{"id":2711,"date":"2015-04-29T21:42:07","date_gmt":"2015-04-29T21:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/oschemtemp\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2711"},"modified":"2016-10-25T23:17:30","modified_gmt":"2016-10-25T23:17:30","slug":"water-properties-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/chapter\/water-properties-2\/","title":{"raw":"Water Properties","rendered":"Water Properties"},"content":{"raw":"<table summary=\"A table with two columns and 13 rows is titled \u201cWater Density ( Kilograms per cubic meter ) at Different Temperatures ( degrees Celsius ).\u201d The first row contains the title \u201cTemperature\u201d in the left column and the title \u201cDensity\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the number 0 in the left column and the number 999.8395 in the right column. The next row contains the number 4 in the left column and the number 999.9720 next to the text \u201c( density maximum )\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the number 10 in the left column and the number 999.7026 in the right column. The next row contains the number 15 in the left column and the number 999.1026 in the right column. The next row contains the number 20 in the left column and the number 998.2071 in the right column. The next row contains the number 22 in the left column and the number 997.7735 in the right column. The next row contains the number 25 in the left column and the number 997.0479 in the right column. The next row contains the number 30 in the left column and the number 995.6502 in the right column. The next row contains the number 40 in the left column and the number 992.2 in the right column. The next row contains the number 60 in the left column and the number 983.2 in the right column. The next row contains the number 80 in the left column and the number 971.8 in the right column. The next row contains the number 100 in the left column and the number 958.4 in the right column.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table 1. Water Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>) at Different Temperatures (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<th>Temperature[footnote]Data for t &lt; 0 \u00b0C are for supercooled water[\/footnote]<\/th>\r\n<th>Density<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>0<\/td>\r\n<td>999.8395<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<td>999.9720 (density maximum)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>10<\/td>\r\n<td>999.7026<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>15<\/td>\r\n<td>999.1026<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>20<\/td>\r\n<td>998.2071<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>22<\/td>\r\n<td>997.7735<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>25<\/td>\r\n<td>997.0479<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>30<\/td>\r\n<td>995.6502<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>40<\/td>\r\n<td>992.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>60<\/td>\r\n<td>983.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>80<\/td>\r\n<td>971.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>100<\/td>\r\n<td>958.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cDensity of Water as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cDensity, Kilograms per cubic meter.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 999.8395, 4 and 999.9720, 10 and 999.7026, 15 and 999.1026, 20 and 998.2071, 22 and 997.7735, 25 and 997.0479, 30 and 995.6502, 40 and 992.2, 60 and 983.2, 80 and 971.8, and 100 and 958.4. \"> <img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23213311\/CNX_Chem_00_EE_Density_img1.jpg\" alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cDensity of Water as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cDensity, Kilograms per cubic meter.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 999.8395, 4 and 999.9720, 10 and 999.7026, 15 and 999.1026, 20 and 998.2071, 22 and 997.7735, 25 and 997.0479, 30 and 995.6502, 40 and 992.2, 60 and 983.2, 80 and 971.8, and 100 and 958.4. \" width=\"700\" height=\"501\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/span>\r\n<table id=\"fs-idm352250464\" summary=\"A table with three columns and 23 rows is titled \u201cWater Vapor Pressure at Different Temperatures ( degrees Celsius ).\u201d The first row contains the title \u201cTemperature\u201d in the left column, the title \u201cVapor Pressure ( torr )\u201d in the middle column, and the title \u201cVapor Pressure ( pascals )\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the number 0 in the left column, the number 4.6 in the middle column, and the number 613.2812 in the right column. The next row contains the number 4 in the left column, the number 6.1 in the middle column, and the number 813.2642 in the right column. The next row contains the number 10 in the left column, the number 9.2 in the middle column, and the number 1226.562 in the right column. The next row contains the number 15 in the left column, the number 12.8 in the middle column, and the number 1706.522 in the right column. The next row contains the number 20 in the left column, the number 17.5 in the middle column, and the number 2333.135 in the right column. The next row contains the number 22 in the left column, the number 19.8 in the middle column, and the number 2639.776 in the right column. The next row contains the number 25 in the left column, the number 23.8 in the middle column, and the number 3173.064 in the right column. The next row contains the number 30 in the left column, the number 31.8 in the middle column, and the number 4239.64 in the right column. The next row contains the number 35 in the left column, the number 42.2 in the middle column, and the number 5626.188 in the right column. The next row contains the number 40 in the left column, the number 55.3 in the middle column, and the number 7372.707 in the right column. The next row contains the number 45 in the left column, the number 71.9 in the middle column, and the number 9585.852 in the right column. The next row contains the number 50 in the left column, the number 92.5 in the middle column, and the number 12332.29 in the right column. The next row contains the number 55 in the left column, the number 118.0 in the middle column, and the number 15732 in the right column. The next row contains the number 60 in the left column, the number 149.4 in the middle column, and the number 19918.31 in the right column. The next row contains the number 65 in the left column, the number 