{"id":2002,"date":"2014-10-27T21:24:43","date_gmt":"2014-10-27T21:24:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/apvccs\/?post_type=chapter&p=2002"},"modified":"2019-06-24T16:31:39","modified_gmt":"2019-06-24T16:31:39","slug":"glossary-2","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-anatomy-physiology\/chapter\/glossary-2\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary: Muscle Tissue","rendered":"Glossary: Muscle Tissue"},"content":{"raw":"ATPase:<\/strong> enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP\r\n\r\nacetylcholine (ACh):<\/strong> neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization\r\n\r\nactin:<\/strong> protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber\r\n\r\naction potential:<\/strong> change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers\r\n\r\naerobic respiration:<\/strong> production of ATP in the presence of oxygen\r\n\r\nangiogenesis:<\/strong> formation of blood capillary networks\r\n\r\naponeurosis:<\/strong> broad, tendon-like sheet of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another skeletal muscle or to a bone\r\n\r\natrophy:<\/strong> loss of structural proteins from muscle fibers\r\n\r\nautorhythmicity:<\/strong> heart\u2019s ability to control its own contractions\r\n\r\ncalmodulin:<\/strong> regulatory protein that facilitates contraction in smooth muscles\r\n\r\ncardiac muscle:<\/strong> striated muscle found in the heart; joined to one another at intercalated discs and under the regulation of pacemaker cells, which contract as one unit to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.\r\n\r\nconcentric contraction:<\/strong> muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load\r\n\r\ncontractility:<\/strong> ability to shorten (contract) forcibly\r\n\r\ncontraction phase:<\/strong> twitch contraction phase when tension increases\r\n\r\ncreatine phosphate:<\/strong> phosphagen used to store energy from ATP and transfer it to muscle\r\n\r\ndense body:<\/strong> sarcoplasmic structure that attaches to the sarcolemma and shortens the muscle as thin filaments slide past thick filaments\r\n\r\ndepolarize:<\/strong> to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell\u2019s plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest\r\n\r\ndesmosome:<\/strong> cell structure that anchors the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to allow contraction to occur\r\n\r\nelasticity:<\/strong> ability to stretch and rebound\r\n\r\nendomysium:<\/strong> loose, and well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle\r\n\r\nepimysium:<\/strong> outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle\r\n\r\nexcitability:<\/strong> ability to undergo neural stimulation\r\n\r\nextensibility:<\/strong> ability to lengthen (extend)\r\n\r\nfascicle:<\/strong> bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle\r\n\r\nfast glycolytic (FG):<\/strong> muscle fiber that primarily uses anaerobic glycolysis\r\n\r\nfast oxidative (FO):<\/strong> intermediate muscle fiber that is between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers\r\n\r\nfibrosis:<\/strong> replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue\r\n\r\nglycolysis:<\/strong> anaerobic breakdown of glucose to ATP\r\n\r\nhyperplasia:<\/strong> process in which one cell splits to produce new cells\r\n\r\nhypertonia:<\/strong> abnormally high muscle tone\r\n\r\nhypertrophy:<\/strong> addition of structural proteins to muscle fibers\r\n\r\nhypotonia:<\/strong> abnormally low muscle tone caused by the absence of low-level contractions\r\n\r\nintercalated disc:<\/strong> part of the sarcolemma that connects cardiac tissue, and contains gap junctions and desmosomes\r\n\r\nlactic acid:<\/strong> product of anaerobic glycolysis\r\n\r\nlatch-bridges:<\/strong> subset of a cross-bridge in which actin and myosin remain locked together\r\n\r\nlatent period:<\/strong> the time when a twitch does not produce contraction\r\n\r\nmotor end-plate:<\/strong> sarcolemma of muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction, with receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine\r\n\r\nmotor unit:<\/strong> motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates\r\n\r\nmuscle tension:<\/strong> force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic contractions and isometric contractions\r\n\r\nmuscle tone:<\/strong> low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement\r\n\r\nmyoblast:<\/strong> muscle-forming stem cell\r\n\r\nmyofibril:<\/strong> long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fiber and contains the sarcomeres\r\n\r\nmyoglobin<\/strong>: a protein that binds to oxygen when it is abundant, and releases it when oxygen becomes scarce.\r\n\r\nmyosin:<\/strong> protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle fiber\r\n\r\nmyotube:<\/strong> fusion of many myoblast cells\r\n\r\nneuromuscular junction (NMJ):<\/strong> synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal\r\n\r\nneurotransmitter:<\/strong> signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells\r\n\r\npacesetter cell:<\/strong> cell that triggers action potentials in smooth muscle\r\n\r\npericyte:<\/strong> stem cell that regenerates smooth muscle cells\r\n\r\nperimysium:<\/strong> connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle\r\n\r\nsarcolemma:<\/strong> plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber\r\n\r\nsarcomere:<\/strong> longitudinally, repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction\r\n\r\nsarcopenia:<\/strong> age-related muscle atrophy\r\n\r\nsarcoplasmic reticulum (SR):<\/strong> specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca+2<\/sup>\r\n\r\nsarcoplasm:<\/strong> cytoplasm of a muscle cell\r\n\r\nsatellite cell:<\/strong> stem cell that helps to repair muscle cells\r\n\r\nskeletal muscle:<\/strong> striated, multinucleated muscle that requires signaling from the nervous system to trigger contraction; most skeletal muscles are referred to as voluntary muscles that move bones and produce movement\r\n\r\nslow oxidative (SO):<\/strong> muscle fiber that primarily uses aerobic respiration\r\n\r\nsmooth muscle:<\/strong> nonstriated, mononucleated muscle in the skin that is associated with hair follicles; assists in moving materials in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and internal passageways\r\n\r\nsomites:<\/strong> blocks of paraxial mesoderm cells\r\n\r\nstress-relaxation response:<\/strong> relaxation of smooth muscle tissue after being stretched\r\n\r\nsynaptic cleft:<\/strong> space between a nerve (axon) terminal and a motor end-plate\r\n\r\nterminal cistern<\/strong>: swelling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum where it meets the transverse tubule.\r\n\r\nthick filament:<\/strong> the thick myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all to way to, the Z-discs\r\n\r\nthin filament:<\/strong> thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere\r\n\r\ntransverse (T) tubule:<\/strong> projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell\r\n\r\ntriad:<\/strong> the grouping of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae\r\n\r\ntropomyosin:<\/strong> regulatory protein that covers myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin\r\n\r\ntroponin:<\/strong> regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium\r\n\r\nvaricosity:<\/strong> enlargement of neurons that release neurotransmitters into synaptic clefts\r\n\r\nvisceral muscle:<\/strong> smooth muscle found in the walls of visceral organs\r\n\r\nvoltage-gated sodium channels:<\/strong> membrane proteins that open sodium channels in response to a sufficient voltage change, and initiate and transmit the action potential as Na+<\/sup>\u00a0enters through the channel","rendered":"

