| Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Substance | [latex]\Delta{H}_{1}^{ \textdegree }[/latex] (kJ mol–) | [latex]\Delta{G}_{1}^{ \textdegree }[/latex] (kJ mol–1) | [latex]{S}_{298}^{ \textdegree }[/latex] (J K–1 mol–1) |
| aluminum | |||
| Al(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.3 |
| Al(g) | 324.4 | 285.7 | 164.54 |
| Al2O3(s) | –1676 | –1582 | 50.92 |
| AlF3(s) | –1510.4 | –1425 | 66.5 |
| AlCl3(s) | –704.2 | –628.8 | 110.67 |
| AlCl3•6H2O(s) | –2691.57 | –2269.40 | 376.56 |
| Al2S3(s) | –724.0 | –492.4 | 116.9 |
| Al2(SO4)3(s) | –3445.06 | –3506.61 | 239.32 |
| antimony | |||
| Sb(s) | 0 | 0 | 45.69 |
| Sb(g) | 262.34 | 222.17 | 180.16 |
| Sb4O6(s) | –1440.55 | –1268.17 | 220.92 |
| SbCl3(g) | –313.8 | –301.2 | 337.80 |
| SbCl5(g) | –394.34 | –334.29 | 401.94 |
| Sb2S3(s) | –174.89 | –173.64 | 182.00 |
| SbCl3(s) | –382.17 | –323.72 | 184.10 |
| SbOCl(s) | –374.0 | — | — |
| arsenic | |||
| As(s) | 0 | 0 | 35.1 |
| As(g) | 302.5 | 261.0 | 174.21 |
| As4(g) | 143.9 | 92.4 | 314 |
| As4O6(s) | –1313.94 | –1152.52 | 214.22 |
| As2O5(s) | –924.87 | –782.41 | 105.44 |
| AsCl3(g) | –261.50 | –248.95 | 327.06 |
| As2S3(s) | –169.03 | –168.62 | 163.59 |
| AsH3(g) | 66.44 | 68.93 | 222.78 |
| H3AsO4(s) | –906.3 | — | — |
| barium | |||
| Ba(s) | 0 | 0 | 62.5 |
| Ba(g) | 180 | 146 | 170.24 |
| BaO(s) | –548.0 | –520.3 | 72.1 |
| BaCl2(s) | –855.0 | –806.7 | 123.7 |
| BaSO4(s) | –1473.2 | –1362.3 | 132.2 |
| beryllium | |||
| Be(s) | 0 | 0 | 9.50 |
| Be(g) | 324.3 | 286.6 | 136.27 |
| BeO(s) | –609.4 | –580.1 | 13.8 |
| bismuth | |||
| Bi(s) | 0 | 0 | 56.74 |
| Bi(g) | 207.1 | 168.2 | 187.00 |
| Bi2O3(s) | –573.88 | –493.7 | 151.5 |
| BiCl3(s) | –379.07 | –315.06 | 176.98 |
| Bi2S3(s) | –143.1 | –140.6 | 200.4 |
| boron | |||
| B(s) | 0 | 0 | 5.86 |
| B(g) | 565.0 | 521.0 | 153.4 |
| B2O3(s) | –1273.5 | –1194.3 | 53.97 |
| B2H6(g) | 36.4 | 87.6 | 232.1 |
| H3BO3(s) | –1094.33 | –968.92 | 88.83 |
| BF3(g) | –1136.0 | –1119.4 | 254.4 |
| BCl3(g) | –403.8 | –388.7 | 290.1 |
| B3N3H6(l) | –540.99 | –392.79 | 199.58 |
| HBO2(s) | –794.25 | –723.41 | 37.66 |
| bromine | |||
| Br2(l) | 0 | 0 | 152.23 |
| Br2(g) | 30.91 | 3.142 | 245.5 |
| Br(g) | 111.88 | 82.429 | 175.0 |
| BrF3(g) | –255.60 | –229.45 | 292.42 |
| HBr(g) | –36.3 | –53.43 | 198.7 |
| cadmium | |||
| Cd(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.76 |
| Cd(g) | 112.01 | 77.41 | 167.75 |
| CdO(s) | –258.2 | –228.4 | 54.8 |
| CdCl2(s) | –391.5 | –343.9 | 115.3 |
| CdSO4(s) | –933.3 | –822.7 | 123.0 |
| CdS(s) | –161.9 | –156.5 | 64.9 |
| calcium | |||
| Ca(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 |
