\nThis video shows that this idea\u00a0is not actually a rule. And it provides some background for why\u00a0so many people may have adopted this writing convention:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/r8KHIxscCkg\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nAre the following sentences correctly punctuated?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>I heard some news on the radio about a fire and my family saw it on the television.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The fire chief called in all his men, but ordered them to stay back.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The building became engulfed in flames, so they stood by.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They needed to examine everything for they did not think it was an accident.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The police could not find the source of the fire, nor could the fire chief.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"652898\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"652898\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Incorrect: a comma is required before <em>and<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I heard some news on the radio about a fire<strong>, and<\/strong> my family saw it on the television.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Incorrect: there is no comma required before\u00a0<em>but<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The fire chief called in all his men <strong>but<\/strong> ordered them to stay back.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Correct.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Incorrect: a comma is required before <em>for<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>They needed to examine everything<strong>, for<\/strong> they did not think it was an accident.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Correct.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Adverbial Conjunctions<\/h3>\r\n<em><img class=\"alignright wp-image-2397\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143438\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.34.17-AM-300x237.png\" alt=\"Icon of two thought bubbles\" width=\"189\" height=\"150\" \/>Adverbial conjunctions<\/em> link two separate thoughts or sentences. When used to separate thoughts, as in the example below, a comma is required on either side of the conjunction.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The first artificial hearts were made of smooth silicone rubber, which apparently caused excessive clotting and, <strong>therefore<\/strong>, uncontrolled bleeding.<\/p>\r\nWhen used to separate sentences, as in the\u00a0examples below, a semicolon is required before the conjunction and a comma after.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The Kedeco produces 1200 watts in 17 mph winds using a 16-foot rotor; <strong>on the other hand<\/strong>, the Dunlite produces 2000 watts in 25 mph winds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For short periods, the fibers were beneficial; <strong>however<\/strong>, the eventual buildup of fibrin on the inner surface of the device would impair its function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The atria of the heart contribute a negligible amount of energy; <strong>in fact<\/strong>, the total power output of the heart is only about 2.5 watts.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAdverbial conjunctions include the following words; however, it is important to note that this is by no means a complete list.\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>therefore<\/td>\r\n<td>however<\/td>\r\n<td>in other words<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>thus<\/td>\r\n<td>then<\/td>\r\n<td>otherwise<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\r\n<td>on the other hand<\/td>\r\n<td>in fact<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nFill in the missing punctuation marks for the sentences below:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Al\u00edcia works behind the counter in the family bakery after school __ however\u00a0__ Benjamin doesn't.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>On the one hand __ Benjamin loves goes to soccer games __ on the other hand __ he doesn't like to play soccer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"316451\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"316451\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Al\u00edcia works behind the counter in the family bakery after school; however, Benjamin doesn't.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>On the one hand, Benjamin loves goes to soccer games; on the other hand, he doesn't like to play soccer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3><span id=\"Correlative_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Correlative Conjunctions<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<b><img class=\"alignright wp-image-2398\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143624\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.35.59-AM-300x251.png\" alt=\"Balanced scales icon\" width=\"179\" height=\"150\" \/>Correlative conjunctions<\/b>\u00a0are word pairs that work together to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. This video will define this types of conjunction before it goes through five of the most common correlative conjunctions:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/R74Ly00UygU\r\n\r\nThe table below shows some examples of correlative conjunctions being used in a sentence:\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Correlative Conjunction<\/th>\r\n<th>Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>either...or<\/td>\r\n<td>You <b>either<\/b> do your work <b>or<\/b> prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>neither...nor<\/td>\r\n<td><b>Neither<\/b> the basketball team <b>nor<\/b> the football team is doing well.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">not only...but (also)<\/td>\r\n<td>He is <b>not only<\/b> handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> brilliant. (Not only A, but also B)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>Not only<\/b> is he handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B.)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>both...and<\/td>\r\n<td><b>Both<\/b> the cross country team <b>and<\/b> the swimming team are doing well.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">whether...or<\/td>\r\n<td>You must decide <b>whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go. (It's up to you)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>Whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go, the film must start at 8 pm. (It's not up to you)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>just as...so<\/td>\r\n<td><b>Just as<\/b> many Americans love basketball, <b>so<\/b> many Canadians love ice hockey.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as much...as<\/td>\r\n<td>Football is <b>as much<\/b> an addiction <b>as<\/b> it is a sport.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>no sooner...than<\/td>\r\n<td><b>No sooner<\/b> did she learn to ski, <b>than<\/b> the snow began to thaw.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>rather...than<\/td>\r\n<td>I would <b>rather<\/b> swim <b>than<\/b> surf.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>the...the<\/td>\r\n<td><b>The<\/b> more you practice dribbling, <b>the<\/b> better you will be at it.