187.5 in the middle column, and the number 24997.88 in the right column. The next row contains the number 70 in the left column, the number 233.7 in the middle column, and the number 31157.35 in the right column. The next row contains the number 75 in the left column, the number 289.1 in the middle column, and the number 38543.39 in the right column. The next row contains the number 80 in the left column, the number 355.1 in the middle column, and the number 47342.64 in the right column. The next row contains the number 85 in the left column, the number 433.6 in the middle column, and the number 57808.42 in the right column. The next row contains the number 90 in the left column, the number 525.8 in the middle column, and the number 70100.71 in the right column. The next row contains the number 95 in the left column, the number 633.9 in the middle column, and the number 84512.82 in the right column. The next row contains the number 100 in the left column, the number 760.0 in the middle column, and the number 101324.7 in the right column.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"3\">Table 2. Water Vapor Pressure at Different Temperatures (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<th>Temperature<\/th>\r\n<th>Vapor Pressure (torr)<\/th>\r\n<th>Vapor Pressure (Pa)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>0<\/td>\r\n<td>4.6<\/td>\r\n<td>613.2812<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<td>6.1<\/td>\r\n<td>813.2642<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>10<\/td>\r\n<td>9.2<\/td>\r\n<td>1226.562<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>15<\/td>\r\n<td>12.8<\/td>\r\n<td>1706.522<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>20<\/td>\r\n<td>17.5<\/td>\r\n<td>2333.135<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>22<\/td>\r\n<td>19.8<\/td>\r\n<td>2639.776<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>25<\/td>\r\n<td>23.8<\/td>\r\n<td>3173.064<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>30<\/td>\r\n<td>31.8<\/td>\r\n<td>4239.64<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>35<\/td>\r\n<td>42.2<\/td>\r\n<td>5626.188<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>40<\/td>\r\n<td>55.3<\/td>\r\n<td>7372.707<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>45<\/td>\r\n<td>71.9<\/td>\r\n<td>9585.852<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>50<\/td>\r\n<td>92.5<\/td>\r\n<td>12332.29<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>55<\/td>\r\n<td>118.0<\/td>\r\n<td>15732<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>60<\/td>\r\n<td>149.4<\/td>\r\n<td>19918.31<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>65<\/td>\r\n<td>187.5<\/td>\r\n<td>24997.88<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>70<\/td>\r\n<td>233.7<\/td>\r\n<td>31157.35<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>75<\/td>\r\n<td>289.1<\/td>\r\n<td>38543.39<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>80<\/td>\r\n<td>355.1<\/td>\r\n<td>47342.64<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>85<\/td>\r\n<td>433.6<\/td>\r\n<td>57808.42<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>90<\/td>\r\n<td>525.8<\/td>\r\n<td>70100.71<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>95<\/td>\r\n<td>633.9<\/td>\r\n<td>84512.82<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>100<\/td>\r\n<td>760.0<\/td>\r\n<td>101324.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cVapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cVapor pressure, torr.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 4.6, 4 and 6.1, 10 and 9.2, 15 and 12.8, 20 and 17.5, 22 and 19.8, 25 and 23.8, 30 and 31.8, 35 and 42.2, 40 and 55.3, 45 and 71.9, 50 and 92.5, 55 and 118.0, 60 and 149.4, 65 and 187.5, 70 and 233.7, 75 and 289.1, 80 and 355.1, 85 and 433.6, 90 and 525.8, 95 and 633.9, and 100 and 760.0.\"> <img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23213313\/CNX_Chem_00_EE_Vapor_img1.jpg\" alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cVapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cVapor pressure, torr.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 4.6, 4 and 6.1, 10 and 9.2, 15 and 12.8, 20 and 17.5, 22 and 19.8, 25 and 23.8, 30 and 31.8, 35 and 42.2, 40 and 55.3, 45 and 71.9, 50 and 92.5, 55 and 118.0, 60 and 149.4, 65 and 187.5, 70 and 233.7, 75 and 289.1, 80 and 355.1, 85 and 433.6, 90 and 525.8, 95 and 633.9, and 100 and 760.0.\" width=\"700\" height=\"529\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/span>\r\n<table summary=\"A table with three columns and 16 rows is titled \u201cWater K subscript W and pK subscript W at Different Temperatures ( degrees Celsius ).\u201d The first row contains the title \u201cTemperature\u201d in the left column, the title \u201cK subscript W, 10 superscript negative 14\u201d in the middle column, and the title \u201cpK subscript W superscript 2\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the number 0 in the left column, the number 0.112 in the middle column, and the number 14.95 in the right column. The next row contains the number 5 in the left column, the number 0.182 in the middle column, and the number 14.74 in the right column. The next row contains the number 10 in the left column, the number 0.288 in the middle column, and the number 14.54 in the right column. The next row contains the number 15 in the left column, the number 0.465 in the middle column, and the number 14.33 in the right column. The next row contains the number 20 in the left column, the number 0.671 in the middle column, and the number 14.17 in the right column. The next row contains the number 25 in the left column, the number 0.991 in the middle column, and the number 14.00 in the right column. The next row contains the number 30 in the left column, the number 1.432 in the middle column, and the number 13.84 in the right column. The next row contains the number 35 in the left column, the number 2.042 in the middle column, and the number 13.69 in the right column. The next row contains the number 40 in the left column, the number 2.851 in the middle column, and the number 13.55 in the right column. The next row contains the number 45 in the left column, the number 3.917 in the middle column, and the number 13.41 in the right column. The next row contains the number 50 in the left column, the number 5.297 in the middle column, and the number 13.28 in the right column. The next row contains the number 55 in the left column, the number 7.080 in the middle column, and the number 13.15 in the right column. The next row contains the number 60 in the left column, the number 9.311 in the middle column, and the number 13.03 in the right column. The next row contains the number 75 in the left column, the number 19.95 in the middle column, and the number 12.70 in the right column. The next row contains the number 100 in the left column, the number 56.23 in the middle column, and the number 12.25 in the right column.