{"id":68,"date":"2015-03-23T20:43:52","date_gmt":"2015-03-23T20:43:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/userguide\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=68"},"modified":"2015-04-03T19:06:10","modified_gmt":"2015-04-03T19:06:10","slug":"public-domain","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ccc-userguide-1\/chapter\/public-domain\/","title":{"raw":"Public Domain","rendered":"Public Domain"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Frequently Asked Questions About the Public Domain<\/h2>\r\nWhat is the public domain?\r\n<div id=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"container\">\r\n<div class=\"content\">\r\n\r\nPublic domain works are not restricted by copyright and do not require a license or fee to use. Public domain status allows the user unrestricted access and unlimited creativity!\r\n\r\nThere are three main categories of public domain works:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Works that automatically enter the public domain upon creation, because they are not copyrightable:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Titles, names, short phrases and slogans, familiar symbols, numbers<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ideas and facts (e.g., the date of the Gettysburg Address)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Processes and systems<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Government works and documents<sup><a id=\"footnoteref1_qpjpbmc\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"More specifically, &quot;a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person\u2019s official duties&quot; is in the public domain, but there are situations in which copyright does apply to a government document. For example, works produced by contractors working on behalf of the government can be protected by copyright, depending on the terms of the contract. There may be disclaimers on &quot;.gov&quot; sites that cover exceptions or discrepancies.\" href=\"#footnote1_qpjpbmc\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Works that have been assigned to the public domain by their creators<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Works that have entered the public domain because the copyright on them has expired<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n(<i>Note:<\/i> Use of some works, such as ideas and symbols, may be restricted by other laws, such as patent, trademark, or trade secret.)\r\n<h3>What works have expired into the public domain?<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>All works published in the U.S. before 1923<\/li>\r\n\t<li>All works published with a copyright notice from 1923 through 1963 without copyright renewal<\/li>\r\n\t<li>All works published without a copyright notice from 1923 through 1977<\/li>\r\n\t<li>All works published without a copyright notice from 1978 through March 1, 1989, and without subsequent registration within 5 years<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCongress has passed a series of laws extending the term of copyright. Currently, the default term is life of the author plus 70 years. That means that most of the copyrighted works created from the late 1970s to the present may not become public domain during your lifetime.\r\n\r\nIn general, works published after 1977 will not fall into the public domain until 70 years after the death of author, or, for corporate works, anonymous works, or works for hire, 95 years from the date of publication or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever expires first.\r\n<h3>Where can I find public domain works?<\/h3>\r\nThe sites below will guide you to a cultural wealth of public domain books, images, illustrations, audio, and films where the copyright term has expired or the creator has not renewed the license. Remember, public domain works are free and available for unrestricted use. Enjoy and be creative!\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/flickr.com\/photos\/smithsonian\">Smithsonian Institution Public Domain Images<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Public_Domain_Images_from_the_New_York_Times\">New York Times Public Domain Archives<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/gutenberg.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\">Project Gutenberg<\/a>, a collection of public domain electronic books<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/librivox.org\">Librivox<\/a>, public domain audio books<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/prelinger\">Prelinger Archives<\/a>; a vast collection of advertising, educational, industrial, and amateur films.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>How does a creator dedicate a work to the public domain?<\/h3>\r\nOne way to dedicate a work to the public domain in the U.S. is to use the <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/license\/publicdomain-2\">Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication<\/a>. Note that interpretation of a dedication may vary in countries outside of the United States.\r\n\r\nCreative Commons also offers \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.creativecommons.org\/CC0\">CC0<\/a>,\u201d a method of waiving all copyrights and a number of other related rights.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>More specifically, \"a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person\u2019s official duties\" is in the public domain, but there are situations in which copyright does apply to a government document.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>For example, works produced by contractors working on behalf of the government can be protected by copyright, depending on the terms of the contract. There may be disclaimers on \".gov\" sites that cover exceptions or discrepancies.\r\nCornell University, <a href=\"http:\/\/copyright.cornell.edu\/resources\/publicdomain.cfm\">\u201cCopyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States 1 January 2009\u201d <\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>Abstract:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThis <a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/oerfiles\/Pathways+Tidewater\/copyrightterm.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">10-page Chart <\/a>showing the Copyright Term of different types of copyrighted materials and when\/if they will pass into the Public Domain. This document was produced by the Cornell University Copyright Information Center. It was last updated January 1, 2014 so it provides very current and accurate information.\r\n<div class=\"ccbb-attachments\"><!-- end of Attachments --><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>For Candela Users<\/h2>\r\nThough Public Domain works legally do not have to be attributed, it's good practice to identify and credit them in your Candela course. \u00a0This can be easily done\u00a0using the Citations tool. \u00a0That way, you're modeling good citation practice for your students, and allowing other viewers who might be interested in the content to be able to track it down for themselves.","rendered":"<h2>Frequently Asked Questions About the Public Domain<\/h2>\n<p>What is the public domain?<\/p>\n<div id=\"wrapper\">\n<div id=\"container\">\n<div class=\"content\">\n<p>Public domain works are not restricted by copyright and do not require a license or fee to use. Public domain status allows the user unrestricted access and unlimited creativity!