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as...as<\/td>\r\n<td>Football is <b>as<\/b> fast <b>as<\/b> hockey (is (fast)).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nSelect the correct conjunction for each sentence:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>(Both \/ Not only) you but also Paul forgot to do the annual report last week.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You will need to finish it by (either \/ neither) today or tomorrow. Just get it done by Friday.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(Both \/ Not only) you and Paul have been wasting too much time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Not only (she yells \/ does she yell \/ is she yell) at me, but also she screams at me.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Either (she stops \/ does she stop) yelling at me or I quit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She both (annoys \/ does she annoy) and angers me.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"608544\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"608544\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Not only<\/strong>\u00a0you but also Paul forgot to do the annual report last week.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You will need to finish it by <strong>either\u00a0<\/strong>today or tomorrow. Just get it done by Friday.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Both<\/strong>\u00a0you and Paul have been wasting too much time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Not only <strong>does she yell<\/strong>\u00a0at me, but also she screams at me.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Either <strong>she stops<\/strong>\u00a0yelling at me or I quit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She both <strong>annoys<\/strong>\u00a0and angers me.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Prepositions<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2401\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22150910\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-11.08.41-AM-300x252.png\" alt=\"Icon of open box with two arrows going inside it\" width=\"179\" height=\"150\" \/>Prepositions\u00a0are relation words;\u00a0they\u00a0can indicate location, time, or other more abstract relationships. Prepositions are noted in bold in these examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The woods\u00a0<strong>behind<\/strong>\u00a0my house\u00a0are super creepy <strong>at<\/strong> night.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She sang\u00a0<strong>until<\/strong> three in the morning.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>He was\u00a0happy <strong>for<\/strong> them.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nA preposition combines with another word (usually a noun or pronoun) called the complement. Prepositions are still in bold, and their complements are in italics:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The woods <strong>behind<\/strong>\u00a0<em>my house<\/em>\u00a0are super creepy <strong>at<\/strong> <em>night<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She sang\u00a0<strong>until<\/strong> <em>three in the morning<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>He was\u00a0happy <strong>for<\/strong> <em>them<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPrepositions generally\u00a0come before their complements (e.g., <strong>in <\/strong>England, <strong>under<\/strong> the table, <strong>of<\/strong> Jane).\u00a0However, there are a small handful of exceptions, including\u00a0<strong>notwithstanding<\/strong> and\u00a0<strong>ago<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Financial limitations<\/em> <strong>notwithstanding<\/strong>, Phil paid back his debts.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>He was released <em>three days<\/em><strong> ago<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPrepositions of location are pretty easily defined (<em>near<\/em>, <em>far<\/em>,\u00a0<em>over<\/em>, <em>under<\/em>, etc.), and prepositions about time are\u00a0as well (<em>before<\/em>, <em>after<\/em>, <em>at<\/em>, <em>during<\/em>, etc.). Prepositions of\u00a0\"more abstract relationships,\" however, are a little more nebulous in their definition. The video below gives a good overview of this category of prepositions:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/RPiAT-Nm3JY\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong> The video said that prepositions are a closed group, but it never actually explained\u00a0what a closed group\u00a0is. Perhaps the easiest way to define a closed group is to define its opposite: an open group. An open group is a part of speech allows new words\u00a0to be added. For example, nouns are an open group; new nouns, like\u00a0<em>selfie\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>blog<\/em>, enter the language all the time (verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are open groups as well).\r\n\r\nThus a\u00a0closed group simply\u00a0refers to a part of speech that doesn't allow in new words. All of the word types in this section--prepositions, articles, and conjunctions--are closed groups.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the\u00a0prepositions in the following sentences:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The cow jumped over the moon.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>My favorite painting is\u00a0<em>The Girl with the Pearl Earring.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Beatriz wanted to know if she would see Alexandre before lunch.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>All he does is talk about his band.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"478512\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"478512\"]\r\n\r\nThe prepositions have been bolded in the sentences below:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The cow jumped <strong>over<\/strong> the moon.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>My favorite painting is\u00a0<em>The Girl <strong>with<\/strong> the Pearl Earring<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Beatriz wanted to know if she would see Alexandre <strong>before<\/strong> lunch.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>All he does is talk <strong>about<\/strong> his band.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nSo far, all of the prepositions we've looked at have been one word (and most of them have been one syllable). The most common prepositions\u00a0are one-syllable words. According to one\u00a0ranking, the most common English prepositions are <i>on<\/i>, <i>in<\/i>, <i>to<\/i>, <i>by<\/i>, <i>for<\/i>, <i>with<\/i>, <i>at<\/i>, <i>of<\/i>, <i>from<\/i>, <i>as.<\/i>\r\n\r\nThere are also some prepositions that have more than one word:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>in spite of (She made it to work in spite of the terrible traffic.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>by means of (He traveled by means of boat.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>except for (Joan invited everyone to her party except for Ben.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>next to (Go ahead and sit down next to Jean-Claude.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Prepositions in Sentences<\/h3>\r\nYou'll often hear about <strong>prepositional phrases<\/strong>. A prepositional phrase includes a\u00a0preposition and its\u00a0complement (e.g., \"<strong>behind<\/strong> <em>the house<\/em>\" or \"<em>a<\/em> <em>long time <\/em><strong>ago<\/strong>\").