{"id":1600,"date":"2015-04-23T22:20:08","date_gmt":"2015-04-23T22:20:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/oschemtemp\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1600"},"modified":"2016-10-27T17:15:27","modified_gmt":"2016-10-27T17:15:27","slug":"the-periodic-table-4","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/chapter\/the-periodic-table-4\/","title":{"raw":"The Periodic Table","rendered":"The Periodic Table"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>State the periodic law and explain the organization of elements in the periodic table<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Predict the general properties of elements based on their location within the periodic table<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify metals, nonmetals, and metalloids by their properties and\/or location on the periodic table<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs early chemists worked to purify ores and discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped together by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K): These elements all are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However, the specific properties of these two groupings are notably different from each other. For example: Li, Na, and K are much more reactive than are Ca, Sr, and Ba; Li, Na, and K form compounds with oxygen in a ratio of two of their atoms to one oxygen atom, whereas Ca, Sr, and Ba form compounds with one of their atoms to one oxygen atom. Fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I) also exhibit similar properties to each other, but these properties are drastically different from those of any of the elements above.\r\n\r\nDimitri <strong>Mendeleev<\/strong> in Russia (1869) and Lothar <strong>Meyer<\/strong> in Germany (1870) independently recognized that there was a periodic relationship among the properties of the elements known at that time. Both published tables with the elements arranged according to increasing atomic mass. But Mendeleev went one step further than Meyer: He used his table to predict the existence of elements that would have the properties similar to aluminum and silicon, but were yet unknown. The discoveries of gallium (1875) and germanium (1886) provided great support for Mendeleev\u2019s work. Although Mendeleev and Meyer had a long dispute over priority, Mendeleev\u2019s contributions to the development of the periodic table are now more widely recognized (Figure 1).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"881\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23211054\/CNX_Chem_02_05_Mendeleev1.jpg\" alt=\"Figure A shows a photograph of Dimitri Mendeleev. Figure B shows the first periodic table developed by Mendeleev, which had eight groups and twelve periods. In the first group (\u2014, R superscript plus sign 0) is the following information: H = 1, L i = 7, N a = 23, K = 39, (C u = 63), R b = 85, (A g = 108), C a = 183, (\u2014),\u2014, (A u = 199) \u2014. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. The second group (\u2014, R 0) contains the following information: (not entry for period 1) B o = 9, 4, M g = 24, C a = 40, Z n = 65, S r = 87, C d = 112, B a = 187, \u2014, \u2014, H g = 200, \u2014. Note the ach of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group three (\u2014, R superscript one 0 superscript nine) contains the information: (no entry for period 1), B = 11, A l = 27, 8. \u2014 = 44, \u2014 = 68, ? Y t = 88, I n = 113, ? D I = 138, \u2014, ? E r = 178, T l = 204, \u2014. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group four (RH superscript four, R0 superscript eight) contains the following information: (no entry for period 1), C = 12, B i = 28, T i = 48, \u2014 = 72, Z r = 90, S n = 118, ? C o = 140, ? L a = 180, P b = 207, T h = 231. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group five (R H superscript two, R superscript two 0 superscript five) contains the following information: (no entry for period 1), N = 14, P = 31, V = 51, A s = 75, N b = 94, S b = 122, \u2014, \u2014, T a = 182, B l = 208, \u2014. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group six (R H superscript two, R 0 superscript three) contains the following information: (no entry for period 1), O = 16, S = 32, C r = 52, S o = 78, M o = 96, T o = 125, \u2014, \u2014, W = 184, \u2014, U = 240. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group seven (R H , R superscript plus sing, 0 superscript 7) contains the following information: (no entry for period 1), F = 19, C l = 35, 5, M n = 55, B r = 80, \u2014 = 100, J = 127, \u2014, \u2014, \u2014, \u2014, \u2014. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group 8 (\u2014, R 0 superscript four) contains the following information: (no entry for periods 1, 2, 3), in period 4: F o = 56, C o = 59, N i = 59, C u = 63, no entry for period five, in period 6: R u = 104, R h = 104, P d = 106, A g = 108, no entries for periods 7, 8 , or 9, in period 10: O s = 195, I r = 197, P t = 198, A u = 199, no entries for periods 11 or 12.\" width=\"881\" height=\"336\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/> Figure 1. (a) Dimitri Mendeleev is widely credited with creating (b) the first periodic table of the elements. (credit a: modification of work by Serge Lachinov; credit b: modification of work by \u201cDen fj\u00e4ttrade ankan\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nBy the twentieth century, it became apparent that the periodic relationship involved atomic numbers rather than atomic masses. The modern statement of this relationship, the <strong>periodic law<\/strong>, is as follows: <em>the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers<\/em>. A modern <strong>periodic table <\/strong>arranges the elements in increasing order of their atomic numbers and groups atoms with similar properties in the same vertical column (Figure 2). Each box represents an element and contains its atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (sometimes) name. The elements are arranged in seven horizontal rows, called <strong>periods<\/strong> or <strong>series<\/strong>, and 18 vertical columns, called <strong>groups<\/strong>. Groups are labeled at the top of each column. In the United States, the labels traditionally were numerals with capital letters. However, IUPAC recommends that the numbers 1 through 18 be used, and these labels are more common. For the table to fit on a single page, parts of two of the rows, a total of 14 columns, are usually written below the main body of the table.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"880\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23211056\/CNX_Chem_02_05_PerTable11.jpg\" alt=\"The Periodic Table of Elements is shown. The 18 columns are labeled \u201cGroup\u201d and the 7 rows are labeled \u201cPeriod.\u201d Below the table to the right is a box labeled \u201cColor Code\u201d with different colors for metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, as well as solids, liquids, and gases. To the left of this box is an enlarged picture of the upper-left most box on the table. The number 1 is in its upper-left hand corner and is labeled \u201cAtomic number.\u201d The letter \u201cH\u201d is in the middle in red indicating that it is a gas. It is labeled \u201cSymbol.\u201d Below that is the number 1.008 which is labeled \u201cAtomic Mass.\u201d Below that is the word hydrogen which is labeled \u201cname.\u201d The color of the box indicates that it is a nonmetal. Each element will be described in this order: atomic number; name; symbol; whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal; whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas; and atomic mass. Beginning at the top left of the table, or period 1, group 1, is a box containing \u201c1; hydrogen; H; nonmetal; gas; and 1.008.\u201d There is only one other element box in period 1, group 18, which contains \u201c2; helium; H e; nonmetal; gas; and 4.003.\u201d Period 2, group 1 contains \u201c3; lithium; L i; metal; solid; and 6.94\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c4; beryllium; B e; metal; solid; and 9.012.\u201d Groups 3 through 12 are skipped and group 13 contains \u201c5; boron; B; metalloid; solid; 10.81.