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"3\">Table 3. Water K<sub>w<\/sub> and pK<sub>w<\/sub> at Different Temperatures (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<th>Temperature<\/th>\r\n<th>K<sub>w<\/sub> 10<sup>\u201314<\/sup><\/th>\r\n<th>pK<sub>w[footnote]pK<sub>w<\/sub> = \u2013log<sub>10<\/sub>(K<sub>w<\/sub>)[\/footnote]<\/sub><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>0<\/td>\r\n<td>0.112<\/td>\r\n<td>14.95<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>5<\/td>\r\n<td>0.182<\/td>\r\n<td>14.74<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>10<\/td>\r\n<td>0.288<\/td>\r\n<td>14.54<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>15<\/td>\r\n<td>0.465<\/td>\r\n<td>14.33<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>20<\/td>\r\n<td>0.671<\/td>\r\n<td>14.17<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>25<\/td>\r\n<td>0.991<\/td>\r\n<td>14.00<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>30<\/td>\r\n<td>1.432<\/td>\r\n<td>13.84<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>35<\/td>\r\n<td>2.042<\/td>\r\n<td>13.69<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>40<\/td>\r\n<td>2.851<\/td>\r\n<td>13.55<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>45<\/td>\r\n<td>3.917<\/td>\r\n<td>13.41<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>50<\/td>\r\n<td>5.297<\/td>\r\n<td>13.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>55<\/td>\r\n<td>7.080<\/td>\r\n<td>13.15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>60<\/td>\r\n<td>9.311<\/td>\r\n<td>13.03<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>75<\/td>\r\n<td>19.95<\/td>\r\n<td>12.70<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>100<\/td>\r\n<td>56.23<\/td>\r\n<td>12.25<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cWater pK subscript W as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cpK subscript W.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 14.95, 5 and 14.74, 10 and 14.54, 15 and 14.33, 20 and 14.17, 25 and 14, 30 and 13.84, 35 and 13.69, 40 and 13.55, 45 and 13.41, 50 and 13.28, 55 and 13.15, 60 and 13.03, 75 and 12.7, and 100 and 12.25.\"> <img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23213314\/CNX_Chem_00_EE_WaterpKw_img1.jpg\" alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cWater pK subscript W as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cpK subscript W.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 14.95, 5 and 14.74, 10 and 14.54, 15 and 14.33, 20 and 14.17, 25 and 14, 30 and 13.84, 35 and 13.69, 40 and 13.55, 45 and 13.41, 50 and 13.28, 55 and 13.15, 60 and 13.03, 75 and 12.7, and 100 and 12.25.\" width=\"700\" height=\"529\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/span>\r\n<table summary=\"A table with one column and three rows is titled \u201cSpecific Heat Capacity for Water.\u201d The first row contains the equation \u201cC superscript 0 ( H subscript 2 O ( liquid ) ) equals 4179 J per K superscript negative one per kg superscript negative one. The next row contains the equation \u201cC superscript 0 ( H subscript 2 O ( solid ) ) equals 1864 J per K superscript negative one per kg superscript negative one. The next row contains the equation \u201cC superscript 0 ( H subscript 2 O ( gas ) ) equals 2093 J per K superscript negative one per kg superscript negative one.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Table 4. Specific Heat Capacity for Water<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>C\u00b0(H<sub>2<\/sub>O(<em data-effect=\"italics\">l<\/em>)) = 4179 J\u2219K<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>C\u00b0(H<sub>2<\/sub>O(<em data-effect=\"italics\">s<\/em>)) = 1864 J\u2219K<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>C\u00b0(H<sub>2<\/sub>O(<em data-effect=\"italics\">g<\/em>)) = 2093 J\u2219K<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table summary=\"A table with three columns and three rows is titled \u201cStandard Water Melting and Boiling Temperatures and Enthalpies of the Transitions.\u201d The first row contains the title \u201cTemperature ( Kelvin )\u201d in the middle column and the title \u201cDelta H ( Kilojoules per mole )\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the title \u201cmelting\u201d in the left column, the number 273.15 in the middle column, and the number 6.088 in the right column. The next row contains the title \u201cboiling\u201d in the left column, the number 373.15 in the middle column, and the number 40.656 ( 44.016 at 298 Kelvin ) in the right column.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"3\">Table 5. Standard Water Melting and Boiling Temperatures and Enthalpies of the Transitions<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>Temperature (K)<\/th>\r\n<th>[latex]\\Delta H\\text{(kJ\/mol)}[\/latex]<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>melting<\/td>\r\n<td>273.15<\/td>\r\n<td>6.088<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>boiling<\/td>\r\n<td>373.15<\/td>\r\n<td>40.656 (44.016 at 298 K)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table summary=\"A table with one column and two rows is titled \u201cWater Cryoscopic ( Freezing Point Depression ) and Ebullioscopic ( Boiling Point Elevation ) Constants.\u201d The first row contains the equation \u201cK subscript f equals 1.86 K mol superscript negative one kg superscript negative one,\u201d directly to the left of the text \u201c( cryoscopic constant ).\u201d The next row contains the equation \u201cK subscript b equals 0.51 mol superscript negative one kg superscript negative one,\u201d directly to the left of the text \u201c( ebullioscopic constant ).\u201d\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Table 6. Water Cryoscopic (Freezing Point Depression) and Ebullioscopic (Boiling Point Elevation) Constants<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>K<sub>f<\/sub> = 1.86 K\u2219mol<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup> (cryoscopic constant)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>K<sub>b<\/sub> = 0.51 K\u2219mol<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup> (cryoscopic constant)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_00_EE_LiqWatAbso\"><span id=\"fs-idm364999968\" data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cWater Full-Range Spectral Absorption Curve.