\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Ending a Sentence with a Preposition<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/NhGQYjXMgsY\r\n\r\nAs we just learned, it is totally okay to end a sentence with a preposition. And, as we saw, it can often make your writing smoother and more concise to do so.\r\n\r\nHowever, it's still best to avoid doing it unnecessarily. If your sentence ends with a preposition and would still mean the same thing without the preposition, take it out. For example:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Where are you at?<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">That's not what it's used for.<\/p>\r\nIf you remove\u00a0<em>at<\/em>, the sentence becomes \"Where are you?\" This means the same thing, so removing\u00a0<em>at<\/em> is a good idea. However, if you remove\u00a0<em>for<\/em>, the sentence becomes \"That's not what it's used,\" which doesn't make sense.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Articles<\/h2>\r\nThere are three articles in the English language:\u00a0<i>the<\/i>,\u00a0<i>a<\/i>, and <i>an<\/i>. These are divided into two types of articles: definite (<em>the<\/em>) and indefinite (<em>a<\/em>,\u00a0<em>an<\/em>).\u00a0The definite article indicates a level of specificity that the indefinite does not. \"An apple\" could refer to any apple; however \"the apple\" is referring back to a specific apple.\r\n\r\nThus, when using the definite article, the speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the noun's referent (because it is obvious, because it is common knowledge, or because it was mentioned in the same sentence or an earlier sentence). Use of an indefinite article implies that the speaker assumes the listener does not have to be told the identity of the referent.\r\n\r\nThere are also cases where no article\u00a0is required:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>with generic nouns (plural or uncountable): <i>cars have accelerators<\/i>, <i>happiness is contagious<\/i>, referring to cars in general and happiness in general (compare <i>the happiness I felt yesterday<\/i>, specifying particular happiness);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>with many proper names: <em>Sabrina<\/em>, <i>France<\/i>, <i>London<\/i>, etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWatch this quick introduction to indefinite and definite articles and the difference between the two:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/TSd0uByBoTo\r\n<h3><span id=\"Indefinite_article\" class=\"mw-headline\">Indefinite Article<\/span><\/h3>\r\nThe indefinite article of English takes the two forms <i>a<\/i> and <i>an<\/i>. These can be regarded as meaning \"one,\" usually without emphasis.\r\n<h4><span id=\"Distinction_between_a_and_an\" class=\"mw-headline\">Distinction between <i>a<\/i> and <i>an<\/i><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2424\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/29005522\/a-964x1024.png\" alt=\"an icon showing the article a\" width=\"150\" height=\"159\" \/>You've probably learned the rule that <em>an<\/em> comes before a vowel, and that\u00a0<em>a<\/em> comes before a consonant. While this is generally true, it's more accurate to say that\u00a0<em>an<\/em> comes before a vowel\u00a0<em>sound<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>a<\/em> comes before a consonant\u00a0<em>sound<\/em>. Let's look at a couple of examples with\u00a0<em>a<\/em>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><i>a box<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>a\u00a0HEPA filter<\/i> (HEPA is pronounced as a word rather than as letters)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>a one-armed bandit<\/i> (pronounced \"won.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>a unicorn<\/i> (pronounced \"yoo.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0\")<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2423\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/29005516\/an-1024x971.png\" alt=\"an icon showing the article an\" width=\"150\" height=\"142\" \/>Let's try it again with\u00a0<em>an<\/em>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><i>an apple<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>an EPA policy<\/em> (the letter\u00a0<em>E<\/em> read as a letter still starts with a vowel sound)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>an SSO<\/i> (pronounced \"es-es-oh\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>an hour<\/i> (the <i>h<\/i> is silent)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>an heir<\/i> (pronounced \"air\")<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Some speakers and writers use <i>an<\/i> before a word beginning with the sound <span class=\"IPA\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\"><em>h<\/em><\/span>\u00a0in an unstressed syllable: <i>an historical novel<\/i>, <i>an hotel<\/i>.\u00a0However, where the <em>h<\/em> is clearly pronounced, this usage is now less common, and <em>a<\/em> is preferred.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nLook at\u00a0the following words. When they require an indefinite article, should it be\u00a0<em>a<\/em> or\u00a0<em>an<\/em>?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>ewe<\/li>\r\n \t<li>SEO specialist<\/li>\r\n \t<li>apple<\/li>\r\n \t<li>URL<\/li>\r\n \t<li>herb<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"172524\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"172524\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>a\u00a0ewe: pronounced \"you\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>an\u00a0SEO specialist: pronounced \"es-ee-oh\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>an apple: <em>a<\/em> is a vowel sound<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a\u00a0URL: pronounced \"yoo-ar-el\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>an herb: the\u00a0<em>h<\/em> is silent<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3><span id=\"Definite_article\" class=\"mw-headline\">Definite Article<\/span>\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2422 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/29005510\/the-1024x716.png\" alt=\"an icon showing the article the\" width=\"200\" height=\"140\" \/><\/h3>\r\nThe definite article <i>the<\/i> is used when the referent of the noun phrase is assumed to be unique or known from the context. For example, in the sentence \"The boy with glasses was looking at the moon,\" it is assumed that in the context the reference can only be to one boy and one moon.\r\n\r\n<em>The<\/em> can be used with both singular and plural nouns, with nouns of any gender, and with nouns that start with any letter. This is different from many other languages which have different articles for different genders or numbers.\u00a0<i>The<\/i> is the most commonly used word in the English language.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nChoose the article that should go in each sentence:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Every day, I eat (a \/ an \/ the) egg salad sandwich.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I love looking at (a \/ an \/ the) stars with you.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dani\u00a0was planning\u00a0to buy (a \/ an \/ the)\u00a0book she had been eyeing\u00a0as soon as she got paid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(A \/ An \/ The) brain like that will get you far in life.