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c6; carbon; C; nonmetal; solid; and 12.01.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c7; nitrogen; N; nonmetal; gas; and 14.01.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c8; oxygen; O; nonmetal; gas; and 16.00.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c9; fluorine; F; nonmetal; gas; and 19.00.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c10; neon; N e; nonmetal; gas; and 20.18.\u201d Period 3, group 1 contains \u201c11; sodium; N a; metal; solid; and 22.99.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c12; magnesium; M g; metal; solid; and 24.31.\u201d Groups 3 through 12 are skipped again in period 3 and group 13 contains \u201c13; aluminum; A l; metal; solid; and 26.98.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c14; silicon; S i; metalloid; solid; and 28.09.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c15; phosphorous; P; nonmetal; solid; and 30.97.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c16; sulfur; S; nonmetal; solid; and 32.06.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c17; chlorine; C l; nonmetal; gas; and 35.45.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c18; argon; A r; nonmetal; gas; and 39.95.\u201d Period 4, group 1 contains \u201c19; potassium; K; metal; solid; and 39.10.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c20; calcium; C a; metal; solid; and 40.08.\u201d Group 3 contains \u201c21; scandium; S c; metal; solid; and 44.96.\u201d Group 4 contains \u201c22; titanium; T i; metal; solid; and 47.87.\u201d Group 5 contains \u201c23; vanadium; V; metal; solid; and 50.94.\u201d Group 6 contains \u201c24; chromium; C r; metal; solid; and 52.00.\u201d Group 7 contains \u201c25; manganese; M n; metal; solid; and 54.94.\u201d Group 8 contains \u201c26; iron; F e; metal; solid; and 55.85.\u201d Group 9 contains \u201c27; cobalt; C o; metal; solid; and 58.93.\u201d Group 10 contains \u201c28; nickel; N i; metal; solid; and 58.69.\u201d Group 11 contains \u201c29; copper; C u; metal; solid; and 63.55.\u201d Group 12 contains \u201c30; zinc; Z n; metal; solid; and 65.38.\u201d Group 13 contains \u201c31; gallium; G a; metal; solid; and 69.72.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c32; germanium; G e; metalloid; solid; and 72.63.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c33; arsenic; A s; metalloid; solid; and 74.92.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c34; selenium; S e; nonmetal; solid; and 78.97.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c35; bromine; B r; nonmetal; liquid; and 79.90.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c36; krypton; K r; nonmetal; gas; and 83.80.\u201d Period 5, group 1 contains \u201c37; rubidium; R b; metal; solid; and 85.47.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c38; strontium; S r; metal; solid; and 87.62.\u201d Group 3 contains \u201c39; yttrium; Y; metal; solid; and 88.91.\u201d Group 4 contains \u201c40; zirconium; Z r; metal; solid; and 91.22.\u201d Group 5 contains \u201c41; niobium; N b; metal; solid; and 92.91.\u201d Group 6 contains \u201c42; molybdenum; M o; metal; solid; and 95.95.\u201d Group 7 contains \u201c43; technetium; T c; metal; solid; and 97.\u201d Group 8 contains \u201c44; ruthenium; R u; metal; solid; and 101.1.\u201d Group 9 contains \u201c45; rhodium; R h; metal; solid; and 102.9.\u201d Group 10 contains \u201c46; palladium; P d; metal; solid; and 106.4.\u201d Group 11 contains \u201c47; silver; A g; metal; solid; and 107.9.\u201d Group 12 contains \u201c48; cadmium; C d; metal; solid; and 112.4.\u201d Group 13 contains \u201c49; indium; I n; metal; solid; and 114.8.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c50; tin; S n; metal; solid; and 118.7.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c51; antimony; S b; metalloid; solid; and 121.8.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c52; tellurium; T e; metalloid; solid; and 127.6.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c53; iodine; I; nonmetal; solid; and 126.9.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c54; xenon; X e; nonmetal; gas; and 131.3.\u201d Period 6, group 1 contains \u201c55; cesium; C s; metal; solid; and 132.9.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c56; barium; B a; metal; solid; and 137.3.\u201d Group 3 breaks the pattern. The box has a large arrow pointing to a row of elements below the table with atomic numbers ranging from 57-71. In sequential order by atomic number, the first box in this row contains \u201c57; lanthanum; L a; metal; solid; and 138.9.\u201d To its right, the next is \u201c58; cerium; C e; metal; solid; and 140.1.\u201d Next is \u201c59; praseodymium; P r; metal; solid; and 140.9.\u201d Next is \u201c60; neodymium; N d; metal; solid; and 144.2.\u201d Next is \u201c61; promethium; P m; metal; solid; and 145.\u201d Next is \u201c62; samarium; S m; metal; solid; and 150.4.\u201d Next is \u201c63; europium; E u; metal; solid; and 152.0.\u201d Next is \u201c64; gadolinium; G d; metal; solid; and 157.3.\u201d Next is \u201c65; terbium; T b; metal; solid; and 158.9.\u201d Next is \u201c66; dysprosium; D y; metal; solid; and 162.5.\u201d Next is \u201c67; holmium; H o; metal; solid; and 164.9.\u201d Next is \u201c68; erbium; E r; metal; solid; and 167.3.\u201d Next is \u201c69; thulium; T m; metal; solid; and 168.9.\u201d Next is \u201c70; ytterbium; Y b; metal; solid; and 173.1.\u201d The last in this special row is \u201c71; lutetium; L u; metal; solid; and 175.0.\u201d Continuing in period 6, group 4 contains \u201c72; hafnium; H f; metal; solid; and 178.5.\u201d Group 5 contains \u201c73; tantalum; T a; metal; solid; and 180.9.\u201d Group 6 contains \u201c74; tungsten; W; metal; solid; and 183.8.\u201d Group 7 contains \u201c75; rhenium; R e; metal; solid; and 186.2.\u201d Group 8 contains \u201c76; osmium; O s; metal; solid; and 190.2.\u201d Group 9 contains \u201c77; iridium; I r; metal; solid; and 192.2.\u201d Group 10 contains \u201c78; platinum; P t; metal; solid; and 195.1.\u201d Group 11 contains \u201c79; gold; A u; metal; solid; and 197.0.\u201d Group 12 contains \u201c80; mercury; H g; metal; liquid; and 200.6.\u201d Group 13 contains \u201c81; thallium; T l; metal; solid; and 204.4.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c82; lead; P b; metal; solid; and 207.2.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c83; bismuth; B i; metal; solid; and 209.0.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c84; polonium; P o; metal; solid; and 209.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c85; astatine; A t; metalloid; solid; and 210.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c86; radon; R n; nonmetal; gas; and 222.\u201d Period 7, group 1 contains \u201c87; francium; F r; metal; solid; and 223.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c88; radium; R a; metal; solid; and 226.\u201d Group 3 breaks the pattern much like what occurs in period 6. A large arrow points from the box in period 7, group 3 to a special row containing the elements with atomic numbers ranging from 89-103, just below the row which contains atomic numbers 57-71. In sequential order by atomic number, the first box in this row contains \u201c89; actinium; A c; metal; solid; and 227.\u201d To its right, the next is \u201c90; thorium; T h; metal; solid; and 232.0.\u201d Next is \u201c91; protactinium; P a; metal; solid; and 231.0.\u201d Next is \u201c92; uranium; U; metal; solid; and 238.0.\u201d Next is \u201c93; neptunium; N p; metal; solid; and N p.\u201d Next is \u201c94; plutonium; P u; metal; solid; and 244.\u201d Next is \u201c95; americium; A m; metal; solid; and 243.\u201d Next is \u201c96; curium; C m; metal; solid; and 247.\u201d Next is \u201c97; berkelium; B k; metal; solid; and 247.\u201d Next is \u201c98; californium; C f; metal; solid; and 251.\u201d Next is \u201c99; einsteinium; E s; metal; solid; and 252.\u201d Next is \u201c100; fermium; F m; metal; solid; and 257.\u201d Next is \u201c101; mendelevium; M d; metal; solid; and 258.\u201d Next is \u201c102; nobelium; N o; metal; solid; and 259.\u201d The last in this special row is \u201c103; lawrencium; L r; metal; solid; and 262.