<\/p>\n<p>There are three main categories of public domain works:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Works that automatically enter the public domain upon creation, because they are not copyrightable:\n<ul>\n<li>Titles, names, short phrases and slogans, familiar symbols, numbers<\/li>\n<li>Ideas and facts (e.g., the date of the Gettysburg Address)<\/li>\n<li>Processes and systems<\/li>\n<li>Government works and documents<sup><a id=\"footnoteref1_qpjpbmc\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"More specifically, &quot;a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person\u2019s official duties&quot; is in the public domain, but there are situations in which copyright does apply to a government document. For example, works produced by contractors working on behalf of the government can be protected by copyright, depending on the terms of the contract. There may be disclaimers on &quot;.gov&quot; sites that cover exceptions or discrepancies.\" href=\"#footnote1_qpjpbmc\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Works that have been assigned to the public domain by their creators<\/li>\n<li>Works that have entered the public domain because the copyright on them has expired<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(<i>Note:<\/i> Use of some works, such as ideas and symbols, may be restricted by other laws, such as patent, trademark, or trade secret.)<\/p>\n<h3>What works have expired into the public domain?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>All works published in the U.S. before 1923<\/li>\n<li>All works published with a copyright notice from 1923 through 1963 without copyright renewal<\/li>\n<li>All works published without a copyright notice from 1923 through 1977<\/li>\n<li>All works published without a copyright notice from 1978 through March 1, 1989, and without subsequent registration within 5 years<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Congress has passed a series of laws extending the term of copyright. Currently, the default term is life of the author plus 70 years. That means that most of the copyrighted works created from the late 1970s to the present may not become public domain during your lifetime.<\/p>\n<p>In general, works published after 1977 will not fall into the public domain until 70 years after the death of author, or, for corporate works, anonymous works, or works for hire, 95 years from the date of publication or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever expires first.<\/p>\n<h3>Where can I find public domain works?<\/h3>\n<p>The sites below will guide you to a cultural wealth of public domain books, images, illustrations, audio, and films where the copyright term has expired or the creator has not renewed the license. Remember, public domain works are free and available for unrestricted use. Enjoy and be creative!<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/flickr.com\/photos\/smithsonian\">Smithsonian Institution Public Domain Images<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Public_Domain_Images_from_the_New_York_Times\">New York Times Public Domain Archives<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/gutenberg.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\">Project Gutenberg<\/a>, a collection of public domain electronic books<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/librivox.org\">Librivox<\/a>, public domain audio books<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/prelinger\">Prelinger Archives<\/a>; a vast collection of advertising, educational, industrial, and amateur films.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How does a creator dedicate a work to the public domain?<\/h3>\n<p>One way to dedicate a work to the public domain in the U.S. is to use the <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/license\/publicdomain-2\">Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication<\/a>. Note that interpretation of a dedication may vary in countries outside of the United States.<\/p>\n<p>Creative Commons also offers \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/wiki.creativecommons.org\/CC0\">CC0<\/a>,\u201d a method of waiving all copyrights and a number of other related rights.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>More specifically, &#8220;a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person\u2019s official duties&#8221; is in the public domain, but there are situations in which copyright does apply to a government document.<\/li>\n<li>For example, works produced by contractors working on behalf of the government can be protected by copyright, depending on the terms of the contract. There may be disclaimers on &#8220;.gov&#8221; sites that cover exceptions or discrepancies.<br \/>\nCornell University, <a href=\"http:\/\/copyright.cornell.edu\/resources\/publicdomain.cfm\">\u201cCopyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States 1 January 2009\u201d <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Abstract:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This <a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/oerfiles\/Pathways+Tidewater\/copyrightterm.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">10-page Chart <\/a>showing the Copyright Term of different types of copyrighted materials and when\/if they will pass into the Public Domain. This document was produced by the Cornell University Copyright Information Center. It was last updated January 1, 2014 so it provides very current and accurate information.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ccbb-attachments\"><!-- end of Attachments --><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>For Candela Users<\/h2>\n<p>Though Public Domain works legally do not have to be attributed, it&#8217;s good practice to identify and credit them in your Candela course. \u00a0This can be easily done\u00a0using the Citations tool. \u00a0That way, you&#8217;re modeling good citation practice for your students, and allowing other viewers who might be interested in the content to be able to track it down for themselves.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-68\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Public Domain FAQ. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Electronic Frontier Foundation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Electronic Frontier Foundation. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\">https:\/\/www.eff.org<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Copyright Term and The Public Domain in the United States. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Cornell Copyright Information Center. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Cornell University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/copyright.cornell.edu\/resources\/docs\/copyrightterm.pdf\">https:\/\/copyright.cornell.edu\/resources\/docs\/copyrightterm.pdf<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Course Content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Linda Williams. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Tidewater Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\">http:\/\/www.tcc.edu<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Lumen Learning authored content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li><strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lumenlearning.com\">http:\/\/www.lumenlearning.com<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":277,"menu_order":13,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Public Domain 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