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"170373\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"170373\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>an;\u00a0Every day, I eat <strong>an<\/strong>\u00a0egg salad sandwich.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the;\u00a0I love looking at <strong>the<\/strong> stars with you.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the;\u00a0Dani\u00a0was planning\u00a0to buy <strong>the<\/strong> book she had been eyeing\u00a0as soon as she got paid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a; <strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0brain like that will get you far in life.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3><span id=\"Word_order\" class=\"mw-headline\">Word Order<\/span><\/h3>\r\nIn most cases, the article is the first word of its noun phrase, preceding all other adjectives and modifiers.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><i>The<\/i> little old red bag held <i>a<\/i> very big surprise.<\/p>\r\nThere are a few exceptions, however:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Certain determiners, such as <i>all<\/i>, <i>both<\/i>, <i>half<\/i>, <i>double<\/i>, precede the definite article when used in combination (<i>all the team<\/i>, <i>both the girls<\/i>, <i>half the time<\/i>, <i>double the amount<\/i>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>Such<\/i> and\u00a0<i>what<\/i> precede the indefinite article (<i>such an idiot<\/i>, <i>what a day!<\/i>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Adjectives qualified by <i>too<\/i>, <i>so<\/i>, <i>as<\/i> and <i>how<\/i> generally precede the indefinite article: <i>too great a loss<\/i>, <i>so hard a problem<\/i>, <i>as delicious an apple as I have ever tasted<\/i>, <i>I know how pretty a girl she is<\/i>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When adjectives are qualified by <i>quite<\/i> (particularly when it means \"fairly\"), the word <i>quite<\/i> (but not the adjective itself) often precedes the indefinite article: <i>quite a long letter<\/i>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Self-Check<\/h2>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/1276","rendered":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>identify functions of conjunctions, and potential usage issues with them<\/li>\n<li>identify functions of prepositions, and potential usage issues with them<\/li>\n<li>identify functions of articles, and potential usage issues with them<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2108\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/13202959\/Three-box-figure-graphic-final-01-e1465849827741-866x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A person struggling to hold three boxes, one labelled with a conjunction, one with a preposition, and one with an article. He's saying &quot;Uh, what should I do with these?&quot;\" width=\"350\" height=\"414\" \/><\/p>\n<p>We&#8217;ve covered the majority of parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. So, what&#8217;s left?<\/p>\n<p>What remains\u00a0are the little connecting word categories: conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. These small words may not seem as important as verbs, nouns, and adjectives, but they are the backbone of English: these are the words that give our language structure.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Conjunctions<\/h2>\n<p>Conjunctions are the words that join sentences, phrases, and other words together. Conjunctions are divided into several categories, all of which follow different rules. We will discuss coordinating conjunctions, adverbial conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Coordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The most common conjunctions are\u00a0<em>and<\/em>,\u00a0<em>or<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>but<\/em>. These are all\u00a0<strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>.\u00a0Coordinating conjunctions\u00a0are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more\u00a0equivalent\u00a0items (such as words, phrases, or sentences). The mnemonic acronym <i>FANBOYS<\/i> can be used to remember the most common coordinating conjunctions:\u00a0<i>for<\/i>, <i>and<\/i>, <i>nor<\/i>, <i>but<\/i>, <i>or<\/i>,\u00a0<i>yet<\/i>, and <i>so<\/i>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>For:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a reason\u00a0(&#8220;They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>And:<\/strong>\u00a0presents non-contrasting items or ideas (&#8220;They gamble, and they smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nor:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a non-contrasting negative idea (&#8220;They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>But:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a contrast or exception (&#8220;They gamble, but they don&#8217;t smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Or:<\/strong>\u00a0presents an alternative item or idea (&#8220;Every day they gamble, or they smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yet:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a contrast or exception (&#8220;They gamble, yet they don&#8217;t smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>So:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a consequence (&#8220;He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Here are some examples of these used in sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nuclear-powered artificial hearts proved to be complicated, bulky, <strong>and<\/strong> expensive.<\/li>\n<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well <strong>and<\/strong> tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\n<li>The blood vessels leading to the device tended to kink, obstructing the filling of the chambers <strong>and<\/strong> resulting in inadequate output.<\/li>\n<li>Any external injury\u00a0<strong>or<\/strong> internal injury put patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding because the small clots that formed throughout the circulatory system used up so much of the clotting factor.<\/li>\n<li>The current from the storage batteries can power lights, <strong>but<\/strong> the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you can see from the examples above, a comma only appears before these conjunctions sometimes. So how can you tell if you need a comma or not? There are three\u00a0general rules to help you decide.<\/p>\n<h4>Rule 1: Joining Two Complete Ideas<\/h4>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look back at one of our example sentences:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The current from the storage batteries can power lights, but the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/p>\n<p>There are two complete ideas in this sentence. A complete idea has both a\u00a0subject\u00a0(a noun or pronoun) and a verb. The subjects have been italicized, and the verbs bolded:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the <em>current<\/em> from the storage batteries <strong>can power<\/strong> lights<\/li>\n<li>the <em>current<\/em> for appliances <strong>must be modified<\/strong> within an inverter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Because each of these ideas could\u00a0stand alone as a sentence, the coordinating conjunction that joins them must be preceded by a comma. Otherwise you&#8217;ll have a run-on sentence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Run-on sentences are one of the most common errors in college-level writing. Mastering the partnership between commas and coordinating conjunctions will go a long way towards resolving many run-on sentence issues in your writing.