{"id":3462,"date":"2017-04-28T16:06:10","date_gmt":"2017-04-28T16:06:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/ap1-dev\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3462"},"modified":"2019-09-12T18:28:56","modified_gmt":"2019-09-12T18:28:56","slug":"introduction-to-muscle-tissue","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/chapter\/introduction-to-muscle-tissue\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction to Muscle Tissue","rendered":"Introduction to Muscle Tissue"},"content":{"raw":"&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the properties of muscle tissue.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the significant events of a skeletal muscle contraction within a muscle in generating force<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the Nervous System Control of muscle tension<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the types of skeletal muscle fibers<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the major muscles of the human body and their actions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compare and contrast agonist and antagonist muscles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the structure and function of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle tissue.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nMuscle is one of the four primary tissue types of the body. Muscle cells are specialized for contraction. Muscles allow for motions such as walking, and they also facilitate bodily processes such as respiration and digestion.\r\n<h3><strong>Properties of muscle tissue<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nAll muscle cells share several properties: contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Contractility\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>is the ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten.\u00a0Contractility<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">\u00a0allows muscle tissue to pull on its attachment points and shorten with force.<em>(<\/em><\/span><em>\u00a0muscles can only pull, never push.)<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Excitability<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Extensibility<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Elasticity<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the ability to\u00a0a<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0muscle to return to its original length when relaxed <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Three types of muscle tissue:<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp80752496\">Muscle cells are specialized for contraction. Muscles allow for motions such as walking, and they also facilitate bodily processes such as respiration and digestion. The body contains three types of muscle tissue: <strong>(a) skeletal muscle tissue (b) smooth muscle tissue (c) cardiac muscle tissue.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fig-ch38_04_01\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3467\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"size-large wp-image-3467\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1512\/2014\/10\/28161313\/414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiacabc-1024x183.jpg\" alt=\"This figure show the micrographs of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle cells.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"183\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.\u00a0The Three Types of Muscle Tissue.<\/strong> The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac muscle. From top, LM \u00d7 1600, LM \u00d7 1600, LM \u00d7 1600. (Micrographs provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li id=\"fs-idp83949408\"><strong>Skeletal muscle tissue<\/strong> forms skeletal muscles, which attach to bones or skin and control locomotion and any movement that can be consciously controlled. Because it can be controlled by thought, skeletal muscle is also called voluntary muscle. Skeletal muscles are long and cylindrical in appearance; when viewed under a microscope, skeletal muscle tissue has a striped or striated appearance. The striations are caused by the regular arrangement of contractile proteins (actin and myosin). Actin is a globular contractile protein that interacts with myosin for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle also has multiple nuclei present in a single cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"fs-idm38953616\"><strong>Smooth muscle tissue<\/strong> occurs in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, stomach, and urinary bladder, and around passages such as the respiratory tract and blood vessels. Smooth muscle has no striations, is not under voluntary control, has only one nucleus per cell, is tapered at both ends, and is called involuntary muscle.<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"fs-idm194526608\"><strong>Cardiac muscle tissue<\/strong> is only found in the heart, and cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated, but unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cannot be consciously controlled and is called involuntary muscle. It has one nucleus per cell, is branched, and is distinguished by the presence of intercalated disk.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table id=\"tbl-ch04_04_01\" summary=\"\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"4\">\r\n<h2>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Table 1:\u00a0\u00a0Comparison of Structure and Properties of Muscle Tissue Types<\/h2>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><span style=\"background-color: #00ff00\">Tissue<\/span><\/th>\r\n<th><span style=\"background-color: #00ff00\">Histology<\/span><\/th>\r\n<th><span style=\"background-color: #00ff00\">Function<\/span><\/th>\r\n<th><span style=\"background-color: #00ff00\">Location<\/span><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"background-color: #ff6600\"><strong>Skeletal<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>Long cylindrical fiber, striated, many peripherally located nuclei<\/td>\r\n<td>Voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organs<\/td>\r\n<td>Attached to bones and around entrance points to body (e.g., mouth, anus)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"background-color: #ff6600\"><strong>Cardiac<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>Short, branched, striated, single central nucleus<\/td>\r\n<td>Contracts to pump blood<\/td>\r\n<td>Heart<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"background-color: #ff6600\"><strong>Smooth<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>Short, spindle-shaped, no evident striation, single nucleus in each fiber<\/td>\r\n<td>Involuntary movement, moves food, involuntary control of respiration, moves secretions, regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction<\/td>\r\n<td>Walls of major organs and passageways<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the properties of muscle tissue.<\/li>\n<li>Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the significant events of a skeletal muscle contraction within a muscle in generating force<\/li>\n<li>Describe the Nervous System Control of muscle tension<\/li>\n<li>Describe the types of skeletal muscle fibers<\/li>\n<li>Identify the major muscles of the human body and their actions.