{"id":405,"date":"2014-11-25T00:40:37","date_gmt":"2014-11-25T00:40:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/englishcomp21xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=405"},"modified":"2014-11-25T00:44:00","modified_gmt":"2014-11-25T00:44:00","slug":"formatting-a-research-paper","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/chapter\/formatting-a-research-paper\/","title":{"raw":"Formatting a Research Paper","rendered":"Formatting a Research Paper"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Formatting a Research Paper<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Identify the major components of a research paper written using American Psychological Association (APA) style.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Apply general APA style and formatting conventions in a research paper.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn this chapter, you will learn how to use <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">APA style<\/span><\/span>, the documentation and formatting style followed by the American Psychological Association, as well as <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">MLA style<\/span><\/span>, from the Modern Language Association. There are a few major formatting styles used in academic texts, including AMA, Chicago, and Turabian:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>AMA (American Medical Association) for medicine, health, and biological sciences<\/li>\r\n\t<li>APA (American Psychological Association) for education, psychology, and the social sciences<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Chicago\u2014a common style used in everyday publications like magazines, newspapers, and books<\/li>\r\n\t<li>MLA (Modern Language Association) for English, literature, arts, and humanities<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Turabian\u2014another common style designed for its universal application across all subjects and disciplines<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhile all the formatting and citation styles have their own use and applications, in this chapter we focus our attention on the two styles you are most likely to use in your academic studies: APA and MLA.\r\n\r\nIf you find that the rules of proper source documentation are difficult to keep straight, you are not alone. Writing a good research paper is, in and of itself, a major intellectual challenge. Having to follow detailed citation and formatting guidelines as well may seem like just one more task to add to an already-too-long list of requirements.\r\n\r\nFollowing these guidelines, however, serves several important purposes. First, it signals to your readers that your paper should be taken seriously as a student\u2019s contribution to a given academic or professional field; it is the literary equivalent of wearing a tailored suit to a job interview. Second, it shows that you respect other people\u2019s work enough to give them proper credit for it. Finally, it helps your reader find additional materials if he or she wishes to learn more about your topic.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, producing a letter-perfect APA-style paper need not be burdensome. Yes, it requires careful attention to detail. However, you can simplify the process if you keep these broad guidelines in mind:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_l03\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Work ahead whenever you can.<\/strong> Chapter 11 \"Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?\" includes tips for keeping track of your sources early in the research process, which will save time later on.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Get it right the first time.<\/strong> Apply APA guidelines as you write, so you will not have much to correct during the editing stage. Again, putting in a little extra time early on can save time later.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Use the resources available to you.<\/strong> In addition to the guidelines provided in this chapter, you may wish to consult the APA website at <a class=\"im_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.apa.org<\/a> or the Purdue University Online Writing lab at <a class=\"im_link\" href=\"http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu<\/a>, which regularly updates its online style guidelines.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">General Formatting Guidelines<\/h2>\r\nThis chapter provides detailed guidelines for using the citation and formatting conventions developed by the American Psychological Association, or APA. Writers in disciplines as diverse as astrophysics, biology, psychology, and education follow APA style. The major components of a paper written in APA style are listed in the following box.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nThese are the major components of an APA-style paper:\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Title page<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Abstract<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Body, which includes the following:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Headings and, if necessary, subheadings to organize the content<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In-text citations of research sources<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>References page<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nAll these components must be saved in one document, not as separate documents.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Title Page<\/h2>\r\nThe title page of your paper includes the following information:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>Title of the paper<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Author\u2019s name<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Name of the institution with which the author is affiliated<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Header at the top of the page with the paper title (in capital letters) and the page number (If the title is lengthy, you may use a shortened form of it in the header.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nList the first three elements in the order given in the previous list, centered about one third of the way down from the top of the page. Use the headers and footers tool of your word-processing program to add the header, with the title text at the left and the page number in the upper-right corner. Your title page should look like the following example.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/63ec0de7d912d387f9ad6e5e69df81b4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_63ec0de7d912d387f9ad6e5e69df81b4.