<\/div>\n<h4>Rule 2: Joining Two Similar Items<\/h4>\n<p>So what if there&#8217;s only one complete idea, but two subjects or two verbs?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Any external injury or internal injury put patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding because the small clots that formed throughout the circulatory system used up so much of the clotting factor.<\/li>\n<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well and tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The first sentence has two subjects:\u00a0<em>external injury<\/em> and\u00a0<em>internal injury<\/em>. The second sentence has two verbs:\u00a0<em>did not fit well<\/em> and\u00a0<em>tended to obstruct<\/em>.\u00a0In each sentence, the two similar items are separated from each other by a conjunction, but no comma is required.<\/p>\n<h4>Rule 3: Joining Three or More Similar Items<\/h4>\n<p>So what do you do if there are three or more items?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anna\u00a0loves to run, David loves to hike, and Luz\u00a0loves to dance.<\/li>\n<li>Fishing, hunting, and gathering were once the only ways for people do get food.<\/li>\n<li>Emanuel has a very careful schedule planned for tomorrow. He needs to work, study, exercise, eat, and clean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you can see in the examples above, there is a comma after each item, including the item just prior to the conjunction. There is a little bit of contention about this, but overall, most styles prefer to keep the additional comma (also called the serial comma). We discuss the serial comma\u00a0in more depth\u00a0in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/chapter\/commas-common-rules-4-6-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Commas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Starting a Sentence<\/h3>\n<p>Many students are taught\u2014and some style\u00a0guides maintain\u2014that English sentences should not start with coordinating conjunctions.<\/p>\n<p>This video shows that this idea\u00a0is not actually a rule. And it provides some background for why\u00a0so many people may have adopted this writing convention:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Beginning sentences with conjunctions | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/r8KHIxscCkg?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Are the following sentences correctly punctuated?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>I heard some news on the radio about a fire and my family saw it on the television.<\/li>\n<li>The fire chief called in all his men, but ordered them to stay back.<\/li>\n<li>The building became engulfed in flames, so they stood by.<\/li>\n<li>They needed to examine everything for they did not think it was an accident.<\/li>\n<li>The police could not find the source of the fire, nor could the fire chief.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q652898\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q652898\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Incorrect: a comma is required before <em>and<\/em>.\n<ul>\n<li>I heard some news on the radio about a fire<strong>, and<\/strong> my family saw it on the television.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Incorrect: there is no comma required before\u00a0<em>but<\/em>.\n<ul>\n<li>The fire chief called in all his men <strong>but<\/strong> ordered them to stay back.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Correct.<\/li>\n<li>Incorrect: a comma is required before <em>for<\/em>.\n<ul>\n<li>They needed to examine everything<strong>, for<\/strong> they did not think it was an accident.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Correct.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Adverbial Conjunctions<\/h3>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2397\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143438\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.34.17-AM-300x237.png\" alt=\"Icon of two thought bubbles\" width=\"189\" height=\"150\" \/>Adverbial conjunctions<\/em> link two separate thoughts or sentences. When used to separate thoughts, as in the example below, a comma is required on either side of the conjunction.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The first artificial hearts were made of smooth silicone rubber, which apparently caused excessive clotting and, <strong>therefore<\/strong>, uncontrolled bleeding.<\/p>\n<p>When used to separate sentences, as in the\u00a0examples below, a semicolon is required before the conjunction and a comma after.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Kedeco produces 1200 watts in 17 mph winds using a 16-foot rotor; <strong>on the other hand<\/strong>, the Dunlite produces 2000 watts in 25 mph winds.<\/li>\n<li>For short periods, the fibers were beneficial; <strong>however<\/strong>, the eventual buildup of fibrin on the inner surface of the device would impair its function.<\/li>\n<li>The atria of the heart contribute a negligible amount of energy; <strong>in fact<\/strong>, the total power output of the heart is only about 2.5 watts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Adverbial conjunctions include the following words; however, it is important to note that this is by no means a complete list.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>therefore<\/td>\n<td>however<\/td>\n<td>in other words<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>thus<\/td>\n<td>then<\/td>\n<td>otherwise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\n<td>on the other hand<\/td>\n<td>in fact<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Fill in the missing punctuation marks for the sentences below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Al\u00edcia works behind the counter in the family bakery after school __ however\u00a0__ Benjamin doesn&#8217;t.<\/li>\n<li>On the one hand __ Benjamin loves goes to soccer games __ on the other hand __ he doesn&#8217;t like to play soccer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q316451\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q316451\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Al\u00edcia works behind the counter in the family bakery after school; however, Benjamin doesn&#8217;t.<\/li>\n<li>On the one hand, Benjamin loves goes to soccer games; on the other hand, he doesn&#8217;t like to play soccer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Correlative_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Correlative Conjunctions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2398\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143624\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.35.59-AM-300x251.png\" alt=\"Balanced scales icon\" width=\"179\" height=\"150\" \/>Correlative conjunctions<\/b>\u00a0are word pairs that work together to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. This video will define this types of conjunction before it goes through five of the most common correlative conjunctions:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Correlative conjunctions | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/R74Ly00UygU?