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cWavelength\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cAbsorption ( 1 per meter ).\u201d Evenly spaced tick marks on the x-axis denote 10 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 1 micrometer, 10 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 1 millimeter, and 10 millimeters. Evenly spaced tick marks on the y-axis denote 10 superscript negative two, 10 superscript negative one, 10 superscript zero, 10 superscript one, 10 superscript two, 10 superscript three, 10 superscript four, 10 superscript five, 10 superscript six, 10 superscript seven, and 10 superscript eight. Above the graph, horizontal lines indicate the range of wavelengths for U V, V I S, near I R , mid I R , far I R , and E H F. The graph contains one line that begins at 10 nanometers and a little more than 10 superscript six. Moving from left to right, this line ascends gradually until it reaches a point near 100 nanometers and 10 superscript eight. From this point, the line steeply descends to a point a little more than halfway between 100 nanometers and 1 micrometer, and slightly more than 10 superscript two. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cU V\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cV I S.\u201d The range labeled \u201cV I S\u201d is shaded with a color spectrum including the full range of Roy G Biv colors. Here, the line briefly descends in the same path as before, and then steeply ascends to a point near 1 micrometer and 10 superscript zero. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cV I S\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cnear I R.\u201d The line continues its steep ascent, with short, abrupt descents in between, until it reaches a point a little more than halfway between 1 micrometer and 10 micrometers, and a little more than 10 superscript six. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cnear I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cmid I R.\u201d Here, the line moves steeply and sporadically up and down until it reaches a point a little more than halfway between 10 micrometers and 100 micrometers, and slightly more than 10 superscript five. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cMid I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cFar I R.\u201d The line descends very gradually to a point slightly more than 1 millimeter and slightly more than 10 superscript four. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cFar I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cE H F.\u201d The line continues its gradual descent to 10 millimeters and slightly more than 10 superscript three. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cE H F.\u201d\"> <img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23213316\/CNX_Chem_00_EE_LiqWatAbso1.jpg\" alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cWater Full-Range Spectral Absorption Curve.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cWavelength\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cAbsorption ( 1 per meter ).\u201d Evenly spaced tick marks on the x-axis denote 10 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 1 micrometer, 10 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 1 millimeter, and 10 millimeters. Evenly spaced tick marks on the y-axis denote 10 superscript negative two, 10 superscript negative one, 10 superscript zero, 10 superscript one, 10 superscript two, 10 superscript three, 10 superscript four, 10 superscript five, 10 superscript six, 10 superscript seven, and 10 superscript eight. Above the graph, horizontal lines indicate the range of wavelengths for U V, V I S, near I R , mid I R , far I R , and E H F. The graph contains one line that begins at 10 nanometers and a little more than 10 superscript six. Moving from left to right, this line ascends gradually until it reaches a point near 100 nanometers and 10 superscript eight. From this point, the line steeply descends to a point a little more than halfway between 100 nanometers and 1 micrometer, and slightly more than 10 superscript two. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cU V\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cV I S.\u201d The range labeled \u201cV I S\u201d is shaded with a color spectrum including the full range of Roy G Biv colors. Here, the line briefly descends in the same path as before, and then steeply ascends to a point near 1 micrometer and 10 superscript zero. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cV I S\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cnear I R.\u201d The line continues its steep ascent, with short, abrupt descents in between, until it reaches a point a little more than halfway between 1 micrometer and 10 micrometers, and a little more than 10 superscript six. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cnear I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cmid I R.\u201d Here, the line moves steeply and sporadically up and down until it reaches a point a little more than halfway between 10 micrometers and 100 micrometers, and slightly more than 10 superscript five. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cMid I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cFar I R.\u201d The line descends very gradually to a point slightly more than 1 millimeter and slightly more than 10 superscript four. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cFar I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cE H F.\u201d The line continues its gradual descent to 10 millimeters and slightly more than 10 superscript three. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cE H F.\u201d\" width=\"661\" height=\"440\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/span><\/figure>Water full-range spectral absorption curve. This curve shows the full-range spectral absorption for water. The <em data-effect=\"italics\">y<\/em>-axis signifies the absorption in 1\/cm. If we divide 1 by this value, we will obtain the length of the path (in cm) after which the intensity of a light beam passing through water decays by a factor of the base of the natural logarithm e (e = 2.718281828).","rendered":"<table summary=\"A table with two columns and 13 rows is titled \u201cWater Density ( Kilograms per cubic meter ) at Different Temperatures ( degrees Celsius ).