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Abstract<\/h2>\r\nThe next page of your paper provides an <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">abstract<\/span><\/span>, or brief summary of your findings. An abstract does not need to be provided in every paper, but an abstract should be used in papers that include a hypothesis. A good abstract is concise\u2014about one hundred to one hundred fifty words\u2014and is written in an objective, impersonal style. Your writing voice will not be as apparent here as in the body of your paper. When writing the abstract, take a just-the-facts approach, and summarize your research question and your findings in a few sentences.\r\n\r\nIn Chapter 12 \"Writing a Research Paper\", you read a paper written by a student named Jorge, who researched the effectiveness of low-carbohydrate diets. Read Jorge\u2019s abstract. Note how it sums up the major ideas in his paper without going into excessive detail.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/6954609e0cb6ae3991944bf943b9063b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_6954609e0cb6ae3991944bf943b9063b.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s02_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercise 1<\/h3>\r\nWrite an abstract summarizing your paper. Briefly introduce the topic, state your findings, and sum up what conclusions you can draw from your research. Use the word count feature of your word-processing program to make sure your abstract does not exceed one hundred fifty words.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s02_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\r\nDepending on your field of study, you may sometimes write research papers that present extensive primary research, such as your own experiment or survey. In your abstract, summarize your research question and your findings, and briefly indicate how your study relates to prior research in the field.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Margins, Pagination, and Headings<\/h2>\r\nAPA style requirements also address specific formatting concerns, such as margins, pagination, and heading styles, within the body of the paper. Review the following APA guidelines.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_block\">\r\n\r\nUse these general guidelines to format the paper:\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Set the top, bottom, and side margins of your paper at 1 inch.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use double-spaced text throughout your paper.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use a standard font, such as Times New Roman or Arial, in a legible size (10- to 12-point).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use continuous pagination throughout the paper, including the title page and the references section. Page numbers appear flush right within your header.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Section headings and subsection headings within the body of your paper use different types of formatting depending on the level of information you are presenting. Additional details from Jorge\u2019s paper are provided.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/55dba450240a560e97bb9b23e91092be.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_55dba450240a560e97bb9b23e91092be.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/02c793bd03a77e5623ce8c31eb23bd53.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_02c793bd03a77e5623ce8c31eb23bd53.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercise 2<\/h3>\r\nBegin formatting the final draft of your paper according to APA guidelines. You may work with an existing document or set up a new document if you choose. Include the following:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Your title page<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The abstract you created in Note 13.8 \"Exercise 1\"<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Correct headers and page numbers for your title page and abstract<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Headings<\/h2>\r\nAPA style uses <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">section headings<\/span><\/span> to organize information, making it easy for the reader to follow the writer\u2019s train of thought and to know immediately what major topics are covered. Depending on the length and complexity of the paper, its major sections may also be divided into subsections, sub-subsections, and so on. These smaller sections, in turn, use different heading styles to indicate different levels of information. In essence, you are using headings to create a hierarchy of information.\r\n\r\nThe following heading styles used in APA formatting are listed in order of greatest to least importance:\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>Section headings use centered, boldface type. Headings use title case, with important words in the heading capitalized.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Subsection headings use left-aligned, boldface type. Headings use title case.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The third level uses left-aligned, indented, boldface type. Headings use a capital letter only for the first word, and they end in a period.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The fourth level follows the same style used for the previous level, but the headings are boldfaced and italicized.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The fifth level follows the same style used for the previous level, but the headings are italicized and <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">not<\/strong> boldfaced.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nVisually, the hierarchy of information is organized as indicated in Table 13.1 \"Section Headings\".\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_s01_t01\" class=\"im_table im_block\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Table 13.1<\/span> Section Headings\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Level of Information<\/th>\r\n<th>Text Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Heart Disease<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Level 2<\/td>\r\n<td><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Lifestyle Factors That Reduce Heart Disease Risk<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Level 3<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Exercising regularly.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Level 4<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">Aerobic exercise.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Level 5<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em class=\"im_emphasis\">Country line dancing.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nA college research paper may not use all the heading levels shown in Table 13.1 \"Section Headings\", but you are likely to encounter them in academic journal articles that use APA style. For a brief paper, you may find that level 1 headings suffice. Longer or more complex papers may need level 2 headings or other lower-level headings to organize information clearly. Use your outline to craft your major section headings and determine whether any subtopics are substantial enough to require additional levels of headings.