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The table below shows some examples of correlative conjunctions being used in a sentence:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Correlative Conjunction<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>either&#8230;or<\/td>\n<td>You <b>either<\/b> do your work <b>or<\/b> prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>neither&#8230;nor<\/td>\n<td><b>Neither<\/b> the basketball team <b>nor<\/b> the football team is doing well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">not only&#8230;but (also)<\/td>\n<td>He is <b>not only<\/b> handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> brilliant. (Not only A, but also B)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Not only<\/b> is he handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>both&#8230;and<\/td>\n<td><b>Both<\/b> the cross country team <b>and<\/b> the swimming team are doing well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">whether&#8230;or<\/td>\n<td>You must decide <b>whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go. (It&#8217;s up to you)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go, the film must start at 8 pm. (It&#8217;s not up to you)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>just as&#8230;so<\/td>\n<td><b>Just as<\/b> many Americans love basketball, <b>so<\/b> many Canadians love ice hockey.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as much&#8230;as<\/td>\n<td>Football is <b>as much<\/b> an addiction <b>as<\/b> it is a sport.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>no sooner&#8230;than<\/td>\n<td><b>No sooner<\/b> did she learn to ski, <b>than<\/b> the snow began to thaw.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rather&#8230;than<\/td>\n<td>I would <b>rather<\/b> swim <b>than<\/b> surf.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>the&#8230;the<\/td>\n<td><b>The<\/b> more you practice dribbling, <b>the<\/b> better you will be at it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as&#8230;as<\/td>\n<td>Football is <b>as<\/b> fast <b>as<\/b> hockey (is (fast)).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Select the correct conjunction for each sentence:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>(Both \/ Not only) you but also Paul forgot to do the annual report last week.<\/li>\n<li>You will need to finish it by (either \/ neither) today or tomorrow. Just get it done by Friday.<\/li>\n<li>(Both \/ Not only) you and Paul have been wasting too much time.<\/li>\n<li>Not only (she yells \/ does she yell \/ is she yell) at me, but also she screams at me.<\/li>\n<li>Either (she stops \/ does she stop) yelling at me or I quit.<\/li>\n<li>She both (annoys \/ does she annoy) and angers me.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q608544\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q608544\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Not only<\/strong>\u00a0you but also Paul forgot to do the annual report last week.<\/li>\n<li>You will need to finish it by <strong>either\u00a0<\/strong>today or tomorrow. Just get it done by Friday.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Both<\/strong>\u00a0you and Paul have been wasting too much time.<\/li>\n<li>Not only <strong>does she yell<\/strong>\u00a0at me, but also she screams at me.<\/li>\n<li>Either <strong>she stops<\/strong>\u00a0yelling at me or I quit.<\/li>\n<li>She both <strong>annoys<\/strong>\u00a0and angers me.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Prepositions<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2401\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22150910\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-11.08.41-AM-300x252.png\" alt=\"Icon of open box with two arrows going inside it\" width=\"179\" height=\"150\" \/>Prepositions\u00a0are relation words;\u00a0they\u00a0can indicate location, time, or other more abstract relationships. Prepositions are noted in bold in these examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The woods\u00a0<strong>behind<\/strong>\u00a0my house\u00a0are super creepy <strong>at<\/strong> night.<\/li>\n<li>She sang\u00a0<strong>until<\/strong> three in the morning.<\/li>\n<li>He was\u00a0happy <strong>for<\/strong> them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A preposition combines with another word (usually a noun or pronoun) called the complement. Prepositions are still in bold, and their complements are in italics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The woods <strong>behind<\/strong>\u00a0<em>my house<\/em>\u00a0are super creepy <strong>at<\/strong> <em>night<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>She sang\u00a0<strong>until<\/strong> <em>three in the morning<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>He was\u00a0happy <strong>for<\/strong> <em>them<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Prepositions generally\u00a0come before their complements (e.g., <strong>in <\/strong>England, <strong>under<\/strong> the table, <strong>of<\/strong> Jane).\u00a0However, there are a small handful of exceptions, including\u00a0<strong>notwithstanding<\/strong> and\u00a0<strong>ago<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Financial limitations<\/em> <strong>notwithstanding<\/strong>, Phil paid back his debts.<\/li>\n<li>He was released <em>three days<\/em><strong> ago<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Prepositions of location are pretty easily defined (<em>near<\/em>, <em>far<\/em>,\u00a0<em>over<\/em>, <em>under<\/em>, etc.), and prepositions about time are\u00a0as well (<em>before<\/em>, <em>after<\/em>, <em>at<\/em>, <em>during<\/em>, etc.). Prepositions of\u00a0&#8220;more abstract relationships,&#8221; however, are a little more nebulous in their definition. The video below gives a good overview of this category of prepositions:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"Prepositions of neither space nor time | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RPiAT-Nm3JY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> The video said that prepositions are a closed group, but it never actually explained\u00a0what a closed group\u00a0is. Perhaps the easiest way to define a closed group is to define its opposite: an open group. An open group is a part of speech allows new words\u00a0to be added. For example, nouns are an open group; new nouns, like\u00a0<em>selfie\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>blog<\/em>, enter the language all the time (verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are open groups as well).<\/p>\n<p>Thus a\u00a0closed group simply\u00a0refers to a part of speech that doesn&#8217;t allow in new words. All of the word types in this section&#8211;prepositions, articles, and conjunctions&#8211;are closed groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the\u00a0prepositions in the following sentences:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The cow jumped over the moon.<\/li>\n<li>My favorite painting is\u00a0<em>The Girl with the Pearl Earring.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Beatriz wanted to know if she would see Alexandre before lunch.<\/li>\n<li>All he does is talk about his band.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q478512\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q478512\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>The prepositions have been bolded in the sentences below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The cow jumped <strong>over<\/strong> the moon.<\/li>\n<li>My favorite painting is\u00a0<em>The Girl <strong>with<\/strong> the Pearl Earring<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Beatriz wanted to know if she would see Alexandre <strong>before<\/strong> lunch.