{"id":2315,"date":"2015-05-06T03:51:01","date_gmt":"2015-05-06T03:51:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/oschemtemp\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2315"},"modified":"2016-10-24T20:45:00","modified_gmt":"2016-10-24T20:45:00","slug":"introduction-to-representative-metals-metalloids-and-nonmetals","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/chapter\/introduction-to-representative-metals-metalloids-and-nonmetals\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction to Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals","rendered":"Introduction to Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Outline of\u00a0Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Periodicity<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe development of the periodic table in the mid-1800s came from observations that there was a periodic relationship between the properties of the elements. Chemists, who have an understanding of the variations of these properties, have been able to use this knowledge to solve a wide variety of technical challenges. For example, silicon and other semiconductors form the backbone of modern electronics because of our ability to fine-tune the electrical properties of these materials. This chapter explores important properties of representative metals, metalloids, and nonmetals in the periodic table.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"880\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23212445\/CNX_Chem_18_00_SilWafer1.jpg\" alt=\"Three photos are shown. The first shows a scientific lab full of equipment in which two people in protective suits are working. The second image shows a man holding a round, reflective disc held inside of a protective, clear container. The third image shows a round disc covered in metallic chips which is behind a protective covering.\" width=\"880\" height=\"258\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> Figure 1. Purity is extremely important when preparing silicon wafers. Technicians in a cleanroom prepare silicon without impurities (left). The CEO of VLSI Research, Don Hutcheson, shows off a pure silicon wafer (center). A silicon wafer covered in Pentium chips is an enlarged version of the silicon wafers found in many electronics used today (right). (credit middle: modification of work by \u201cIntel Free Press\u201d\/Flickr; credit right: modification of work by Naotake Murayama)[\/caption]","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Outline of\u00a0Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Periodicity<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals<\/li>\n<li>Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids<\/li>\n<li>Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens<\/li>\n<li>Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The development of the periodic table in the mid-1800s came from observations that there was a periodic relationship between the properties of the elements. Chemists, who have an understanding of the variations of these properties, have been able to use this knowledge to solve a wide variety of technical challenges. For example, silicon and other semiconductors form the backbone of modern electronics because of our ability to fine-tune the electrical properties of these materials. This chapter explores important properties of representative metals, metalloids, and nonmetals in the periodic table.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 890px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23212445\/CNX_Chem_18_00_SilWafer1.jpg\" alt=\"Three photos are shown. The first shows a scientific lab full of equipment in which two people in protective suits are working. The second image shows a man holding a round, reflective disc held inside of a protective, clear container. The third image shows a round disc covered in metallic chips which is behind a protective covering.\" width=\"880\" height=\"258\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Purity is extremely important when preparing silicon wafers. Technicians in a cleanroom prepare silicon without impurities (left). The CEO of VLSI Research, Don Hutcheson, shows off a pure silicon wafer (center). A silicon wafer covered in Pentium chips is an enlarged version of the silicon wafers found in many electronics used today (right). (credit middle: modification of work by \u201cIntel Free Press\u201d\/Flickr; credit right: modification of work by Naotake Murayama)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2315\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/chemistry\/get<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/chemistry\/get\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2315","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2963,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2315","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5900,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2315\/revisions\/5900"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2963"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2315\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2315"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2315"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}