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_s01_n01\" class=\"im_exercises im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercise 3<\/h3>\r\nWorking with the document you developed in Note 13.11 \"Exercise 2\", begin setting up the heading structure of the final draft of your research paper according to APA guidelines. Include your title and at least two to three major section headings, and follow the formatting guidelines provided above. If your major sections should be broken into subsections, add those headings as well. Use your outline to help you.\r\n\r\nBecause Jorge used only level 1 headings, his Exercise 3 would look like the following:\r\n<div class=\"im_informaltable\">\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Level of Information<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"center\">Text Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Purported Benefits of Low-Carbohydrate Diets<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Research on Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Weight Loss<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Other Long-Term Health Outcomes<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Conclusion<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Citation Guidelines<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">In-Text Citations<\/h2>\r\nThroughout the body of your paper, include a citation whenever you quote or paraphrase material from your research sources. As you learned in Chapter 11 \"Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?\", the purpose of citations is twofold: to give credit to others for their ideas and to allow your reader to follow up and learn more about the topic if desired. Your in-text citations provide basic information about your source; each source you cite will have a longer entry in the references section that provides more detailed information.\r\n\r\nIn-text citations must provide the name of the author or authors and the year the source was published. (When a given source does not list an individual author, you may provide the source title or the name of the organization that published the material instead.) When directly quoting a source, it is also required that you include the page number where the quote appears in your citation.\r\n\r\nThis information may be included within the sentence or in a parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence, as in these examples.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nEpstein (2010) points out that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (p. 137).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nHere, the writer names the source author when introducing the quote and provides the publication date in parentheses after the author\u2019s name. The page number appears in parentheses <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">after<\/strong> the closing quotation marks and <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">before<\/strong> the period that ends the sentence.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nAddiction researchers caution that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (Epstein, 2010, p. 137).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nHere, the writer provides a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence that includes the author\u2019s name, the year of publication, and the page number separated by commas. Again, the parenthetical citation is placed <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">after<\/strong> the closing quotation marks and <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">before<\/strong> the period at the end of the sentence.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nAs noted in the book <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Junk Food, Junk Science<\/em> (Epstein, 2010, p. 137), \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive.\u201d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nHere, the writer chose to mention the source title in the sentence (an optional piece of information to include) and followed the title with a parenthetical citation. Note that the parenthetical citation is placed <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">before<\/strong> the comma that signals the end of the introductory phrase.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n04\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\nDavid Epstein\u2019s book <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Junk Food, Junk Science<\/em> (2010) pointed out that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (p. 137).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAnother variation is to introduce the author and the source title in your sentence and include the publication date and page number in parentheses within the sentence or at the end of the sentence. As long as you have included the essential information, you can choose the option that works best for that particular sentence and source.\r\n\r\nCiting a book with a single author is usually a straightforward task. Of course, your research may require that you cite many other types of sources, such as books or articles with more than one author or sources with no individual author listed. You may also need to cite sources available in both print and online and nonprint sources, such as websites and personal interviews. Chapter 13 \"APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting\", Section 13.2 \"Citing and Referencing Techniques\" and Section 13.3 \"Creating a References Section\" provide extensive guidelines for citing a variety of source types.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n05\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Writing at Work<\/h3>\r\nAPA is just one of several different styles with its own guidelines for documentation, formatting, and language usage. Depending on your field of interest, you may be exposed to additional styles, such as the following:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">MLA style.<\/strong> Determined by the Modern Languages Association and used for papers in literature, languages, and other disciplines in the humanities.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Chicago style.<\/strong> Outlined in the <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Chicago Manual of Style<\/em> and sometimes used for papers in the humanities and the sciences; many professional organizations use this style for publications as well.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Associated Press (AP) style.<\/strong> Used by professional journalists.