\u201d The first row contains the title \u201cTemperature\u201d in the left column and the title \u201cDensity\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the number 0 in the left column and the number 999.8395 in the right column. The next row contains the number 4 in the left column and the number 999.9720 next to the text \u201c( density maximum )\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the number 10 in the left column and the number 999.7026 in the right column. The next row contains the number 15 in the left column and the number 999.1026 in the right column. The next row contains the number 20 in the left column and the number 998.2071 in the right column. The next row contains the number 22 in the left column and the number 997.7735 in the right column. The next row contains the number 25 in the left column and the number 997.0479 in the right column. The next row contains the number 30 in the left column and the number 995.6502 in the right column. The next row contains the number 40 in the left column and the number 992.2 in the right column. The next row contains the number 60 in the left column and the number 983.2 in the right column. The next row contains the number 80 in the left column and the number 971.8 in the right column. The next row contains the number 100 in the left column and the number 958.4 in the right column.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table 1. Water Density (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>) at Different Temperatures (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Temperature<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Data for t &lt; 0 \u00b0C are for supercooled water\" id=\"return-footnote-2711-1\" href=\"#footnote-2711-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/th>\n<th>Density<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>999.8395<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>999.9720 (density maximum)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>999.7026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>999.1026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>998.2071<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>997.7735<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>997.0479<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>995.6502<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>992.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>983.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>80<\/td>\n<td>971.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>958.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cDensity of Water as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cDensity, Kilograms per cubic meter.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 999.8395, 4 and 999.9720, 10 and 999.7026, 15 and 999.1026, 20 and 998.2071, 22 and 997.7735, 25 and 997.0479, 30 and 995.6502, 40 and 992.2, 60 and 983.2, 80 and 971.8, and 100 and 958.4.\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23213311\/CNX_Chem_00_EE_Density_img1.jpg\" alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cDensity of Water as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cDensity, Kilograms per cubic meter.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 999.8395, 4 and 999.9720, 10 and 999.7026, 15 and 999.1026, 20 and 998.2071, 22 and 997.7735, 25 and 997.0479, 30 and 995.6502, 40 and 992.2, 60 and 983.2, 80 and 971.8, and 100 and 958.4.\" width=\"700\" height=\"501\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"fs-idm352250464\" summary=\"A table with three columns and 23 rows is titled \u201cWater Vapor Pressure at Different Temperatures ( degrees Celsius ).\u201d The first row contains the title \u201cTemperature\u201d in the left column, the title \u201cVapor Pressure ( torr )\u201d in the middle column, and the title \u201cVapor Pressure ( pascals )\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the number 0 in the left column, the number 4.6 in the middle column, and the number 613.2812 in the right column. The next row contains the number 4 in the left column, the number 6.1 in the middle column, and the number 813.2642 in the right column. The next row contains the number 10 in the left column, the number 9.2 in the middle column, and the number 1226.562 in the right column. The next row contains the number 15 in the left column, the number 12.8 in the middle column, and the number 1706.522 in the right column. The next row contains the number 20 in the left column, the number 17.5 in the middle column, and the number 2333.135 in the right column. The next row contains the number 22 in the left column, the number 19.8 in the middle column, and the number 2639.776 in the right column. The next row contains the number 25 in the left column, the number 23.8 in the middle column, and the number 3173.064 in the right column. The next row contains the number 30 in the left column, the number 31.8 in the middle column, and the number 4239.64 in the right column. The next row contains the number 35 in the left column, the number 42.2 in the middle column, and the number 5626.188 in the right column. The next row contains the number 40 in the left column, the number 55.3 in the middle column, and the number 7372.707 in the right column. The next row contains the number 45 in the left column, the number 71.9 in the middle column, and the number 9585.852 in the right column. The next row contains the number 50 in the left column, the number 92.5 in the middle column, and the number 12332.29 in the right column. The next row contains the number 55 in the left column, the number 118.0 in the middle column, and the number 15732 in the right column. The next row contains the number 60 in the left column, the number 149.4 in the middle column, and the number 19918.31 in the right column. The next row contains the number 65 in the left column, the number 187.5 in the middle column, and the number 24997.88 in the right column. The next row contains the number 70 in the left column, the number 233.7 in the middle column, and the number 31157.35 in the right column. The next row contains the number 75 in the left column, the number 289.1 in the middle column, and the number 38543.39 in the right column. The next row contains the number 80 in the left column, the number 355.1 in the middle column, and the number 47342.64 in the right column. The next row contains the number 85 in the left column, the number 433.6 in the middle column, and the number 57808.42 in the right column. The next row contains the number 90 in the left column, the number 525.8 in the middle column, and the number 70100.71 in the right column. The next row contains the number 95 in the left column, the number 633.9 in the middle column, and the number 84512.82 in the right column. The next row contains the number 100 in the left column, the number 760.0 in the middle column, and the number 101324.7 in the right column.