| Ca(g) | 178.2 | 144.3 | 154.88 |
| CaO(s) | –634.9 | –603.3 | 38.1 |
| Ca(OH)2(s) | –985.2 | –897.5 | 83.4 |
| CaSO4(s) | –1434.5 | –1322.0 | 106.5 |
| CaSO4•2H2O(s) | –2022.63 | –1797.45 | 194.14 |
| CaCO3(s) (calcite) | –1220.0 | –1081.4 | 110.0 |
| CaSO3•H2O(s) | –1752.68 | –1555.19 | 184.10 |
| carbon | |||
| C(s) (graphite) | 0 | 0 | 5.740 |
| C(s) (diamond) | 1.89 | 2.90 | 2.38 |
| C(g) | 716.681 | 671.2 | 158.1 |
| CO(g) | –110.52 | –137.15 | 197.7 |
| CO2(g) | –393.51 | –394.36 | 213.8 |
| CH4(g) | –74.6 | –50.5 | 186.3 |
| CH3OH(l) | –239.2 | –166.6 | 126.8 |
| CH3OH(g) | –201.0 | –162.3 | 239.9 |
| CCl4(l) | –128.2 | –62.5 | 214.4 |
| CCl4(g) | –95.7 | –58.2 | 309.7 |
| CHCl3(l) | –134.1 | –73.7 | 201.7 |
| CHCl3(g) | –103.14 | –70.34 | 295.71 |
| CS2(l) | 89.70 | 65.27 | 151.34 |
| CS2(g) | 116.9 | 66.8 | 238.0 |
| C2H2(g) | 227.4 | 209.2 | 200.9 |
| C2H4(g) | 52.4 | 68.4 | 219.3 |
| C2H6(g) | –84.0 | –32.0 | 229.2 |
| CH3CO2H(l) | –484.3 | –389.9 | 159.8 |
| CH3CO2H(g) | –434.84 | –376.69 | 282.50 |
| C2H5OH(l) | –277.6 | –174.8 | 160.7 |
| C2H5OH(g) | –234.8 | –167.9 | 281.6 |
| C3H8(g) | –103.8 | –23.4 | 270.3 |
| C6H6(g) | 82.927 | 129.66 | 269.2 |
| C6H6(l) | 49.1 | 124.50 | 173.4 |
| CH2Cl2(l) | –124.2 | –63.2 | 177.8 |
| CH2Cl2(g) | –95.4 | –65.90 | 270.2 |
| CH3Cl(g) | –81.9 | –60.2 | 234.6 |
| C2H5Cl(l) | –136.52 | –59.31 | 190.79 |
| C2H5Cl(g) | –112.17 | –60.39 | 276.00 |
| C2N2(g) | 308.98 | 297.36 | 241.90 |
| HCN(l) | 108.9 | 125.0 | 112.8 |
| HCN(g) | 135.5 | 124.7 | 201.8 |
| chlorine | |||
| Cl2(g) | 0 | 0 | 223.1 |
| Cl(g) | 121.3 | 105.70 | 165.2 |
| ClF(g) | –54.48 | –55.94 | 217.78 |
| ClF3(g) | –158.99 | –118.83 | 281.50 |
| Cl2O(g) | 80.3 | 97.9 | 266.2 |
| Cl2O7(l) | 238.1 | — | — |
| Cl2O7(g) | 272.0 | — | — |
| HCl(g) | –92.307 | –95.299 | 186.9 |
| HClO4(l) | –40.58 | — | — |
| chromium | |||
| Cr(s) | 0 | 0 | 23.77 |
| Cr(g) | 396.6 | 351.8 | 174.50 |
| Cr2O3(s) | –1139.7 | –1058.1 | 81.2 |
| CrO3(s) | –589.5 | — | — |
| (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) | –1806.7 | — | — |
| cobalt | |||
| Co(s) | 0 | 0 | 30.0 |
| CoO(s) | –237.9 | –214.2 | 52.97 |
| Co3O4(s) | –910.02 | –794.98 | 114.22 |
| Co(NO3)2(s) | –420.5 | — | — |
| copper | |||
| Cu(s) | 0 | 0 | 33.15 |
| Cu(g) | 338.32 | 298.58 | 166.38 |
| CuO(s) | –157.3 | –129.7 | 42.63 |
| Cu2O(s) | –168.6 | –146.0 | 93.14 |
| CuS(s) | –53.1 | –53.6 | 66.5 |
| Cu2S(s) | –79.5 | –86.2 | 120.9 |
| CuSO4(s) | –771.36 | –662.2 | 109.2 |
| Cu(NO3)2(s) | –302.9 | — | — |
| fluorine | |||
| F2(g) | 0 | 0 | 202.8 |
| F(g) | 79.4 | 62.3 | 158.8 |