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">References List<\/h2>\r\nThe brief citations included in the body of your paper correspond to the more detailed citations provided at the end of the paper in the references section. In-text citations provide basic information\u2014the author\u2019s name, the publication date, and the page number if necessary\u2014while the references section provides more extensive bibliographical information. Again, this information allows your reader to follow up on the sources you cited and do additional reading about the topic if desired.\r\n\r\nThe specific format of entries in the list of references varies slightly for different source types, but the entries generally include the following information:\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n\t<li>The name(s) of the author(s) or institution that wrote the source<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The year of publication and, where applicable, the exact date of publication<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The full title of the source<\/li>\r\n\t<li>For books, the city of publication<\/li>\r\n\t<li>For articles or essays, the name of the periodical or book in which the article or essay appears<\/li>\r\n\t<li>For magazine and journal articles, the volume number, issue number, and pages where the article appears<\/li>\r\n\t<li>For sources on the web, the URL where the source is located<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe references page is double spaced and lists entries in alphabetical order by the author\u2019s last name. If an entry continues for more than one line, the second line and each subsequent line are indented five spaces. Review the following example.\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/fab6ac725bd34f064d7b6efcd66c11dc.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_fab6ac725bd34f064d7b6efcd66c11dc.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/b561934bebfadaf7ee8c8da990644aac.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_b561934bebfadaf7ee8c8da990644aac.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/c72315ef9a4b05e8a2decb18f56492e9.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_c72315ef9a4b05e8a2decb18f56492e9.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\r\nIn APA style, book and article titles are formatted in sentence case, not title case. Sentence case means that only the first word is capitalized, along with any proper nouns.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_n03\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Following proper citation and formatting guidelines helps writers ensure that their work will be taken seriously, give proper credit to other authors for their work, and provide valuable information to readers.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Working ahead and taking care to cite sources correctly the first time are ways writers can save time during the editing stage of writing a research paper.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>APA papers usually include an abstract that concisely summarizes the paper.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>APA papers use a specific headings structure to provide a clear hierarchy of information.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In APA papers, in-text citations usually include the name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, which provide detailed bibliographical information about a source.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h1>Formatting a Research Paper<\/h1>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Identify the major components of a research paper written using American Psychological Association (APA) style.<\/li>\n<li>Apply general APA style and formatting conventions in a research paper.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>In this chapter, you will learn how to use <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">APA style<\/span><\/span>, the documentation and formatting style followed by the American Psychological Association, as well as <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">MLA style<\/span><\/span>, from the Modern Language Association. There are a few major formatting styles used in academic texts, including AMA, Chicago, and Turabian:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>AMA (American Medical Association) for medicine, health, and biological sciences<\/li>\n<li>APA (American Psychological Association) for education, psychology, and the social sciences<\/li>\n<li>Chicago\u2014a common style used in everyday publications like magazines, newspapers, and books<\/li>\n<li>MLA (Modern Language Association) for English, literature, arts, and humanities<\/li>\n<li>Turabian\u2014another common style designed for its universal application across all subjects and disciplines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While all the formatting and citation styles have their own use and applications, in this chapter we focus our attention on the two styles you are most likely to use in your academic studies: APA and MLA.<\/p>\n<p>If you find that the rules of proper source documentation are difficult to keep straight, you are not alone. Writing a good research paper is, in and of itself, a major intellectual challenge. Having to follow detailed citation and formatting guidelines as well may seem like just one more task to add to an already-too-long list of requirements.<\/p>\n<p>Following these guidelines, however, serves several important purposes. First, it signals to your readers that your paper should be taken seriously as a student\u2019s contribution to a given academic or professional field; it is the literary equivalent of wearing a tailored suit to a job interview. Second, it shows that you respect other people\u2019s work enough to give them proper credit for it. Finally, it helps your reader find additional materials if he or she wishes to learn more about your topic.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, producing a letter-perfect APA-style paper need not be burdensome. Yes, it requires careful attention to detail. However, you can simplify the process if you keep these broad guidelines in mind:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_l03\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Work ahead whenever you can.<\/strong> Chapter 11 &#8220;Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?&#8221; includes tips for keeping track of your sources early in the research process, which will save time later on.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Get it right the first time.<\/strong> Apply APA guidelines as you write, so you will not have much to correct during the editing stage. Again, putting in a little extra time early on can save time later.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Use the resources available to you.