\u201d Continuing in period 7, group 4 contains \u201c104; rutherfordium; R f; metal; solid; and 267.\u201d Group 5 contains \u201c105; dubnium; D b; metal; solid; and 270.\u201d Group 6 contains \u201c106; seaborgium; S g; metal; solid; and 271.\u201d Group 7 contains \u201c107; bohrium; B h; metal; solid; and 270.\u201d Group 8 contains \u201c108; hassium; H s; metal; solid; and 277.\u201d Group 9 contains \u201c109; meitnerium; M t; not indicated; solid; and 276.\u201d Group 10 contains \u201c110; darmstadtium; D s; not indicated; solid; and 281.\u201d Group 11 contains \u201c111; roentgenium; R g; not indicated; solid; and 282.\u201d Group 12 contains \u201c112; copernicium; C n; metal; liquid; and 285.\u201d Group 13 contains \u201c113; ununtrium; U u t; not indicated; solid; and 285.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c114; flerovium; F l; not indicated; solid; and 289.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c115; ununpentium; U u p; not indicated; solid; and 288.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c116; livermorium; L v; not indicated; solid; and 293.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c117; ununseptium; U u s; not indicated; solid; and 294.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c118; ununoctium; U u o; not indicated; solid; and 294.\u201d\" width=\"880\" height=\"688\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/> Figure 2. Elements in the periodic table are organized according to their properties.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nMany elements differ dramatically in their chemical and physical properties, but some elements are similar in their behaviors. For example, many elements appear shiny, are malleable (able to be deformed without breaking) and ductile (can be drawn into wires), and conduct heat and electricity well. Other elements are not shiny, malleable, or ductile, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. We can sort the elements into large classes with common properties: <strong>metals<\/strong> (elements that are shiny, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity\u2014shaded yellow); <strong>nonmetals<\/strong> (elements that appear dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity\u2014shaded green); and <strong>metalloids<\/strong> (elements that conduct heat and electricity moderately well, and possess some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals\u2014shaded purple).\r\n\r\nThe elements can also be classified into the <strong>main-group elements<\/strong> (or <strong>representative elements<\/strong>) in the columns labeled 1, 2, and 13\u201318; the <strong>transition metals<\/strong> in the columns labeled 3\u201312; and <strong>inner transition metals<\/strong> in the two rows at the bottom of the table (the top-row elements are called <strong>lanthanides<\/strong> and the bottom-row elements are <strong>actinides<\/strong>; Figure 3). The elements can be subdivided further by more specific properties, such as the composition of the compounds they form. For example, the elements in group 1 (the first column) form compounds that consist of one atom of the element and one atom of hydrogen. These elements (except hydrogen) are known as <strong>alkali metals<\/strong>, and they all have similar chemical properties. The elements in group 2 (the second column) form compounds consisting of one atom of the element and two atoms of hydrogen: These are called <strong>alkaline earth metals<\/strong>, with similar properties among members of that group. Other groups with specific names are the <strong>pnictogens<\/strong> (group 15), <strong>chalcogens<\/strong> (group 16), <strong>halogens<\/strong> (group 17), and the <strong>noble gases<\/strong> (group 18, also known as <strong>inert gases<\/strong>). The groups can also be referred to by the first element of the group: For example, the chalcogens can be called the oxygen group or oxygen family. Hydrogen is a unique, nonmetallic element with properties similar to both group 1A and group 7A elements. For that reason, hydrogen may be shown at the top of both groups, or by itself.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"880\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23211058\/CNX_Chem_02_05_PerTable21.jpg\" alt=\"This diagram combines the groups and periods of the periodic table based on their similar properties. Group 1 contains the alkali metals, group 2 contains the earth alkaline metals, group 15 contains the pnictogens, group 16 contains the chalcogens, group 17 contains the halogens and group 18 contains the noble gases. The main group elements consist of groups 1, 2, and 12 through 18. Therefore, most of the transition metals, which are contained in groups 3 through 11, are not main group elements. The lanthanides and actinides are called out at the bottom of the periodic table.\" width=\"880\" height=\"519\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/> Figure 3. The periodic table organizes elements with similar properties into groups.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">Click on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsc.org\/periodic-table\" target=\"_blank\">this link to the Royal Society of Chemistry\u00a0for an interactive periodic table<\/a>, which you can use to explore the properties of the elements (includes podcasts and videos of each element). You may also want to try <a href=\"http:\/\/periodictable.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">this one from PeriodicTable.com<\/a>\u00a0that shows photos of all the elements.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example 1:\u00a0<strong>Naming Groups of Elements<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nAtoms of each of the following elements are essential for life. Give the group name for the following elements:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>chlorine<\/li>\r\n \t<li>calcium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sodium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sulfur<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"767173\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"767173\"]The family names are as follows:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>halogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkaline earth metal<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkali metal<\/li>\r\n \t<li>chalcogen<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<h4><strong>Check Your Learning<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nGive the group name for each of the following elements:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>krypton<\/li>\r\n \t<li>selenium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>barium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>lithium<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"227102\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"227102\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>noble gas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>chalcogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkaline earth metal<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkali metal<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn studying the periodic table, you might have noticed something about the atomic masses of some of the elements. Element 43 (technetium), element 61 (promethium), and most of the elements with atomic number 84 (polonium) and higher have their atomic mass given in square brackets. This is done for elements that consist entirely of unstable, radioactive isotopes (you will learn more about radioactivity in the nuclear chemistry chapter). An average atomic weight cannot be determined for these elements because their radioisotopes may vary significantly in relative abundance, depending on the source, or may not even exist in nature. The number in square brackets is the atomic mass number (and approximate atomic mass) of the most stable isotope of that element.