| F2O(g) | 24.7 | 41.9 | 247.43 |
| HF(g) | –273.3 | –275.4 | 173.8 |
| hydrogen | |||
| H2(g) | 0 | 0 | 130.7 |
| H(g) | 217.97 | 203.26 | 114.7 |
| H2O(l) | –285.83 | –237.1 | 70.0 |
| H2O(g) | –241.82 | –228.59 | 188.8 |
| H2O2(l) | –187.78 | –120.35 | 109.6 |
| H2O2(g) | –136.3 | –105.6 | 232.7 |
| HF(g) | –273.3 | –275.4 | 173.8 |
| HCl(g) | –92.307 | –95.299 | 186.9 |
| HBr(g) | –36.3 | –53.43 | 198.7 |
| HI(g) | 26.48 | 1.70 | 206.59 |
| H2S(g) | –20.6 | –33.4 | 205.8 |
| H2Se(g) | 29.7 | 15.9 | 219.0 |
| iodine | |||
| I2(s) | 0 | 0 | 116.14 |
| I2(g) | 62.438 | 19.3 | 260.7 |
| I(g) | 106.84 | 70.2 | 180.8 |
| IF(g) | 95.65 | –118.49 | 236.06 |
| ICl(g) | 17.78 | –5.44 | 247.44 |
| IBr(g) | 40.84 | 3.72 | 258.66 |
| IF7(g) | –943.91 | –818.39 | 346.44 |
| HI(g) | 26.48 | 1.70 | 206.59 |
| iron | |||
| Fe(s) | 0 | 0 | 27.3 |
| Fe(g) | 416.3 | 370.7 | 180.5 |
| Fe2O3(s) | –824.2 | –742.2 | 87.40 |
| Fe3O4(s) | –1118.4 | –1015.4 | 146.4 |
| Fe(CO)5(l) | –774.04 | –705.42 | 338.07 |
| Fe(CO)5(g) | –733.87 | –697.26 | 445.18 |
| FeCl2(s) | –341.79 | –302.30 | 117.95 |
| FeCl3(s) | –399.49 | –334.00 | 142.3 |
| FeO(s) | –272.0 | –255.2 | 60.75 |
| Fe(OH)2(s) | –569.0 | –486.5 | 88. |
| Fe(OH)3(s) | –823.0 | –696.5 | 106.7 |
| FeS(s) | –100.0 | –100.4 | 60.29 |
| Fe3C(s) | 25.10 | 20.08 | 104.60 |
| lead | |||
| Pb(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.81 |
| Pb(g) | 195.2 | 162. | 175.4 |
| PbO(s) (yellow) | –217.32 | –187.89 | 68.70 |
| PbO(s) (red) | –218.99 | –188.93 | 66.5 |
| Pb(OH)2(s) | –515.9 | — | — |
| PbS(s) | –100.4 | –98.7 | 91.2 |
| Pb(NO3)2(s) | –451.9 | — | — |
| PbO2(s) | –277.4 | –217.3 | 68.6 |
| PbCl2(s) | –359.4 | –314.1 | 136.0 |
| lithium | |||
| Li(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.1 |
| Li(g) | 159.3 | 126.6 | 138.8 |
| LiH(s) | –90.5 | –68.3 | 20.0 |
| Li(OH)(s) | –487.5 | –441.5 | 42.8 |
| LiF(s) | –616.0 | –587.5 | 35.7 |
| Li2CO3(s) | –1216.04 | –1132.19 | 90.17 |
| manganese | |||
| Mn(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.0 |
| Mn(g) | 280.7 | 238.5 | 173.7 |
| MnO(s) | –385.2 | –362.9 | 59.71 |
| MnO2(s) | –520.03 | –465.1 | 53.05 |
| Mn2O3(s) | –958.97 | –881.15 | 110.46 |
| Mn3O4(s) | –1378.83 | –1283.23 | 155.64 |
| mercury | |||
| Hg(l) | 0 | 0 | 75.9 |
| Hg(g) | 61.4 | 31.8 | 175.0 |
| HgO(s) (red) | –90.83 | –58.5 | 70.29 |
| HgO(s) (yellow) | –90.46 | –58.43 | 71.13 |
| HgCl2(s) | –224.3 | –178.6 | 146.0 |
| Hg2Cl2(s) | –265.4 | –210.7 | 191.6 |
| HgS(s) (red) | –58.16 | –50.6 | 82.4 |
| HgS(s) (black) | –53.56 | –47.70 | 88.28 |
| HgSO4(s) | –707.51 | –594.13 | 0.00 |
| nitrogen | |||
| N2(g) | 0 | 0 | 191.6 |