<\/strong> In addition to the guidelines provided in this chapter, you may wish to consult the APA website at <a class=\"im_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.apa.org<\/a> or the Purdue University Online Writing lab at <a class=\"im_link\" href=\"http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu<\/a>, which regularly updates its online style guidelines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">General Formatting Guidelines<\/h2>\n<p>This chapter provides detailed guidelines for using the citation and formatting conventions developed by the American Psychological Association, or APA. Writers in disciplines as diverse as astrophysics, biology, psychology, and education follow APA style. The major components of a paper written in APA style are listed in the following box.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>These are the major components of an APA-style paper:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Title page<\/li>\n<li>Abstract<\/li>\n<li>Body, which includes the following:\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li>Headings and, if necessary, subheadings to organize the content<\/li>\n<li>In-text citations of research sources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>References page<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>All these components must be saved in one document, not as separate documents.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Title Page<\/h2>\n<p>The title page of your paper includes the following information:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>Title of the paper<\/li>\n<li>Author\u2019s name<\/li>\n<li>Name of the institution with which the author is affiliated<\/li>\n<li>Header at the top of the page with the paper title (in capital letters) and the page number (If the title is lengthy, you may use a shortened form of it in the header.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>List the first three elements in the order given in the previous list, centered about one third of the way down from the top of the page. Use the headers and footers tool of your word-processing program to add the header, with the title text at the left and the page number in the upper-right corner. Your title page should look like the following example.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_block\">\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/63ec0de7d912d387f9ad6e5e69df81b4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_63ec0de7d912d387f9ad6e5e69df81b4.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>The next page of your paper provides an <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">abstract<\/span><\/span>, or brief summary of your findings. An abstract does not need to be provided in every paper, but an abstract should be used in papers that include a hypothesis. A good abstract is concise\u2014about one hundred to one hundred fifty words\u2014and is written in an objective, impersonal style. Your writing voice will not be as apparent here as in the body of your paper. When writing the abstract, take a just-the-facts approach, and summarize your research question and your findings in a few sentences.<\/p>\n<p>In Chapter 12 &#8220;Writing a Research Paper&#8221;, you read a paper written by a student named Jorge, who researched the effectiveness of low-carbohydrate diets. Read Jorge\u2019s abstract. Note how it sums up the major ideas in his paper without going into excessive detail.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_block\">\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/6954609e0cb6ae3991944bf943b9063b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_6954609e0cb6ae3991944bf943b9063b.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s02_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercise 1<\/h3>\n<p>Write an abstract summarizing your paper. Briefly introduce the topic, state your findings, and sum up what conclusions you can draw from your research. Use the word count feature of your word-processing program to make sure your abstract does not exceed one hundred fifty words.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s02_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\n<p>Depending on your field of study, you may sometimes write research papers that present extensive primary research, such as your own experiment or survey. In your abstract, summarize your research question and your findings, and briefly indicate how your study relates to prior research in the field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Margins, Pagination, and Headings<\/h2>\n<p>APA style requirements also address specific formatting concerns, such as margins, pagination, and heading styles, within the body of the paper. Review the following APA guidelines.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_block\">\n<p>Use these general guidelines to format the paper:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Set the top, bottom, and side margins of your paper at 1 inch.<\/li>\n<li>Use double-spaced text throughout your paper.<\/li>\n<li>Use a standard font, such as Times New Roman or Arial, in a legible size (10- to 12-point).<\/li>\n<li>Use continuous pagination throughout the paper, including the title page and the references section. Page numbers appear flush right within your header.<\/li>\n<li>Section headings and subsection headings within the body of your paper use different types of formatting depending on the level of information you are presenting. Additional details from Jorge\u2019s paper are provided.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/55dba450240a560e97bb9b23e91092be.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_55dba450240a560e97bb9b23e91092be.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/02c793bd03a77e5623ce8c31eb23bd53.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_02c793bd03a77e5623ce8c31eb23bd53.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercise 2<\/h3>\n<p>Begin formatting the final draft of your paper according to APA guidelines. You may work with an existing document or set up a new document if you choose. Include the following:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li>Your title page<\/li>\n<li>The abstract you created in Note 13.8 &#8220;Exercise 1&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Correct headers and page numbers for your title page and abstract<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Headings<\/h2>\n<p>APA style uses <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">section headings<\/span><\/span> to organize information, making it easy for the reader to follow the writer\u2019s train of thought and to know immediately what major topics are covered. Depending on the length and complexity of the paper, its major sections may also be divided into subsections, sub-subsections, and so on. These smaller sections, in turn, use different heading styles to indicate different levels of information. In essence, you are using headings to create a hierarchy of information.