ATPase:<\/strong> enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP<\/p>\n

acetylcholine (ACh):<\/strong> neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization<\/p>\n

actin:<\/strong> protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber<\/p>\n

action potential:<\/strong> change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers<\/p>\n

aerobic respiration:<\/strong> production of ATP in the presence of oxygen<\/p>\n

angiogenesis:<\/strong> formation of blood capillary networks<\/p>\n

aponeurosis:<\/strong> broad, tendon-like sheet of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another skeletal muscle or to a bone<\/p>\n

atrophy:<\/strong> loss of structural proteins from muscle fibers<\/p>\n

autorhythmicity:<\/strong> heart\u2019s ability to control its own contractions<\/p>\n

calmodulin:<\/strong> regulatory protein that facilitates contraction in smooth muscles<\/p>\n

cardiac muscle:<\/strong> striated muscle found in the heart; joined to one another at intercalated discs and under the regulation of pacemaker cells, which contract as one unit to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.<\/p>\n

concentric contraction:<\/strong> muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load<\/p>\n

contractility:<\/strong> ability to shorten (contract) forcibly<\/p>\n

contraction phase:<\/strong> twitch contraction phase when tension increases<\/p>\n

creatine phosphate:<\/strong> phosphagen used to store energy from ATP and transfer it to muscle<\/p>\n

dense body:<\/strong> sarcoplasmic structure that attaches to the sarcolemma and shortens the muscle as thin filaments slide past thick filaments<\/p>\n

depolarize:<\/strong> to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell\u2019s plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest<\/p>\n

desmosome:<\/strong> cell structure that anchors the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to allow contraction to occur<\/p>\n

elasticity:<\/strong> ability to stretch and rebound<\/p>\n

endomysium:<\/strong> loose, and well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle<\/p>\n

epimysium:<\/strong> outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle<\/p>\n

excitability:<\/strong> ability to undergo neural stimulation<\/p>\n

extensibility:<\/strong> ability to lengthen (extend)<\/p>\n

fascicle:<\/strong> bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle<\/p>\n