| N(g) | 472.704 | 455.5 | 153.3 |
| NO(g) | 90.25 | 87.6 | 210.8 |
| NO2(g) | 33.2 | 51.30 | 240.1 |
| N2O(g) | 81.6 | 103.7 | 220.0 |
| N2O3(g) | 83.72 | 139.41 | 312.17 |
| N2O4(g) | 11.1 | 99.8 | 304.4 |
| N2O5(g) | 11.3 | 115.1 | 355.7 |
| NH3(g) | –45.9 | –16.5 | 192.8 |
| N2H4(l) | 50.63 | 149.43 | 121.21 |
| N2H4(g) | 95.4 | 159.4 | 238.5 |
| NH4NO3(s) | –365.56 | –183.87 | 151.08 |
| NH4Cl(s) | –314.43 | –202.87 | 94.6 |
| NH4Br(s) | –270.8 | –175.2 | 113.0 |
| NH4I(s) | –201.4 | –112.5 | 117.0 |
| NH4NO2(s) | –256.5 | — | — |
| HNO3(l) | –174.1 | –80.7 | 155.6 |
| HNO3(g) | –133.9 | –73.5 | 266.9 |
| oxygen | |||
| O2(g) | 0 | 0 | 205.2 |
| O(g) | 249.17 | 231.7 | 161.1 |
| O3(g) | 142.7 | 163.2 | 238.9 |
| phosphorus | |||
| P4(s) | 0 | 0 | 164.4 |
| P4(g) | 58.91 | 24.4 | 280.0 |
| P(g) | 314.64 | 278.25 | 163.19 |
| PH3(g) | 5.4 | 13.5 | 210.2 |
| PCl3(g) | –287.0 | –267.8 | 311.78 |
| PCl5(g) | –374.9 | –305.0 | 364.4 |
| P4O6(s) | –1640.1 | — | — |
| P4O10(s) | –2984.0 | –2697.0 | 228.86 |
| HPO3(s) | –948.5 | — | — |
| H3PO2(s) | –604.6 | — | — |
| H3PO3(s) | –964.4 | — | — |
| H3PO4(s) | –1279.0 | –1119.1 | 110.50 |
| H3PO4(l) | –1266.9 | –1124.3 | 110.5 |
| H4P2O7(s) | –2241.0 | — | — |
| POCl3(l) | –597.1 | –520.8 | 222.5 |
| POCl3(g) | –558.5 | –512.9 | 325.5 |
| potassium | |||
| K(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.7 |
| K(g) | 89.0 | 60.5 | 160.3 |
| KF(s) | –576.27 | –537.75 | 66.57 |
| KCl(s) | –436.5 | –408.5 | 82.6 |
| silicon | |||
| Si(s) | 0 | 0 | 18.8 |
| Si(g) | 450.0 | 405.5 | 168.0 |
| SiO2(s) | –910.7 | –856.3 | 41.5 |
| SiH4(g) | 34.3 | 56.9 | 204.6 |
| H2SiO3(s) | –1188.67 | –1092.44 | 133.89 |
| H4SiO4(s) | –1481.14 | –1333.02 | 192.46 |
| SiF4(g) | –1615.0 | –1572.8 | 282.8 |
| SiCl4(l) | –687.0 | –619.8 | 239.7 |
| SiCl4(g) | –662.75 | –622.58 | 330.62 |
| SiC(s, beta cubic) | –73.22 | –70.71 | 16.61 |
| SiC(s, alpha hexagonal) | –71.55 | –69.04 | 16.48 |
| silver | |||
| Ag(s) | 0 | 0 | 42.55 |
| Ag(g) | 284.9 | 246.0 | 172.89 |
| Ag2O(s) | –31.05 | –11.20 | 121.3 |
| AgCl(s) | –127.0 | –109.8 | 96.3 |
| Ag2S(s) | –32.6 | –40.7 | 144.0 |
| sodium | |||
| Na(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.3 |
| Na(g) | 107.5 | 77.0 | 153.7 |
| Na2O(s) | –414.2 | –375.5 | 75.1 |
| NaCl(s) | –411.2 | –384.1 | 72.1 |
| sulfur | |||
| S8(s) (rhombic) | 0 | 0 | 256.8 |
| S(g) | 278.81 | 238.25 | 167.82 |
| SO2(g) | –296.83 | –300.1 | 248.2 |
| SO3(g) | –395.72 | –371.06 | 256.76 |
| H2S(g) | –20.6 | –33.4 | 205.8 |
| H2SO4(l) | –813.989 | 690.00 | 156.90 |
| H2S2O7(s) | –1273.6 | — | — |
| SF4(g) | –728.43 | –684.84 | 291.12 |