<\/p>\n<p>The following heading styles used in APA formatting are listed in order of greatest to least importance:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>Section headings use centered, boldface type. Headings use title case, with important words in the heading capitalized.<\/li>\n<li>Subsection headings use left-aligned, boldface type. Headings use title case.<\/li>\n<li>The third level uses left-aligned, indented, boldface type. Headings use a capital letter only for the first word, and they end in a period.<\/li>\n<li>The fourth level follows the same style used for the previous level, but the headings are boldfaced and italicized.<\/li>\n<li>The fifth level follows the same style used for the previous level, but the headings are italicized and <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">not<\/strong> boldfaced.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Visually, the hierarchy of information is organized as indicated in Table 13.1 &#8220;Section Headings&#8221;.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_s01_t01\" class=\"im_table im_block\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Table 13.1<\/span> Section Headings<\/p>\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Level of Information<\/th>\n<th>Text Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Heart Disease<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Level 2<\/td>\n<td><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Lifestyle Factors That Reduce Heart Disease Risk<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Level 3<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Exercising regularly.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Level 4<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">Aerobic exercise.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Level 5<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em class=\"im_emphasis\">Country line dancing.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>A college research paper may not use all the heading levels shown in Table 13.1 &#8220;Section Headings&#8221;, but you are likely to encounter them in academic journal articles that use APA style. For a brief paper, you may find that level 1 headings suffice. Longer or more complex papers may need level 2 headings or other lower-level headings to organize information clearly. Use your outline to craft your major section headings and determine whether any subtopics are substantial enough to require additional levels of headings.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s01_s03_s01_n01\" class=\"im_exercises im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercise 3<\/h3>\n<p>Working with the document you developed in Note 13.11 &#8220;Exercise 2&#8221;, begin setting up the heading structure of the final draft of your research paper according to APA guidelines. Include your title and at least two to three major section headings, and follow the formatting guidelines provided above. If your major sections should be broken into subsections, add those headings as well. Use your outline to help you.<\/p>\n<p>Because Jorge used only level 1 headings, his Exercise 3 would look like the following:<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informaltable\">\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Level of Information<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\">Text Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Purported Benefits of Low-Carbohydrate Diets<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Research on Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Weight Loss<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Other Long-Term Health Outcomes<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Level 1<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Conclusion<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Citation Guidelines<\/h2>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">In-Text Citations<\/h2>\n<p>Throughout the body of your paper, include a citation whenever you quote or paraphrase material from your research sources. As you learned in Chapter 11 &#8220;Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?&#8221;, the purpose of citations is twofold: to give credit to others for their ideas and to allow your reader to follow up and learn more about the topic if desired. Your in-text citations provide basic information about your source; each source you cite will have a longer entry in the references section that provides more detailed information.<\/p>\n<p>In-text citations must provide the name of the author or authors and the year the source was published. (When a given source does not list an individual author, you may provide the source title or the name of the organization that published the material instead.) When directly quoting a source, it is also required that you include the page number where the quote appears in your citation.<\/p>\n<p>This information may be included within the sentence or in a parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence, as in these examples.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>Epstein (2010) points out that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (p. 137).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Here, the writer names the source author when introducing the quote and provides the publication date in parentheses after the author\u2019s name. The page number appears in parentheses <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">after<\/strong> the closing quotation marks and <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">before<\/strong> the period that ends the sentence.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>Addiction researchers caution that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (Epstein, 2010, p. 137).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Here, the writer provides a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence that includes the author\u2019s name, the year of publication, and the page number separated by commas. Again, the parenthetical citation is placed <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">after<\/strong> the closing quotation marks and <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">before<\/strong> the period at the end of the sentence.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n03\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>As noted in the book <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Junk Food, Junk Science<\/em> (Epstein, 2010, p. 137), \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Here, the writer chose to mention the source title in the sentence (an optional piece of information to include) and followed the title with a parenthetical citation. Note that the parenthetical citation is placed <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">before<\/strong> the comma that signals the end of the introductory phrase.