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\r\nThe discovery of the periodic recurrence of similar properties among the elements led to the formulation of the periodic table, in which the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number in rows known as periods and columns known as groups. Elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar chemical properties. Elements can be classified as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, or as a main-group elements, transition metals, and inner transition metals. Groups are numbered 1\u201318 from left to right. The elements in group 1 are known as the alkali metals; those in group 2 are the alkaline earth metals; those in 15 are the pnictogens; those in 16 are the chalcogens; those in 17 are the halogens; and those in 18 are the noble gases.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<h4>Metal or Nonmetal?<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Using the periodic table, classify each of the following elements as a metal or a nonmetal, and then further classify each as a main-group (representative) element, transition metal, or inner transition metal:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>uranium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>bromine<\/li>\r\n \t<li>strontium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>neon<\/li>\r\n \t<li>gold<\/li>\r\n \t<li>americium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>rhodium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sulfur<\/li>\r\n \t<li>carbon<\/li>\r\n \t<li>potassium<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using the periodic table, classify each of the following elements as a metal or a nonmetal, and then further classify each as a main-group (representative) element, transition metal, or inner transition metal:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>cobalt<\/li>\r\n \t<li>europium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>iodine<\/li>\r\n \t<li>indium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>lithium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>oxygen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cadmium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>terbium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>rhenium<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"177143\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"177143\"]\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0(a) metal, inner transition metal; (b) nonmetal, representative element; (c) metal, representative element; (d) nonmetal, representative element; (e) metal, transition metal; (f) metal, inner transition metal; (g) metal, transition metal; (h) nonmetal, representative element; (i) nonmetal, representative element; (j) metal, representative element\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<h4>Identifying Elements<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Using the periodic table, identify the lightest member of each of the following groups:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>noble gases<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkaline earth metals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkali metals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>chalcogens<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using the periodic table, identify the heaviest member of each of the following groups:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>alkali metals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>chalcogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li>noble gases<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkaline earth metals<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use the periodic table to give the name and symbol for each of the following elements:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>the noble gas in the same period as germanium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the alkaline earth metal in the same period as selenium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the halogen in the same period as lithium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the chalcogen in the same period as cadmium<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use the periodic table to give the name and symbol for each of the following elements:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>the halogen in the same period as the alkali metal with 11 protons<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the alkaline earth metal in the same period with the neutral noble gas with 18 electrons<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the noble gas in the same row as an isotope with 30 neutrons and 25 protons<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the noble gas in the same period as gold<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write a symbol for each of the following neutral isotopes. Include the atomic number and mass number for each.\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>the alkali metal with 11 protons and a mass number of 23<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the noble gas element with and 75 neutrons in its nucleus and 54 electrons in the neutral atom<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the isotope with 33 protons and 40 neutrons in its nucleus<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the alkaline earth metal with 88 electrons and 138 neutrons<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write a symbol for each of the following neutral isotopes. Include the atomic number and mass number for each.\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>the chalcogen with a mass number of 125<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the halogen whose longest-lived isotope is radioactive<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the noble gas, used in lighting, with 10 electrons and 10 neutrons<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the lightest alkali metal with three neutrons<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"353612\"]Show Selected Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"353612\"]\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0(a) He; (b) Be; (c) Li; (d) O\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0(a) krypton, Kr; (b) calcium, Ca; (c) fluorine, F; (d) tellurium, Te\r\n\r\n5. (a) [latex]{}_{11}^{23}\\text{Na}[\/latex] ; (b) [latex]{}_{54}^{129}\\text{Xe}[\/latex] ; (c) [latex]{}_{33}^{73}\\text{As}[\/latex] ; (d) [latex]{}_{88}^{226}\\text{Ra}[\/latex]\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<strong>actinide:\u00a0<\/strong>inner transition metal in the bottom of the bottom two rows of the periodic table\r\n\r\n<strong>alkali metal:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 1\r\n\r\n<strong>alkaline earth metal:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 2\r\n\r\n<strong>chalcogen:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 16\r\n\r\n<strong>group:\u00a0<\/strong>vertical column of the periodic table\r\n\r\n<strong>halogen:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 17\r\n\r\n<strong>inert gas:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, noble gas) element in group 18\r\n\r\n<strong>inner transition metal:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, lanthanide or actinide) element in the bottom two rows; if in the first row, also called lanthanide, of if in the second row, also called actinide\r\n\r\n<strong>lanthanide:\u00a0<\/strong>inner transition metal in the top of the bottom two rows of the periodic table\r\n\r\n<strong>main-group element:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, representative element) element in columns 1, 2, and 12\u201318\r\n\r\n<strong>metal:\u00a0<\/strong>element that is shiny, malleable, good conductor of heat and electricity\r\n\r\n<strong>metalloid:\u00a0<\/strong>element that conducts heat and electricity moderately well, and possesses some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals\r\n\r\n<strong>noble gas:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, inert gas) element in group 18\r\n\r\n<strong>nonmetal:\u00a0<\/strong>element that appears dull, poor conductor of heat and electricity\r\n\r\n<strong>period:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, series) horizontal row of the period table\r\n\r\n<strong>periodic law:\u00a0<\/strong>properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.