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">Table 2. Water Vapor Pressure at Different Temperatures (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Temperature<\/th>\n<th>Vapor Pressure (torr)<\/th>\n<th>Vapor Pressure (Pa)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>4.6<\/td>\n<td>613.2812<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>6.1<\/td>\n<td>813.2642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>9.2<\/td>\n<td>1226.562<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>12.8<\/td>\n<td>1706.522<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>17.5<\/td>\n<td>2333.135<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>19.8<\/td>\n<td>2639.776<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>23.8<\/td>\n<td>3173.064<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>31.8<\/td>\n<td>4239.64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>35<\/td>\n<td>42.2<\/td>\n<td>5626.188<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>55.3<\/td>\n<td>7372.707<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>45<\/td>\n<td>71.9<\/td>\n<td>9585.852<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>50<\/td>\n<td>92.5<\/td>\n<td>12332.29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>55<\/td>\n<td>118.0<\/td>\n<td>15732<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>149.4<\/td>\n<td>19918.31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>65<\/td>\n<td>187.5<\/td>\n<td>24997.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>70<\/td>\n<td>233.7<\/td>\n<td>31157.35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>75<\/td>\n<td>289.1<\/td>\n<td>38543.39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>80<\/td>\n<td>355.1<\/td>\n<td>47342.64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>85<\/td>\n<td>433.6<\/td>\n<td>57808.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>90<\/td>\n<td>525.8<\/td>\n<td>70100.71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>95<\/td>\n<td>633.9<\/td>\n<td>84512.82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>760.0<\/td>\n<td>101324.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cVapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cVapor pressure, torr.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 4.6, 4 and 6.1, 10 and 9.2, 15 and 12.8, 20 and 17.5, 22 and 19.8, 25 and 23.8, 30 and 31.8, 35 and 42.2, 40 and 55.3, 45 and 71.9, 50 and 92.5, 55 and 118.0, 60 and 149.4, 65 and 187.5, 70 and 233.7, 75 and 289.1, 80 and 355.1, 85 and 433.6, 90 and 525.8, 95 and 633.9, and 100 and 760.0.\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23213313\/CNX_Chem_00_EE_Vapor_img1.jpg\" alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cVapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cVapor pressure, torr.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 4.6, 4 and 6.1, 10 and 9.2, 15 and 12.8, 20 and 17.5, 22 and 19.8, 25 and 23.8, 30 and 31.8, 35 and 42.2, 40 and 55.3, 45 and 71.9, 50 and 92.5, 55 and 118.0, 60 and 149.4, 65 and 187.5, 70 and 233.7, 75 and 289.1, 80 and 355.1, 85 and 433.6, 90 and 525.8, 95 and 633.9, and 100 and 760.0.\" width=\"700\" height=\"529\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<table summary=\"A table with three columns and 16 rows is titled \u201cWater K subscript W and pK subscript W at Different Temperatures ( degrees Celsius ).\u201d The first row contains the title \u201cTemperature\u201d in the left column, the title \u201cK subscript W, 10 superscript negative 14\u201d in the middle column, and the title \u201cpK subscript W superscript 2\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the number 0 in the left column, the number 0.112 in the middle column, and the number 14.95 in the right column. The next row contains the number 5 in the left column, the number 0.182 in the middle column, and the number 14.74 in the right column. The next row contains the number 10 in the left column, the number 0.288 in the middle column, and the number 14.54 in the right column. The next row contains the number 15 in the left column, the number 0.465 in the middle column, and the number 14.33 in the right column. The next row contains the number 20 in the left column, the number 0.671 in the middle column, and the number 14.17 in the right column. The next row contains the number 25 in the left column, the number 0.991 in the middle column, and the number 14.00 in the right column. The next row contains the number 30 in the left column, the number 1.432 in the middle column, and the number 13.84 in the right column. The next row contains the number 35 in the left column, the number 2.042 in the middle column, and the number 13.69 in the right column. The next row contains the number 40 in the left column, the number 2.851 in the middle column, and the number 13.55 in the right column. The next row contains the number 45 in the left column, the number 3.917 in the middle column, and the number 13.41 in the right column. The next row contains the number 50 in the left column, the number 5.297 in the middle column, and the number 13.28 in the right column. The next row contains the number 55 in the left column, the number 7.080 in the middle column, and the number 13.15 in the right column. The next row contains the number 60 in the left column, the number 9.311 in the middle column, and the number 13.03 in the right column. The next row contains the number 75 in the left column, the number 19.95 in the middle column, and the number 12.70 in the right column. The next row contains the number 100 in the left column, the number 56.23 in the middle column, and the number 12.25 in the right column.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">Table 3. Water K<sub>w<\/sub> and pK<sub>w<\/sub> at Different Temperatures (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Temperature<\/th>\n<th>K<sub>w<\/sub> 10<sup>\u201314<\/sup><\/th>\n<th>pK<sub>w<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"pKw = \u2013log10(Kw)\" id=\"return-footnote-2711-2\" href=\"#footnote-2711-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/sub><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0.112<\/td>\n<td>14.95<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>0.182<\/td>\n<td>14.