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n04\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p>David Epstein\u2019s book <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Junk Food, Junk Science<\/em> (2010) pointed out that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (p. 137).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Another variation is to introduce the author and the source title in your sentence and include the publication date and page number in parentheses within the sentence or at the end of the sentence. As long as you have included the essential information, you can choose the option that works best for that particular sentence and source.<\/p>\n<p>Citing a book with a single author is usually a straightforward task. Of course, your research may require that you cite many other types of sources, such as books or articles with more than one author or sources with no individual author listed. You may also need to cite sources available in both print and online and nonprint sources, such as websites and personal interviews. Chapter 13 &#8220;APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting&#8221;, Section 13.2 &#8220;Citing and Referencing Techniques&#8221; and Section 13.3 &#8220;Creating a References Section&#8221; provide extensive guidelines for citing a variety of source types.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_n05\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Writing at Work<\/h3>\n<p>APA is just one of several different styles with its own guidelines for documentation, formatting, and language usage. Depending on your field of interest, you may be exposed to additional styles, such as the following:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">MLA style.<\/strong> Determined by the Modern Languages Association and used for papers in literature, languages, and other disciplines in the humanities.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Chicago style.<\/strong> Outlined in the <em class=\"im_emphasis\">Chicago Manual of Style<\/em> and sometimes used for papers in the humanities and the sciences; many professional organizations use this style for publications as well.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Associated Press (AP) style.<\/strong> Used by professional journalists.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">References List<\/h2>\n<p>The brief citations included in the body of your paper correspond to the more detailed citations provided at the end of the paper in the references section. In-text citations provide basic information\u2014the author\u2019s name, the publication date, and the page number if necessary\u2014while the references section provides more extensive bibliographical information. Again, this information allows your reader to follow up on the sources you cited and do additional reading about the topic if desired.<\/p>\n<p>The specific format of entries in the list of references varies slightly for different source types, but the entries generally include the following information:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>The name(s) of the author(s) or institution that wrote the source<\/li>\n<li>The year of publication and, where applicable, the exact date of publication<\/li>\n<li>The full title of the source<\/li>\n<li>For books, the city of publication<\/li>\n<li>For articles or essays, the name of the periodical or book in which the article or essay appears<\/li>\n<li>For magazine and journal articles, the volume number, issue number, and pages where the article appears<\/li>\n<li>For sources on the web, the URL where the source is located<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The references page is double spaced and lists entries in alphabetical order by the author\u2019s last name. If an entry continues for more than one line, the second line and each subsequent line are indented five spaces. Review the following example.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_block\">\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/fab6ac725bd34f064d7b6efcd66c11dc.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_fab6ac725bd34f064d7b6efcd66c11dc.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/b561934bebfadaf7ee8c8da990644aac.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_b561934bebfadaf7ee8c8da990644aac.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"im_informalfigure im_large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/section_17\/c72315ef9a4b05e8a2decb18f56492e9.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/successfulwriting\/images\/sm_c72315ef9a4b05e8a2decb18f56492e9.jpg#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Tip<\/h3>\n<p>In APA style, book and article titles are formatted in sentence case, not title case. Sentence case means that only the first word is capitalized, along with any proper nouns.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_n03\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s01_s02_s02_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li>Following proper citation and formatting guidelines helps writers ensure that their work will be taken seriously, give proper credit to other authors for their work, and provide valuable information to readers.<\/li>\n<li>Working ahead and taking care to cite sources correctly the first time are ways writers can save time during the editing stage of writing a research paper.<\/li>\n<li>APA papers usually include an abstract that concisely summarizes the paper.<\/li>\n<li>APA papers use a specific headings structure to provide a clear hierarchy of information.<\/li>\n<li>In APA papers, in-text citations usually include the name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.<\/li>\n<li>In-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, which provide detailed bibliographical information about a source.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-405\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Successful Writing Ch 13.1. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":128,"menu_order":21,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Successful Writing Ch 13.1\",\"author\":\"Anonymous \",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/successful-writing\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-405","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":296,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/405","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/128"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/405\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":419,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/405\/revisions\/419"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/296"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/405\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=405"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=405"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-engl-1010-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}