\r\n\r\n<strong>periodic table:\u00a0<\/strong>table of the elements that places elements with similar chemical properties close together\r\n\r\n<strong>pnictogen:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 15\r\n\r\n<strong>representative element:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, main-group element) element in columns 1, 2, and 12\u201318\r\n\r\n<strong>series:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, period) horizontal row of the period table\r\n\r\n<strong>transition metal:\u00a0<\/strong>element in columns 3\u201311","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>State the periodic law and explain the organization of elements in the periodic table<\/li>\n<li>Predict the general properties of elements based on their location within the periodic table<\/li>\n<li>Identify metals, nonmetals, and metalloids by their properties and\/or location on the periodic table<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>As early chemists worked to purify ores and discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped together by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K): These elements all are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However, the specific properties of these two groupings are notably different from each other. For example: Li, Na, and K are much more reactive than are Ca, Sr, and Ba; Li, Na, and K form compounds with oxygen in a ratio of two of their atoms to one oxygen atom, whereas Ca, Sr, and Ba form compounds with one of their atoms to one oxygen atom. Fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I) also exhibit similar properties to each other, but these properties are drastically different from those of any of the elements above.<\/p>\n<p>Dimitri <strong>Mendeleev<\/strong> in Russia (1869) and Lothar <strong>Meyer<\/strong> in Germany (1870) independently recognized that there was a periodic relationship among the properties of the elements known at that time. Both published tables with the elements arranged according to increasing atomic mass. But Mendeleev went one step further than Meyer: He used his table to predict the existence of elements that would have the properties similar to aluminum and silicon, but were yet unknown. The discoveries of gallium (1875) and germanium (1886) provided great support for Mendeleev\u2019s work. Although Mendeleev and Meyer had a long dispute over priority, Mendeleev\u2019s contributions to the development of the periodic table are now more widely recognized (Figure 1).<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 891px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23211054\/CNX_Chem_02_05_Mendeleev1.jpg\" alt=\"Figure A shows a photograph of Dimitri Mendeleev. Figure B shows the first periodic table developed by Mendeleev, which had eight groups and twelve periods. In the first group (\u2014, R superscript plus sign 0) is the following information: H = 1, L i = 7, N a = 23, K = 39, (C u = 63), R b = 85, (A g = 108), C a = 183, (\u2014),\u2014, (A u = 199) \u2014. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. The second group (\u2014, R 0) contains the following information: (not entry for period 1) B o = 9, 4, M g = 24, C a = 40, Z n = 65, S r = 87, C d = 112, B a = 187, \u2014, \u2014, H g = 200, \u2014. Note the ach of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group three (\u2014, R superscript one 0 superscript nine) contains the information: (no entry for period 1), B = 11, A l = 27, 8. \u2014 = 44, \u2014 = 68, ? Y t = 88, I n = 113, ? D I = 138, \u2014, ? E r = 178, T l = 204, \u2014. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group four (RH superscript four, R0 superscript eight) contains the following information: (no entry for period 1), C = 12, B i = 28, T i = 48, \u2014 = 72, Z r = 90, S n = 118, ? C o = 140, ? L a = 180, P b = 207, T h = 231. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group five (R H superscript two, R superscript two 0 superscript five) contains the following information: (no entry for period 1), N = 14, P = 31, V = 51, A s = 75, N b = 94, S b = 122, \u2014, \u2014, T a = 182, B l = 208, \u2014. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group six (R H superscript two, R 0 superscript three) contains the following information: (no entry for period 1), O = 16, S = 32, C r = 52, S o = 78, M o = 96, T o = 125, \u2014, \u2014, W = 184, \u2014, U = 240. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group seven (R H , R superscript plus sing, 0 superscript 7) contains the following information: (no entry for period 1), F = 19, C l = 35, 5, M n = 55, B r = 80, \u2014 = 100, J = 127, \u2014, \u2014, \u2014, \u2014, \u2014. Note that each of these entries corresponds to one of the twelve periods respectively. Group 8 (\u2014, R 0 superscript four) contains the following information: (no entry for periods 1, 2, 3), in period 4: F o = 56, C o = 59, N i = 59, C u = 63, no entry for period five, in period 6: R u = 104, R h = 104, P d = 106, A g = 108, no entries for periods 7, 8 , or 9, in period 10: O s = 195, I r = 197, P t = 198, A u = 199, no entries for periods 11 or 12.\" width=\"881\" height=\"336\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. (a) Dimitri Mendeleev is widely credited with creating (b) the first periodic table of the elements. (credit a: modification of work by Serge Lachinov; credit b: modification of work by \u201cDen fj\u00e4ttrade ankan\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>By the twentieth century, it became apparent that the periodic relationship involved atomic numbers rather than atomic masses. The modern statement of this relationship, the <strong>periodic law<\/strong>, is as follows: <em>the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers<\/em>. A modern <strong>periodic table <\/strong>arranges the elements in increasing order of their atomic numbers and groups atoms with similar properties in the same vertical column (Figure 2). Each box represents an element and contains its atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (sometimes) name. The elements are arranged in seven horizontal rows, called <strong>periods<\/strong> or <strong>series<\/strong>, and 18 vertical columns, called <strong>groups<\/strong>. Groups are labeled at the top of each column. In the United States, the labels traditionally were numerals with capital letters. However, IUPAC recommends that the numbers 1 through 18 be used, and these labels are more common. For the table to fit on a single page, parts of two of the rows, a total of 14 columns, are usually written below the main body of the table.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 890px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23211056\/CNX_Chem_02_05_PerTable11.jpg\" alt=\"The Periodic Table of Elements is shown. The 18 columns are labeled \u201cGroup\u201d and the 7 rows are labeled \u201cPeriod.\u201d Below the table to the right is a box labeled \u201cColor Code\u201d with different colors for metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, as well as solids, liquids, and gases. To the left of this box is an enlarged picture of the upper-left most box on the table. The number 1 is in its upper-left hand corner and is labeled \u201cAtomic number.\u201d The letter \u201cH\u201d is in the middle in red indicating that it is a gas. It is labeled \u201cSymbol.\u201d Below that is the number 1.008 which is labeled \u201cAtomic Mass.\u201d Below that is the word hydrogen which is labeled \u201cname.\u201d The color of the box indicates that it is a nonmetal. Each element will be described in this order: atomic number; name; symbol; whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal; whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas; and atomic mass. Beginning at the top left of the table, or period 1, group 1, is a box containing \u201c1; hydrogen; H; nonmetal; gas; and 1.008.\u201d There is only one other element box in period 1, group 18, which contains \u201c2; helium; H e; nonmetal; gas; and 4.003.