{"id":4878,"date":"2019-05-17T17:12:01","date_gmt":"2019-05-17T17:12:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/chapter\/overview-of-the-digestive-system\/"},"modified":"2019-08-29T14:39:57","modified_gmt":"2019-08-29T14:39:57","slug":"digestive-system","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/chapter\/digestive-system\/","title":{"raw":"Digestive System : Introduction","rendered":"Digestive System : Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the body. Although the small intestine is where the majority of digestion occurs, and where most of the released nutrients are absorbed into the blood or lymph, each of the digestive system organs makes a vital contribution to this process.\r\n<h2>The processes of digestion include six activities:<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"302\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3148\/2018\/03\/29183019\/2404_PeristalsisN.jpg\" alt=\"This image shows the peristaltic movement of food. In the left image, the food bolus is towards the top of the esophagus and arrows pointing downward show the direction of movement of the peristaltic wave. In the center image, the food bolus and the wave movement are closer to the center of the esophagus and in the right image, the bolus and the wave are close to the bottom end of the esophagus.\" width=\"302\" height=\"225\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Peristalsis moves food through the digestive tract with alternating waves of muscle contraction and relaxation.[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>1. Ingestion:\u00a0<\/strong>The first of these processes, <strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">ingestion<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth. Chewing increases the surface area of the food and allows an appropriately sized bolus to be produced.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>2. Propulsion:\u00a0<\/strong>Food leaves the mouth when the tongue and pharyngeal muscles propel it into the esophagus. This act of swallowing, the last voluntary act until defecation, is an example of <strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">propulsion<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, which refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract. It includes both the voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis. <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Peristalsis<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> consists of sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along (Figure 1). These waves also play a role in mixing food with digestive juices. Peristalsis is so powerful that foods and liquids you swallow enter your stomach even if you are standing on your head.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"356\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3148\/2018\/03\/29183021\/2405_Digestive_Process.jpg\" alt=\"This image shows the different processes involved in digestion. The image shows how food travels from the mouth through the major organs. Associated textboxes list the different processes such as propulsion, chemical and mechanical digestion and absorption near the organs where they take place.\" width=\"356\" height=\"369\" \/> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> :The different processes involved in digestion.[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>3. Mechanical or physical digestion:\u00a0<\/strong>Digestion includes both mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical digestion<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> is a purely physical process that does not change the chemical nature of the food. Instead, it makes the food smaller to increase both surface area and mobility. It includes <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">mastication<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"><strong>or chewing,<\/strong>\u00a0 mechanical <strong>churning of food in the stomach<\/strong> and <strong>s<\/strong><\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">egmentation in small intestine.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>4. Chemical digestion : <\/strong>Chemical digestion<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, starts in the mouth, digestive secretions break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks (for example, proteins into separate amino acids). These secretions vary in composition, but typically contain water, various enzymes, acids, and salts. Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>5. Absorption:\u00a0<\/strong>Food that has been broken down is of no value to the body unless it enters the bloodstream and its nutrients are put to work. This occurs through the process of <strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">absorption<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, which takes place primarily within the small intestine. <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>6. Defecation\u00a0 \/ Elimination:\u00a0<\/strong>In defecation<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, the final step in digestion, undigested materials are removed from the body as feces.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\n<h2>Digestive System Anatomy:<\/h2>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"400\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3148\/2018\/03\/29183010\/2401_Components_of_the_Digestive_System.jpg\" alt=\"This diagram shows the digestive system of a human being, with the major organs labeled.\" width=\"400\" height=\"1012\" \/> <strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> Mains organs of\u00a0 digestive system.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe human digestive system consists of a digestive tube, <strong>the alimentary canal,<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>accessory organs<\/strong> that secrete digestive chemicals.\r\n\r\n<strong>Alimentary Canal and Organs:\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Also called the <strong>gastrointestinal (GI) tract<\/strong> or gut, the <strong>alimentary canal<\/strong> (aliment- = \u201cto nourish\u201d) is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) in length. The main function of the organs of the alimentary canal is to nourish the body. This tube begins at the mouth and terminates at the anus. Between those two points,the alimentary canal is divided into specialized digestive organs along its length :\r\n\r\n<strong>mouth (oral cavity)\u2192 pharynx\u2192esophagus\u2192 stomach\u2192 small intestine\u2192 large intestine (colon)\u2192 rectum\u2192 anus.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe inside space of the\u00a0alimentary canal (tube)\u00a0is called\u00a0\u00a0<b>lumen. <\/b>Food goes through the lumen. Both the mouth and anus are open to the external environment; thus, food and wastes within the alimentary canal are technically considered to be outside the body. Only through the process of absorption do the nutrients in food enter into and nourish the body\u2019s \u201cinner space.