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>0.288<\/td>\n<td>14.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>0.465<\/td>\n<td>14.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.671<\/td>\n<td>14.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>0.991<\/td>\n<td>14.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>1.432<\/td>\n<td>13.84<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>35<\/td>\n<td>2.042<\/td>\n<td>13.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>2.851<\/td>\n<td>13.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>45<\/td>\n<td>3.917<\/td>\n<td>13.41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>50<\/td>\n<td>5.297<\/td>\n<td>13.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>55<\/td>\n<td>7.080<\/td>\n<td>13.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>9.311<\/td>\n<td>13.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>75<\/td>\n<td>19.95<\/td>\n<td>12.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>56.23<\/td>\n<td>12.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cWater pK subscript W as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cpK subscript W.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 14.95, 5 and 14.74, 10 and 14.54, 15 and 14.33, 20 and 14.17, 25 and 14, 30 and 13.84, 35 and 13.69, 40 and 13.55, 45 and 13.41, 50 and 13.28, 55 and 13.15, 60 and 13.03, 75 and 12.7, and 100 and 12.25.\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23213314\/CNX_Chem_00_EE_WaterpKw_img1.jpg\" alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cWater pK subscript W as a Function of Temperature.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cTemperature, degrees Celsius,\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cpK subscript W.\u201d A line connects plot points at the coordinates 0 and 14.95, 5 and 14.74, 10 and 14.54, 15 and 14.33, 20 and 14.17, 25 and 14, 30 and 13.84, 35 and 13.69, 40 and 13.55, 45 and 13.41, 50 and 13.28, 55 and 13.15, 60 and 13.03, 75 and 12.7, and 100 and 12.25.\" width=\"700\" height=\"529\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<table summary=\"A table with one column and three rows is titled \u201cSpecific Heat Capacity for Water.\u201d The first row contains the equation \u201cC superscript 0 ( H subscript 2 O ( liquid ) ) equals 4179 J per K superscript negative one per kg superscript negative one. The next row contains the equation \u201cC superscript 0 ( H subscript 2 O ( solid ) ) equals 1864 J per K superscript negative one per kg superscript negative one. The next row contains the equation \u201cC superscript 0 ( H subscript 2 O ( gas ) ) equals 2093 J per K superscript negative one per kg superscript negative one.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Table 4. Specific Heat Capacity for Water<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>C\u00b0(H<sub>2<\/sub>O(<em data-effect=\"italics\">l<\/em>)) = 4179 J\u2219K<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>C\u00b0(H<sub>2<\/sub>O(<em data-effect=\"italics\">s<\/em>)) = 1864 J\u2219K<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>C\u00b0(H<sub>2<\/sub>O(<em data-effect=\"italics\">g<\/em>)) = 2093 J\u2219K<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table summary=\"A table with three columns and three rows is titled \u201cStandard Water Melting and Boiling Temperatures and Enthalpies of the Transitions.\u201d The first row contains the title \u201cTemperature ( Kelvin )\u201d in the middle column and the title \u201cDelta H ( Kilojoules per mole )\u201d in the right column. The next row contains the title \u201cmelting\u201d in the left column, the number 273.15 in the middle column, and the number 6.088 in the right column. The next row contains the title \u201cboiling\u201d in the left column, the number 373.15 in the middle column, and the number 40.656 ( 44.016 at 298 Kelvin ) in the right column.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">Table 5. Standard Water Melting and Boiling Temperatures and Enthalpies of the Transitions<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Temperature (K)<\/th>\n<th>[latex]\\Delta H\\text{(kJ\/mol)}[\/latex]<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>melting<\/td>\n<td>273.15<\/td>\n<td>6.088<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>boiling<\/td>\n<td>373.15<\/td>\n<td>40.656 (44.016 at 298 K)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table summary=\"A table with one column and two rows is titled \u201cWater Cryoscopic ( Freezing Point Depression ) and Ebullioscopic ( Boiling Point Elevation ) Constants.\u201d The first row contains the equation \u201cK subscript f equals 1.86 K mol superscript negative one kg superscript negative one,\u201d directly to the left of the text \u201c( cryoscopic constant ).\u201d The next row contains the equation \u201cK subscript b equals 0.51 mol superscript negative one kg superscript negative one,\u201d directly to the left of the text \u201c( ebullioscopic constant ).\u201d\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Table 6. Water Cryoscopic (Freezing Point Depression) and Ebullioscopic (Boiling Point Elevation) Constants<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>K<sub>f<\/sub> = 1.86 K\u2219mol<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup> (cryoscopic constant)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>K<sub>b<\/sub> = 0.51 K\u2219mol<sup>-1<\/sup>\u2219kg<sup>-1<\/sup> (cryoscopic constant)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_00_EE_LiqWatAbso\"><span id=\"fs-idm364999968\" data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cWater Full-Range Spectral Absorption Curve.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cWavelength\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cAbsorption ( 1 per meter ).\u201d Evenly spaced tick marks on the x-axis denote 10 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 1 micrometer, 10 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 1 millimeter, and 10 millimeters. Evenly spaced tick marks on the y-axis denote 10 superscript negative two, 10 superscript negative one, 10 superscript zero, 10 superscript one, 10 superscript two, 10 superscript three, 10 superscript four, 10 superscript five, 10 superscript six, 10 superscript seven, and 10 superscript eight. Above the graph, horizontal lines indicate the range of wavelengths for U V, V I S, near I R , mid I R , far I R , and E H F. The graph contains one line that begins at 10 nanometers and a little more than 10 superscript six. Moving from left to right, this line ascends gradually until it reaches a point near 100 nanometers and 10 superscript eight. From this point, the line steeply descends to a point a little more than halfway between 100 nanometers and 1 micrometer, and slightly more than 10 superscript two. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cU V\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cV I S.\u201d The range labeled \u201cV I S\u201d is shaded with a color spectrum including the full range of Roy G Biv colors. Here, the line briefly descends in the same path as before, and then steeply ascends to a point near 1 micrometer and 10 superscript zero. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cV I S\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cnear I R.\u201d The line continues its steep ascent, with short, abrupt descents in between, until it reaches a point a little more than halfway between 1 micrometer and 10 micrometers, and a little more than 10 superscript six. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cnear I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cmid I R.\u201d Here, the line moves steeply and sporadically up and down until it reaches a point a little more than halfway between 10 micrometers and 100 micrometers, and slightly more than 10 superscript five. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cMid I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cFar I R.\u201d The line descends very gradually to a point slightly more than 1 millimeter and slightly more than 10 superscript four. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cFar I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cE H F.\u201d The line continues its gradual descent to 10 millimeters and slightly more than 10 superscript three. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cE H F.\u201d\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23213316\/CNX_Chem_00_EE_LiqWatAbso1.jpg\" alt=\"A line graph is titled \u201cWater Full-Range Spectral Absorption Curve.\u201d The x-axis is titled \u201cWavelength\u201d and the y-axis is titled \u201cAbsorption ( 1 per meter ).\u201d Evenly spaced tick marks on the x-axis denote 10 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 1 micrometer, 10 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 1 millimeter, and 10 millimeters. Evenly spaced tick marks on the y-axis denote 10 superscript negative two, 10 superscript negative one, 10 superscript zero, 10 superscript one, 10 superscript two, 10 superscript three, 10 superscript four, 10 superscript five, 10 superscript six, 10 superscript seven, and 10 superscript eight. Above the graph, horizontal lines indicate the range of wavelengths for U V, V I S, near I R , mid I R , far I R , and E H F. The graph contains one line that begins at 10 nanometers and a little more than 10 superscript six. Moving from left to right, this line ascends gradually until it reaches a point near 100 nanometers and 10 superscript eight. From this point, the line steeply descends to a point a little more than halfway between 100 nanometers and 1 micrometer, and slightly more than 10 superscript two. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cU V\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cV I S.\u201d The range labeled \u201cV I S\u201d is shaded with a color spectrum including the full range of Roy G Biv colors. Here, the line briefly descends in the same path as before, and then steeply ascends to a point near 1 micrometer and 10 superscript zero. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cV I S\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cnear I R.\u201d The line continues its steep ascent, with short, abrupt descents in between, until it reaches a point a little more than halfway between 1 micrometer and 10 micrometers, and a little more than 10 superscript six. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cnear I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cmid I R.\u201d Here, the line moves steeply and sporadically up and down until it reaches a point a little more than halfway between 10 micrometers and 100 micrometers, and slightly more than 10 superscript five. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cMid I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cFar I R.\u201d The line descends very gradually to a point slightly more than 1 millimeter and slightly more than 10 superscript four. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cFar I R\u201d and the beginning of the range labeled \u201cE H F.\u201d The line continues its gradual descent to 10 millimeters and slightly more than 10 superscript three. This point indicates the end of the range labeled \u201cE H F.\u201d\" width=\"661\" height=\"440\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/span><\/figure>\n<p>Water full-range spectral absorption curve. This curve shows the full-range spectral absorption for water. The <em data-effect=\"italics\">y<\/em>-axis signifies the absorption in 1\/cm. If we divide 1 by this value, we will obtain the length of the path (in cm) after which the intensity of a light beam passing through water decays by a factor of the base of the natural logarithm e (e = 2.718281828).<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2711\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/chemistry\/get<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-2711-1\">Data for t &lt; 0 \u00b0C are for supercooled water <a href=\"#return-footnote-2711-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2711-2\">pK<sub>w<\/sub> = \u2013log<sub>10<\/sub>(K<sub>w<\/sub>) <a href=\"#return-footnote-2711-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":139,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/chemistry\/get\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2711","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2943,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2711","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2711\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5982,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2711\/revisions\/5982"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2943"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2711\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2711"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2711"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2711"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-chem-atoms-first\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2711"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}