\u201d Period 2, group 1 contains \u201c3; lithium; L i; metal; solid; and 6.94\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c4; beryllium; B e; metal; solid; and 9.012.\u201d Groups 3 through 12 are skipped and group 13 contains \u201c5; boron; B; metalloid; solid; 10.81.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c6; carbon; C; nonmetal; solid; and 12.01.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c7; nitrogen; N; nonmetal; gas; and 14.01.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c8; oxygen; O; nonmetal; gas; and 16.00.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c9; fluorine; F; nonmetal; gas; and 19.00.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c10; neon; N e; nonmetal; gas; and 20.18.\u201d Period 3, group 1 contains \u201c11; sodium; N a; metal; solid; and 22.99.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c12; magnesium; M g; metal; solid; and 24.31.\u201d Groups 3 through 12 are skipped again in period 3 and group 13 contains \u201c13; aluminum; A l; metal; solid; and 26.98.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c14; silicon; S i; metalloid; solid; and 28.09.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c15; phosphorous; P; nonmetal; solid; and 30.97.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c16; sulfur; S; nonmetal; solid; and 32.06.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c17; chlorine; C l; nonmetal; gas; and 35.45.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c18; argon; A r; nonmetal; gas; and 39.95.\u201d Period 4, group 1 contains \u201c19; potassium; K; metal; solid; and 39.10.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c20; calcium; C a; metal; solid; and 40.08.\u201d Group 3 contains \u201c21; scandium; S c; metal; solid; and 44.96.\u201d Group 4 contains \u201c22; titanium; T i; metal; solid; and 47.87.\u201d Group 5 contains \u201c23; vanadium; V; metal; solid; and 50.94.\u201d Group 6 contains \u201c24; chromium; C r; metal; solid; and 52.00.\u201d Group 7 contains \u201c25; manganese; M n; metal; solid; and 54.94.\u201d Group 8 contains \u201c26; iron; F e; metal; solid; and 55.85.\u201d Group 9 contains \u201c27; cobalt; C o; metal; solid; and 58.93.\u201d Group 10 contains \u201c28; nickel; N i; metal; solid; and 58.69.\u201d Group 11 contains \u201c29; copper; C u; metal; solid; and 63.55.\u201d Group 12 contains \u201c30; zinc; Z n; metal; solid; and 65.38.\u201d Group 13 contains \u201c31; gallium; G a; metal; solid; and 69.72.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c32; germanium; G e; metalloid; solid; and 72.63.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c33; arsenic; A s; metalloid; solid; and 74.92.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c34; selenium; S e; nonmetal; solid; and 78.97.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c35; bromine; B r; nonmetal; liquid; and 79.90.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c36; krypton; K r; nonmetal; gas; and 83.80.\u201d Period 5, group 1 contains \u201c37; rubidium; R b; metal; solid; and 85.47.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c38; strontium; S r; metal; solid; and 87.62.\u201d Group 3 contains \u201c39; yttrium; Y; metal; solid; and 88.91.\u201d Group 4 contains \u201c40; zirconium; Z r; metal; solid; and 91.22.\u201d Group 5 contains \u201c41; niobium; N b; metal; solid; and 92.91.\u201d Group 6 contains \u201c42; molybdenum; M o; metal; solid; and 95.95.\u201d Group 7 contains \u201c43; technetium; T c; metal; solid; and 97.\u201d Group 8 contains \u201c44; ruthenium; R u; metal; solid; and 101.1.\u201d Group 9 contains \u201c45; rhodium; R h; metal; solid; and 102.9.\u201d Group 10 contains \u201c46; palladium; P d; metal; solid; and 106.4.\u201d Group 11 contains \u201c47; silver; A g; metal; solid; and 107.9.\u201d Group 12 contains \u201c48; cadmium; C d; metal; solid; and 112.4.\u201d Group 13 contains \u201c49; indium; I n; metal; solid; and 114.8.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c50; tin; S n; metal; solid; and 118.7.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c51; antimony; S b; metalloid; solid; and 121.8.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c52; tellurium; T e; metalloid; solid; and 127.6.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c53; iodine; I; nonmetal; solid; and 126.9.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c54; xenon; X e; nonmetal; gas; and 131.3.\u201d Period 6, group 1 contains \u201c55; cesium; C s; metal; solid; and 132.9.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c56; barium; B a; metal; solid; and 137.3.\u201d Group 3 breaks the pattern. The box has a large arrow pointing to a row of elements below the table with atomic numbers ranging from 57-71. In sequential order by atomic number, the first box in this row contains \u201c57; lanthanum; L a; metal; solid; and 138.9.\u201d To its right, the next is \u201c58; cerium; C e; metal; solid; and 140.1.\u201d Next is \u201c59; praseodymium; P r; metal; solid; and 140.9.\u201d Next is \u201c60; neodymium; N d; metal; solid; and 144.2.\u201d Next is \u201c61; promethium; P m; metal; solid; and 145.\u201d Next is \u201c62; samarium; S m; metal; solid; and 150.4.\u201d Next is \u201c63; europium; E u; metal; solid; and 152.0.\u201d Next is \u201c64; gadolinium; G d; metal; solid; and 157.3.\u201d Next is \u201c65; terbium; T b; metal; solid; and 158.9.\u201d Next is \u201c66; dysprosium; D y; metal; solid; and 162.5.\u201d Next is \u201c67; holmium; H o; metal; solid; and 164.9.\u201d Next is \u201c68; erbium; E r; metal; solid; and 167.3.\u201d Next is \u201c69; thulium; T m; metal; solid; and 168.9.\u201d Next is \u201c70; ytterbium; Y b; metal; solid; and 173.1.\u201d The last in this special row is \u201c71; lutetium; L u; metal; solid; and 175.0.\u201d Continuing in period 6, group 4 contains \u201c72; hafnium; H f; metal; solid; and 178.5.\u201d Group 5 contains \u201c73; tantalum; T a; metal; solid; and 180.9.\u201d Group 6 contains \u201c74; tungsten; W; metal; solid; and 183.8.\u201d Group 7 contains \u201c75; rhenium; R e; metal; solid; and 186.2.\u201d Group 8 contains \u201c76; osmium; O s; metal; solid; and 190.2.\u201d Group 9 contains \u201c77; iridium; I r; metal; solid; and 192.2.\u201d Group 10 contains \u201c78; platinum; P t; metal; solid; and 195.1.\u201d Group 11 contains \u201c79; gold; A u; metal; solid; and 197.0.\u201d Group 12 contains \u201c80; mercury; H g; metal; liquid; and 200.6.\u201d Group 13 contains \u201c81; thallium; T l; metal; solid; and 204.4.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c82; lead; P b; metal; solid; and 207.2.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c83; bismuth; B i; metal; solid; and 209.0.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c84; polonium; P o; metal; solid; and 209.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c85; astatine; A t; metalloid; solid; and 210.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c86; radon; R n; nonmetal; gas; and 222.\u201d Period 7, group 1 contains \u201c87; francium; F r; metal; solid; and 223.\u201d Group 2 contains \u201c88; radium; R a; metal; solid; and 226.\u201d Group 3 breaks the pattern much like what occurs in period 6. A large arrow points from the box in period 7, group 3 to a special row containing the elements with atomic numbers ranging from 89-103, just below the row which contains atomic numbers 57-71. In sequential order by atomic number, the first box in this row contains \u201c89; actinium; A c; metal; solid; and 227.\u201d To its right, the next is \u201c90; thorium; T h; metal; solid; and 232.0.\u201d Next is \u201c91; protactinium; P a; metal; solid; and 231.0.\u201d Next is \u201c92; uranium; U; metal; solid; and 238.0.\u201d Next is \u201c93; neptunium; N p; metal; solid; and N p.\u201d Next is \u201c94; plutonium; P u; metal; solid; and 244.\u201d Next is \u201c95; americium; A m; metal; solid; and 243.\u201d Next is \u201c96; curium; C m; metal; solid; and 247.\u201d Next is \u201c97; berkelium; B k; metal; solid; and 247.\u201d Next is \u201c98; californium; C f; metal; solid; and 251.\u201d Next is \u201c99; einsteinium; E s; metal; solid; and 252.\u201d Next is \u201c100; fermium; F m; metal; solid; and 257.