<\/li>\n<li>All he does is talk <strong>about<\/strong> his band.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>So far, all of the prepositions we&#8217;ve looked at have been one word (and most of them have been one syllable). The most common prepositions\u00a0are one-syllable words. According to one\u00a0ranking, the most common English prepositions are <i>on<\/i>, <i>in<\/i>, <i>to<\/i>, <i>by<\/i>, <i>for<\/i>, <i>with<\/i>, <i>at<\/i>, <i>of<\/i>, <i>from<\/i>, <i>as.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>There are also some prepositions that have more than one word:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>in spite of (She made it to work in spite of the terrible traffic.)<\/li>\n<li>by means of (He traveled by means of boat.)<\/li>\n<li>except for (Joan invited everyone to her party except for Ben.)<\/li>\n<li>next to (Go ahead and sit down next to Jean-Claude.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Prepositions in Sentences<\/h3>\n<p>You&#8217;ll often hear about <strong>prepositional phrases<\/strong>. A prepositional phrase includes a\u00a0preposition and its\u00a0complement (e.g., &#8220;<strong>behind<\/strong> <em>the house<\/em>&#8221; or &#8220;<em>a<\/em> <em>long time <\/em><strong>ago<\/strong>&#8220;).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Ending a Sentence with a Preposition<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-4\" title=\"Terminal prepositions | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NhGQYjXMgsY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>As we just learned, it is totally okay to end a sentence with a preposition. And, as we saw, it can often make your writing smoother and more concise to do so.<\/p>\n<p>However, it&#8217;s still best to avoid doing it unnecessarily. If your sentence ends with a preposition and would still mean the same thing without the preposition, take it out. For example:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Where are you at?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">That&#8217;s not what it&#8217;s used for.<\/p>\n<p>If you remove\u00a0<em>at<\/em>, the sentence becomes &#8220;Where are you?&#8221; This means the same thing, so removing\u00a0<em>at<\/em> is a good idea. However, if you remove\u00a0<em>for<\/em>, the sentence becomes &#8220;That&#8217;s not what it&#8217;s used,&#8221; which doesn&#8217;t make sense.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Articles<\/h2>\n<p>There are three articles in the English language:\u00a0<i>the<\/i>,\u00a0<i>a<\/i>, and <i>an<\/i>. These are divided into two types of articles: definite (<em>the<\/em>) and indefinite (<em>a<\/em>,\u00a0<em>an<\/em>).\u00a0The definite article indicates a level of specificity that the indefinite does not. &#8220;An apple&#8221; could refer to any apple; however &#8220;the apple&#8221; is referring back to a specific apple.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, when using the definite article, the speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the noun&#8217;s referent (because it is obvious, because it is common knowledge, or because it was mentioned in the same sentence or an earlier sentence). Use of an indefinite article implies that the speaker assumes the listener does not have to be told the identity of the referent.<\/p>\n<p>There are also cases where no article\u00a0is required:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>with generic nouns (plural or uncountable): <i>cars have accelerators<\/i>, <i>happiness is contagious<\/i>, referring to cars in general and happiness in general (compare <i>the happiness I felt yesterday<\/i>, specifying particular happiness);<\/li>\n<li>with many proper names: <em>Sabrina<\/em>, <i>France<\/i>, <i>London<\/i>, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Watch this quick introduction to indefinite and definite articles and the difference between the two:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-5\" title=\"Definite and indefinite articles | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TSd0uByBoTo?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Indefinite_article\" class=\"mw-headline\">Indefinite Article<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The indefinite article of English takes the two forms <i>a<\/i> and <i>an<\/i>. These can be regarded as meaning &#8220;one,&#8221; usually without emphasis.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Distinction_between_a_and_an\" class=\"mw-headline\">Distinction between <i>a<\/i> and <i>an<\/i><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2424\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/29005522\/a-964x1024.png\" alt=\"an icon showing the article a\" width=\"150\" height=\"159\" \/>You&#8217;ve probably learned the rule that <em>an<\/em> comes before a vowel, and that\u00a0<em>a<\/em> comes before a consonant. While this is generally true, it&#8217;s more accurate to say that\u00a0<em>an<\/em> comes before a vowel\u00a0<em>sound<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>a<\/em> comes before a consonant\u00a0<em>sound<\/em>. Let&#8217;s look at a couple of examples with\u00a0<em>a<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>a box<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>a\u00a0HEPA filter<\/i> (HEPA is pronounced as a word rather than as letters)<\/li>\n<li><i>a one-armed bandit<\/i> (pronounced &#8220;won.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0&#8220;)<\/li>\n<li><i>a unicorn<\/i> (pronounced &#8220;yoo.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0&#8220;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2423\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/29005516\/an-1024x971.png\" alt=\"an icon showing the article an\" width=\"150\" height=\"142\" \/>Let&#8217;s try it again with\u00a0<em>an<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>an apple<\/i><\/li>\n<li><em>an EPA policy<\/em> (the letter\u00a0<em>E<\/em> read as a letter still starts with a vowel sound)<\/li>\n<li><i>an SSO<\/i> (pronounced &#8220;es-es-oh&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><i>an hour<\/i> (the <i>h<\/i> is silent)<\/li>\n<li><i>an heir<\/i> (pronounced &#8220;air&#8221;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Some speakers and writers use <i>an<\/i> before a word beginning with the sound <span class=\"IPA\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\"><em>h<\/em><\/span>\u00a0in an unstressed syllable: <i>an historical novel<\/i>, <i>an hotel<\/i>.\u00a0However, where the <em>h<\/em> is clearly pronounced, this usage is now less common, and <em>a<\/em> is preferred.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Look at\u00a0the following words. When they require an indefinite article, should it be\u00a0<em>a<\/em> or\u00a0<em>an<\/em>?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>ewe<\/li>\n<li>SEO specialist<\/li>\n<li>apple<\/li>\n<li>URL<\/li>\n<li>herb<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q172524\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q172524\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>a\u00a0ewe: pronounced &#8220;you&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>an\u00a0SEO specialist: pronounced &#8220;es-ee-oh&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>an apple: <em>a<\/em> is a vowel sound<\/li>\n<li>a\u00a0URL: pronounced &#8220;yoo-ar-el&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>an herb: the\u00a0<em>h<\/em> is silent<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Definite_article\" class=\"mw-headline\">Definite Article<\/span><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2422 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/29005510\/the-1024x716.png\" alt=\"an icon showing the article the\" width=\"200\" height=\"140\" \/><\/h3>\n<p>The definite article <i>the<\/i> is used when the referent of the noun phrase is assumed to be unique or known from the context. For example, in the sentence &#8220;The boy with glasses was looking at the moon,&#8221; it is assumed that in the context the reference can only be to one boy and one moon.