<\/li>\n<li>Compare and contrast agonist and antagonist muscles<\/li>\n<li>Explain the structure and function of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle tissue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Muscle is one of the four primary tissue types of the body. Muscle cells are specialized for contraction. Muscles allow for motions such as walking, and they also facilitate bodily processes such as respiration and digestion.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Properties of muscle tissue<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>All muscle cells share several properties: contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em>Contractility\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>is the ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten.\u00a0Contractility<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">\u00a0allows muscle tissue to pull on its attachment points and shorten with force.<em>(<\/em><\/span><em>\u00a0muscles can only pull, never push.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Excitability<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Extensibility<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Elasticity<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the ability to\u00a0a<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0muscle to return to its original length when relaxed <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Three types of muscle tissue:<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp80752496\">Muscle cells are specialized for contraction. Muscles allow for motions such as walking, and they also facilitate bodily processes such as respiration and digestion. The body contains three types of muscle tissue: <strong>(a) skeletal muscle tissue (b) smooth muscle tissue (c) cardiac muscle tissue.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"fig-ch38_04_01\">\n<div id=\"attachment_3467\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3467\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3467\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1512\/2014\/10\/28161313\/414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiacabc-1024x183.jpg\" alt=\"This figure show the micrographs of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle cells.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"183\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3467\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.\u00a0The Three Types of Muscle Tissue.<\/strong> The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac muscle. From top, LM \u00d7 1600, LM \u00d7 1600, LM \u00d7 1600. (Micrographs provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li id=\"fs-idp83949408\"><strong>Skeletal muscle tissue<\/strong> forms skeletal muscles, which attach to bones or skin and control locomotion and any movement that can be consciously controlled. Because it can be controlled by thought, skeletal muscle is also called voluntary muscle. Skeletal muscles are long and cylindrical in appearance; when viewed under a microscope, skeletal muscle tissue has a striped or striated appearance. The striations are caused by the regular arrangement of contractile proteins (actin and myosin). Actin is a globular contractile protein that interacts with myosin for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle also has multiple nuclei present in a single cell<\/li>\n<li id=\"fs-idm38953616\"><strong>Smooth muscle tissue<\/strong> occurs in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, stomach, and urinary bladder, and around passages such as the respiratory tract and blood vessels. Smooth muscle has no striations, is not under voluntary control, has only one nucleus per cell, is tapered at both ends, and is called involuntary muscle.<\/li>\n<li id=\"fs-idm194526608\"><strong>Cardiac muscle tissue<\/strong> is only found in the heart, and cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated, but unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cannot be consciously controlled and is called involuntary muscle. It has one nucleus per cell, is branched, and is distinguished by the presence of intercalated disk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table id=\"tbl-ch04_04_01\" summary=\"\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"4\">\n<h2>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Table 1:\u00a0\u00a0Comparison of Structure and Properties of Muscle Tissue Types<\/h2>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th><span style=\"background-color: #00ff00\">Tissue<\/span><\/th>\n<th><span style=\"background-color: #00ff00\">Histology<\/span><\/th>\n<th><span style=\"background-color: #00ff00\">Function<\/span><\/th>\n<th><span style=\"background-color: #00ff00\">Location<\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"background-color: #ff6600\"><strong>Skeletal<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Long cylindrical fiber, striated, many peripherally located nuclei<\/td>\n<td>Voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organs<\/td>\n<td>Attached to bones and around entrance points to body (e.g., mouth, anus)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"background-color: #ff6600\"><strong>Cardiac<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Short, branched, striated, single central nucleus<\/td>\n<td>Contracts to pump blood<\/td>\n<td>Heart<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"background-color: #ff6600\"><strong>Smooth<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Short, spindle-shaped, no evident striation, single nucleus in each fiber<\/td>\n<td>Involuntary movement, moves food, involuntary control of respiration, moves secretions, regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction<\/td>\n<td>Walls of major organs and passageways<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3462\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chapter 10. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Rice University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@15.1.\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@15.1.<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Anatomy &amp; Physiology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/latest\/. <\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chapter 10\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"Rice University\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@15.1.\",\"project\":\"Anatomy & Physiology\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/latest\/. \"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3462","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1978,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3462","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3462\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6173,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3462\/revisions\/6173"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1978"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3462\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3462"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3462"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3462"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3462"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}