| SF6(g) | –1220.5 | –1116.5 | 291.5 |
| SCl2(l) | –50 | — | — |
| SCl2(g) | –19.7 | — | — |
| S2Cl2(l) | –59.4 | — | — |
| S2Cl2(g) | –19.50 | –29.25 | 319.45 |
| SOCl2(g) | –212.55 | –198.32 | 309.66 |
| SOCl2(l) | –245.6 | — | — |
| SO2Cl2(l) | –394.1 | — | — |
| SO2Cl2(g) | –354.80 | –310.45 | 311.83 |
| tin | |||
| Sn(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.2 |
| Sn(g) | 301.2 | 266.2 | 168.5 |
| SnO(s) | –285.8 | –256.9 | 56.5 |
| SnO2(s) | –577.6 | –515.8 | 49.0 |
| SnCl4(l) | –511.3 | –440.1 | 258.6 |
| SnCl4(g) | –471.5 | –432.2 | 365.8 |
| titanium | |||
| Ti(s) | 0 | 0 | 30.7 |
| Ti(g) | 473.0 | 428.4 | 180.3 |
| TiO2(s) | –944.0 | –888.8 | 50.6 |
| TiCl4(l) | –804.2 | –737.2 | 252.4 |
| TiCl4(g) | –763.2 | –726.3 | 353.2 |
| tungsten | |||
| W(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.6 |
| W(g) | 849.4 | 807.1 | 174.0 |
| WO3(s) | –842.9 | –764.0 | 75.9 |
| zinc | |||
| Zn(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 |
| Zn(g) | 130.73 | 95.14 | 160.98 |
| ZnO(s) | –350.5 | –320.5 | 43.7 |
| ZnCl2(s) | –415.1 | –369.43 | 111.5 |
| ZnS(s) | –206.0 | –201.3 | 57.7 |
| ZnSO4(s) | –982.8 | –871.5 | 110.5 |
| ZnCO3(s) | –812.78 | –731.57 | 82.42 |
| complexes | |||
| [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis | –898.7 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans | –896.2 | — | — |
| NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] | –837.6 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3 | –2733.0 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis | –874.9 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans | –877.4 | — | — |
| [Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis | –689.5 | — | — |
| [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis | –681.2 | — | — |
| [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans | –677.4 | — | — |
| [Co(en)3](ClO4)3 | –762.7 | — | — |
| [Co(en)3]Br2 | –595.8 | — | — |
| [Co(en)3]I2 | –475.3 | — | — |
| [Co(en)3]I3 | –519.2 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3 | –1034.7 | –221.1 | 615 |
| [Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2 | –1088.7 | –412.9 | 331 |
| [Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 | –1282.0 | –524.5 | 448 |
| [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 | –1017.1 | –582.5 | 366.1 |
| [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 | –725.5 | — | — |
| [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 | –994.1 | — | — |
| [Ni(NH3)6]Br2 | –923.8 | — | — |
| [Ni(NH3)6]I2 | –808.3 | — | — |
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