<\/p>\n<p><em>The<\/em> can be used with both singular and plural nouns, with nouns of any gender, and with nouns that start with any letter. This is different from many other languages which have different articles for different genders or numbers.\u00a0<i>The<\/i> is the most commonly used word in the English language.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Choose the article that should go in each sentence:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Every day, I eat (a \/ an \/ the) egg salad sandwich.<\/li>\n<li>I love looking at (a \/ an \/ the) stars with you.<\/li>\n<li>Dani\u00a0was planning\u00a0to buy (a \/ an \/ the)\u00a0book she had been eyeing\u00a0as soon as she got paid.<\/li>\n<li>(A \/ An \/ The) brain like that will get you far in life.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q170373\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q170373\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>an;\u00a0Every day, I eat <strong>an<\/strong>\u00a0egg salad sandwich.<\/li>\n<li>the;\u00a0I love looking at <strong>the<\/strong> stars with you.<\/li>\n<li>the;\u00a0Dani\u00a0was planning\u00a0to buy <strong>the<\/strong> book she had been eyeing\u00a0as soon as she got paid.<\/li>\n<li>a; <strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0brain like that will get you far in life.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Word_order\" class=\"mw-headline\">Word Order<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In most cases, the article is the first word of its noun phrase, preceding all other adjectives and modifiers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><i>The<\/i> little old red bag held <i>a<\/i> very big surprise.<\/p>\n<p>There are a few exceptions, however:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Certain determiners, such as <i>all<\/i>, <i>both<\/i>, <i>half<\/i>, <i>double<\/i>, precede the definite article when used in combination (<i>all the team<\/i>, <i>both the girls<\/i>, <i>half the time<\/i>, <i>double the amount<\/i>).<\/li>\n<li><i>Such<\/i> and\u00a0<i>what<\/i> precede the indefinite article (<i>such an idiot<\/i>, <i>what a day!<\/i>).<\/li>\n<li>Adjectives qualified by <i>too<\/i>, <i>so<\/i>, <i>as<\/i> and <i>how<\/i> generally precede the indefinite article: <i>too great a loss<\/i>, <i>so hard a problem<\/i>, <i>as delicious an apple as I have ever tasted<\/i>, <i>I know how pretty a girl she is<\/i>.<\/li>\n<li>When adjectives are qualified by <i>quite<\/i> (particularly when it means &#8220;fairly&#8221;), the word <i>quite<\/i> (but not the adjective itself) often precedes the indefinite article: <i>quite a long letter<\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Self-Check<\/h2>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_1276\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=1276&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_1276\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-937\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Outcome: Other Parts of Speech. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of man with words. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Kim Louie for Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision and Adaptation of Wikipedia content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision and Adaptation of Grammar-Quizzes. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Self-Check. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Conjunction (grammar). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Coordinators. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Julie Sevastopoulos. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Grammar-Quizzes. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.grammar-quizzes.com\/coordinators.html\">http:\/\/www.grammar-quizzes.com\/coordinators.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Correlative conjunctions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/correlative-conjunctions\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/correlative-conjunctions<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Beginning sentences with conjunctions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/beginning-sentences-with-conjunctions-the-conjunction-the-parts-of-speech-grammar\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/beginning-sentences-with-conjunctions-the-conjunction-the-parts-of-speech-grammar<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of thought bubbles. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: icon 54. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=thoughts&#038;i=393828\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=thoughts&#038;i=393828<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of balanced scales. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lloyd Humphreys. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=equal&#038;i=96785\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=equal&#038;i=96785<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Preposition and postposition. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preposition_and_postposition\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preposition_and_postposition<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Prepositions of neither space nor time. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-preposition\/v\/prepositions-of-neither-space-nor-time\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-preposition\/v\/prepositions-of-neither-space-nor-time<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Terminal prepositions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-preposition\/v\/terminal-prepositions-prepositions-the-parts-of-speech-grammar\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-preposition\/v\/terminal-prepositions-prepositions-the-parts-of-speech-grammar<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of box. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lek Potharam. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=put&#038;i=17426\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=put&#038;i=17426<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>English articles. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_articles\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_articles<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Definite and indefinite articles. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/definite-and-indefinite-articles\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/definite-and-indefinite-articles<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Outcome: Other Parts of Speech\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Image of man with words\",\"author\":\"Kim Louie for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Conjunction (grammar)\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence\",\"author\":\"David 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