fast glycolytic (FG):<\/strong> muscle fiber that primarily uses anaerobic glycolysis<\/p>\n

fast oxidative (FO):<\/strong> intermediate muscle fiber that is between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers<\/p>\n

fibrosis:<\/strong> replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue<\/p>\n

glycolysis:<\/strong> anaerobic breakdown of glucose to ATP<\/p>\n

hyperplasia:<\/strong> process in which one cell splits to produce new cells<\/p>\n

hypertonia:<\/strong> abnormally high muscle tone<\/p>\n

hypertrophy:<\/strong> addition of structural proteins to muscle fibers<\/p>\n

hypotonia:<\/strong> abnormally low muscle tone caused by the absence of low-level contractions<\/p>\n

intercalated disc:<\/strong> part of the sarcolemma that connects cardiac tissue, and contains gap junctions and desmosomes<\/p>\n

lactic acid:<\/strong> product of anaerobic glycolysis<\/p>\n

latch-bridges:<\/strong> subset of a cross-bridge in which actin and myosin remain locked together<\/p>\n

latent period:<\/strong> the time when a twitch does not produce contraction<\/p>\n

motor end-plate:<\/strong> sarcolemma of muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction, with receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine<\/p>\n

motor unit:<\/strong> motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates<\/p>\n

muscle tension:<\/strong> force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic contractions and isometric contractions<\/p>\n

muscle tone:<\/strong> low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement<\/p>\n

myoblast:<\/strong> muscle-forming stem cell<\/p>\n

myofibril:<\/strong> long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fiber and contains the sarcomeres<\/p>\n

myoglobin<\/strong>: a protein that binds to oxygen when it is abundant, and releases it when oxygen becomes scarce.<\/p>\n

myosin:<\/strong> protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle fiber<\/p>\n

myotube:<\/strong> fusion of many myoblast cells<\/p>\n

neuromuscular junction (NMJ):<\/strong> synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal<\/p>\n

neurotransmitter:<\/strong> signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells<\/p>\n

pacesetter cell:<\/strong> cell that triggers action potentials in smooth muscle<\/p>\n

pericyte:<\/strong> stem cell that regenerates smooth muscle cells<\/p>\n

perimysium:<\/strong> connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle<\/p>\n

sarcolemma:<\/strong> plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber<\/p>\n

sarcomere:<\/strong> longitudinally, repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction<\/p>\n

sarcopenia:<\/strong> age-related muscle atrophy<\/p>\n

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR):<\/strong> specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca+2<\/sup><\/p>\n

sarcoplasm:<\/strong> cytoplasm of a muscle cell<\/p>\n

satellite cell:<\/strong> stem cell that helps to repair muscle cells<\/p>\n

skeletal muscle:<\/strong> striated, multinucleated muscle that requires signaling from the nervous system to trigger contraction; most skeletal muscles are referred to as voluntary muscles that move bones and produce movement<\/p>\n

slow oxidative (SO):<\/strong> muscle fiber that primarily uses aerobic respiration<\/p>\n

smooth muscle:<\/strong> nonstriated, mononucleated muscle in the skin that is associated with hair follicles; assists in moving materials in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and internal passageways<\/p>\n

somites:<\/strong> blocks of paraxial mesoderm cells<\/p>\n

stress-relaxation response:<\/strong> relaxation of smooth muscle tissue after being stretched<\/p>\n

synaptic cleft:<\/strong> space between a nerve (axon) terminal and a motor end-plate<\/p>\n

terminal cistern<\/strong>: swelling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum where it meets the transverse tubule.<\/p>\n

thick filament:<\/strong> the thick myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all to way to, the Z-discs<\/p>\n

thin filament:<\/strong> thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere<\/p>\n

transverse (T) tubule:<\/strong> projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell<\/p>\n

triad:<\/strong> the grouping of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae<\/p>\n

tropomyosin:<\/strong> regulatory protein that covers myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin<\/p>\n

troponin:<\/strong> regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium<\/p>\n

varicosity:<\/strong> enlargement of neurons that release neurotransmitters into synaptic clefts<\/p>\n

visceral muscle:<\/strong> smooth muscle found in the walls of visceral organs<\/p>\n

voltage-gated sodium channels:<\/strong> membrane proteins that open sodium channels in response to a sufficient voltage change, and initiate and transmit the action potential as Na+<\/sup>\u00a0enters through the channel<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t

Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>