\u201d Next is \u201c101; mendelevium; M d; metal; solid; and 258.\u201d Next is \u201c102; nobelium; N o; metal; solid; and 259.\u201d The last in this special row is \u201c103; lawrencium; L r; metal; solid; and 262.\u201d Continuing in period 7, group 4 contains \u201c104; rutherfordium; R f; metal; solid; and 267.\u201d Group 5 contains \u201c105; dubnium; D b; metal; solid; and 270.\u201d Group 6 contains \u201c106; seaborgium; S g; metal; solid; and 271.\u201d Group 7 contains \u201c107; bohrium; B h; metal; solid; and 270.\u201d Group 8 contains \u201c108; hassium; H s; metal; solid; and 277.\u201d Group 9 contains \u201c109; meitnerium; M t; not indicated; solid; and 276.\u201d Group 10 contains \u201c110; darmstadtium; D s; not indicated; solid; and 281.\u201d Group 11 contains \u201c111; roentgenium; R g; not indicated; solid; and 282.\u201d Group 12 contains \u201c112; copernicium; C n; metal; liquid; and 285.\u201d Group 13 contains \u201c113; ununtrium; U u t; not indicated; solid; and 285.\u201d Group 14 contains \u201c114; flerovium; F l; not indicated; solid; and 289.\u201d Group 15 contains \u201c115; ununpentium; U u p; not indicated; solid; and 288.\u201d Group 16 contains \u201c116; livermorium; L v; not indicated; solid; and 293.\u201d Group 17 contains \u201c117; ununseptium; U u s; not indicated; solid; and 294.\u201d Group 18 contains \u201c118; ununoctium; U u o; not indicated; solid; and 294.\u201d\" width=\"880\" height=\"688\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Elements in the periodic table are organized according to their properties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Many elements differ dramatically in their chemical and physical properties, but some elements are similar in their behaviors. For example, many elements appear shiny, are malleable (able to be deformed without breaking) and ductile (can be drawn into wires), and conduct heat and electricity well. Other elements are not shiny, malleable, or ductile, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. We can sort the elements into large classes with common properties: <strong>metals<\/strong> (elements that are shiny, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity\u2014shaded yellow); <strong>nonmetals<\/strong> (elements that appear dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity\u2014shaded green); and <strong>metalloids<\/strong> (elements that conduct heat and electricity moderately well, and possess some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals\u2014shaded purple).<\/p>\n<p>The elements can also be classified into the <strong>main-group elements<\/strong> (or <strong>representative elements<\/strong>) in the columns labeled 1, 2, and 13\u201318; the <strong>transition metals<\/strong> in the columns labeled 3\u201312; and <strong>inner transition metals<\/strong> in the two rows at the bottom of the table (the top-row elements are called <strong>lanthanides<\/strong> and the bottom-row elements are <strong>actinides<\/strong>; Figure 3). The elements can be subdivided further by more specific properties, such as the composition of the compounds they form. For example, the elements in group 1 (the first column) form compounds that consist of one atom of the element and one atom of hydrogen. These elements (except hydrogen) are known as <strong>alkali metals<\/strong>, and they all have similar chemical properties. The elements in group 2 (the second column) form compounds consisting of one atom of the element and two atoms of hydrogen: These are called <strong>alkaline earth metals<\/strong>, with similar properties among members of that group. Other groups with specific names are the <strong>pnictogens<\/strong> (group 15), <strong>chalcogens<\/strong> (group 16), <strong>halogens<\/strong> (group 17), and the <strong>noble gases<\/strong> (group 18, also known as <strong>inert gases<\/strong>). The groups can also be referred to by the first element of the group: For example, the chalcogens can be called the oxygen group or oxygen family. Hydrogen is a unique, nonmetallic element with properties similar to both group 1A and group 7A elements. For that reason, hydrogen may be shown at the top of both groups, or by itself.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 890px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23211058\/CNX_Chem_02_05_PerTable21.jpg\" alt=\"This diagram combines the groups and periods of the periodic table based on their similar properties. Group 1 contains the alkali metals, group 2 contains the earth alkaline metals, group 15 contains the pnictogens, group 16 contains the chalcogens, group 17 contains the halogens and group 18 contains the noble gases. The main group elements consist of groups 1, 2, and 12 through 18. Therefore, most of the transition metals, which are contained in groups 3 through 11, are not main group elements. The lanthanides and actinides are called out at the bottom of the periodic table.\" width=\"880\" height=\"519\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. The periodic table organizes elements with similar properties into groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Click on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsc.org\/periodic-table\" target=\"_blank\">this link to the Royal Society of Chemistry\u00a0for an interactive periodic table<\/a>, which you can use to explore the properties of the elements (includes podcasts and videos of each element). You may also want to try <a href=\"http:\/\/periodictable.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">this one from PeriodicTable.com<\/a>\u00a0that shows photos of all the elements.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example 1:\u00a0<strong>Naming Groups of Elements<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Atoms of each of the following elements are essential for life. Give the group name for the following elements:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>chlorine<\/li>\n<li>calcium<\/li>\n<li>sodium<\/li>\n<li>sulfur<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q767173\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q767173\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The family names are as follows:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>halogen<\/li>\n<li>alkaline earth metal<\/li>\n<li>alkali metal<\/li>\n<li>chalcogen<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><strong>Check Your Learning<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Give the group name for each of the following elements:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>krypton<\/li>\n<li>selenium<\/li>\n<li>barium<\/li>\n<li>lithium<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q227102\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q227102\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>noble gas<\/li>\n<li>chalcogen<\/li>\n<li>alkaline earth metal<\/li>\n<li>alkali metal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In studying the periodic table, you might have noticed something about the atomic masses of some of the elements. Element 43 (technetium), element 61 (promethium), and most of the elements with atomic number 84 (polonium) and higher have their atomic mass given in square brackets. This is done for elements that consist entirely of unstable, radioactive isotopes (you will learn more about radioactivity in the nuclear chemistry chapter). An average atomic weight cannot be determined for these elements because their radioisotopes may vary significantly in relative abundance, depending on the source, or may not even exist in nature. The number in square brackets is the atomic mass number (and approximate atomic mass) of the most stable isotope of that element.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\n<p>The discovery of the periodic recurrence of similar properties among the elements led to the formulation of the periodic table, in which the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number in rows known as periods and columns known as groups. Elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar chemical properties. Elements can be classified as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, or as a main-group elements, transition metals, and inner transition metals. Groups are numbered 1\u201318 from left to right. The elements in group 1 are known as the alkali metals; those in group 2 are the alkaline earth metals; those in 15 are the pnictogens; those in 16 are the chalcogens; those in 17 are the halogens; and those in 18 are the noble gases.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<h4>Metal or Nonmetal?<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Using the periodic table, classify each of the following elements as a metal or a nonmetal, and then further classify each as a main-group (representative) element, transition metal, or inner transition metal:\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>uranium<\/li>\n<li>bromine<\/li>\n<li>strontium<\/li>\n<li>neon<\/li>\n<li>gold<\/li>\n<li>americium<\/li>\n<li>rhodium<\/li>\n<li>sulfur<\/li>\n<li>carbon<\/li>\n<li>potassium<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using the periodic table, classify each of the following elements as a metal or a nonmetal, and then further classify each as a main-group (representative) element, transition metal, or inner transition metal:\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>cobalt<\/li>\n<li>europium<\/li>\n<li>iodine<\/li>\n<li>indium<\/li>\n<li>lithium<\/li>\n<li>oxygen<\/li>\n<li>cadmium<\/li>\n<li>terbium<\/li>\n<li>rhenium<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q177143\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q177143\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>1.\u00a0(a) metal, inner transition metal; (b) nonmetal, representative element; (c) metal, representative element; (d) nonmetal, representative element; (e) metal, transition metal; (f) metal, inner transition metal; (g) metal, transition metal; (h) nonmetal, representative element; (i) nonmetal, representative element; (j) metal, representative element<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Identifying Elements<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Using the periodic table, identify the lightest member of each of the following groups:\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>noble gases<\/li>\n<li>alkaline earth metals<\/li>\n<li>alkali metals<\/li>\n<li>chalcogens<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using the periodic table, identify the heaviest member of each of the following groups:\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>alkali metals<\/li>\n<li>chalcogens<\/li>\n<li>noble gases<\/li>\n<li>alkaline earth metals<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Use the periodic table to give the name and symbol for each of the following elements:\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>the noble gas in the same period as germanium<\/li>\n<li>the alkaline earth metal in the same period as selenium<\/li>\n<li>the halogen in the same period as lithium<\/li>\n<li>the chalcogen in the same period as cadmium<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Use the periodic table to give the name and symbol for each of the following elements:\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>the halogen in the same period as the alkali metal with 11 protons<\/li>\n<li>the alkaline earth metal in the same period with the neutral noble gas with 18 electrons<\/li>\n<li>the noble gas in the same row as an isotope with 30 neutrons and 25 protons<\/li>\n<li>the noble gas in the same period as gold<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Write a symbol for each of the following neutral isotopes. Include the atomic number and mass number for each.\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>the alkali metal with 11 protons and a mass number of 23<\/li>\n<li>the noble gas element with and 75 neutrons in its nucleus and 54 electrons in the neutral atom<\/li>\n<li>the isotope with 33 protons and 40 neutrons in its nucleus<\/li>\n<li>the alkaline earth metal with 88 electrons and 138 neutrons<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Write a symbol for each of the following neutral isotopes. Include the atomic number and mass number for each.\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>the chalcogen with a mass number of 125<\/li>\n<li>the halogen whose longest-lived isotope is radioactive<\/li>\n<li>the noble gas, used in lighting, with 10 electrons and 10 neutrons<\/li>\n<li>the lightest alkali metal with three neutrons<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q353612\">Show Selected Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q353612\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>1.\u00a0(a) He; (b) Be; (c) Li; (d) O<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0(a) krypton, Kr; (b) calcium, Ca; (c) fluorine, F; (d) tellurium, Te<\/p>\n<p>5. (a) [latex]{}_{11}^{23}\\text{Na}[\/latex] ; (b) [latex]{}_{54}^{129}\\text{Xe}[\/latex] ; (c) [latex]{}_{33}^{73}\\text{As}[\/latex] ; (d) [latex]{}_{88}^{226}\\text{Ra}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<p><strong>actinide:\u00a0<\/strong>inner transition metal in the bottom of the bottom two rows of the periodic table<\/p>\n<p><strong>alkali metal:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 1<\/p>\n<p><strong>alkaline earth metal:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 2<\/p>\n<p><strong>chalcogen:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 16<\/p>\n<p><strong>group:\u00a0<\/strong>vertical column of the periodic table<\/p>\n<p><strong>halogen:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 17<\/p>\n<p><strong>inert gas:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, noble gas) element in group 18<\/p>\n<p><strong>inner transition metal:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, lanthanide or actinide) element in the bottom two rows; if in the first row, also called lanthanide, of if in the second row, also called actinide<\/p>\n<p><strong>lanthanide:\u00a0<\/strong>inner transition metal in the top of the bottom two rows of the periodic table<\/p>\n<p><strong>main-group element:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, representative element) element in columns 1, 2, and 12\u201318<\/p>\n<p><strong>metal:\u00a0<\/strong>element that is shiny, malleable, good conductor of heat and electricity<\/p>\n<p><strong>metalloid:\u00a0<\/strong>element that conducts heat and electricity moderately well, and possesses some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals<\/p>\n<p><strong>noble gas:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, inert gas) element in group 18<\/p>\n<p><strong>nonmetal:\u00a0<\/strong>element that appears dull, poor conductor of heat and electricity<\/p>\n<p><strong>period:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, series) horizontal row of the period table<\/p>\n<p><strong>periodic law:\u00a0<\/strong>properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>periodic table:\u00a0<\/strong>table of the elements that places elements with similar chemical properties close together<\/p>\n<p><strong>pnictogen:\u00a0<\/strong>element in group 15<\/p>\n<p><strong>representative element:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, main-group element) element in columns 1, 2, and 12\u201318<\/p>\n<p><strong>series:\u00a0<\/strong>(also, period) horizontal row of the period table<\/p>\n<p><strong>transition metal:\u00a0<\/strong>element in columns 3\u201311<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1600\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/chemistry\/get<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/chemistry\/get\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1600","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3014,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1600","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5610,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1600\/revisions\/5610"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3014"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1600\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1600"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1600"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1600"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}