\u201d\r\n<h2>Wall of the Alimentary Canal<\/h2>\r\nThroughout its length, the alimentary tract is composed of the same four tissue layers; the details of their structural arrangements vary to fit their specific functions. Starting from the lumen and moving outwards, these layers are the <strong>mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"564\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3148\/2018\/03\/29183012\/2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg\" alt=\"This image shows the cross section of the alimentary canal. The different layers of the alimentary canal are shown as concentric cylinders with major muscles and veins labeled.\" width=\"564\" height=\"321\" \/> <strong>Figure 4.<\/strong> The wall of the alimentary canal has four basic tissue layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe <strong>mucosa<\/strong> is referred to as a mucous membrane, because mucus production is a characteristic feature of gut epithelium. The membrane consists of epithelium, which is in direct contact with ingested food.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>submucosa<\/strong> lies immediately beneath the mucosa. A broad layer of dense connective tissue, it connects the overlying mucosa to the underlying muscularis. It includes blood and lymphatic vessels (which transport absorbed nutrients), and a scattering of submucosal glands that release digestive secretions. Additionally, it serves as a conduit for a dense branching network of nerves.\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0<strong>muscalaris<\/strong> (also called the muscularis externa) is the third layer of the alimentary canal. The muscularis in the small intestine is made up of a <strong>double layer of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.<\/strong> The contractions of these layers promote mechanical digestion,\u00a0 and move the food along the canal. The basic two-layer structure found in the small intestine is modified in the organs proximal and distal to it. The <strong>stomach<\/strong> is equipped for its churning function by the addition of a <strong>third layer, the oblique muscle.<\/strong> While the colon has two layers like the small intestine, its longitudinal layer is segregated into three narrow parallel bands, the tenia coli, which make it look like a series of pouches rather than a simple tube.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>serosa<\/strong> is the portion of the alimentary canal superficial to the muscularis. Present only in the region of the alimentary canal within the abdominal cavity, it consists of a layer of visceral peritoneum overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. Instead of serosa, the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus have a dense sheath of collagen fibers called the adventitia. These tissues serve to hold the alimentary canal in place near the ventral surface of the vertebral column.","rendered":"<p>The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the body. Although the small intestine is where the majority of digestion occurs, and where most of the released nutrients are absorbed into the blood or lymph, each of the digestive system organs makes a vital contribution to this process.<\/p>\n<h2>The processes of digestion include six activities:<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 312px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3148\/2018\/03\/29183019\/2404_PeristalsisN.jpg\" alt=\"This image shows the peristaltic movement of food. In the left image, the food bolus is towards the top of the esophagus and arrows pointing downward show the direction of movement of the peristaltic wave. In the center image, the food bolus and the wave movement are closer to the center of the esophagus and in the right image, the bolus and the wave are close to the bottom end of the esophagus.\" width=\"302\" height=\"225\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Peristalsis moves food through the digestive tract with alternating waves of muscle contraction and relaxation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1. Ingestion:\u00a0<\/strong>The first of these processes, <strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">ingestion<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth. Chewing increases the surface area of the food and allows an appropriately sized bolus to be produced.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>2. Propulsion:\u00a0<\/strong>Food leaves the mouth when the tongue and pharyngeal muscles propel it into the esophagus. This act of swallowing, the last voluntary act until defecation, is an example of <strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">propulsion<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, which refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract. It includes both the voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis. <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Peristalsis<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> consists of sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along (Figure 1). These waves also play a role in mixing food with digestive juices. Peristalsis is so powerful that foods and liquids you swallow enter your stomach even if you are standing on your head.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 366px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3148\/2018\/03\/29183021\/2405_Digestive_Process.jpg\" alt=\"This image shows the different processes involved in digestion. The image shows how food travels from the mouth through the major organs. Associated textboxes list the different processes such as propulsion, chemical and mechanical digestion and absorption near the organs where they take place.\" width=\"356\" height=\"369\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> :The different processes involved in digestion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>3. Mechanical or physical digestion:\u00a0<\/strong>Digestion includes both mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical digestion<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> is a purely physical process that does not change the chemical nature of the food. Instead, it makes the food smaller to increase both surface area and mobility. It includes <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">mastication<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"><strong>or chewing,<\/strong>\u00a0 mechanical <strong>churning of food in the stomach<\/strong> and <strong>s<\/strong><\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">egmentation in small intestine.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>4. Chemical digestion : <\/strong>Chemical digestion<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, starts in the mouth, digestive secretions break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks (for example, proteins into separate amino acids). These secretions vary in composition, but typically contain water, various enzymes, acids, and salts. Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>5. Absorption:\u00a0<\/strong>Food that has been broken down is of no value to the body unless it enters the bloodstream and its nutrients are put to work. This occurs through the process of <strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">absorption<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, which takes place primarily within the small intestine. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>6. Defecation\u00a0 \/ Elimination:\u00a0<\/strong>In defecation<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, the final step in digestion, undigested materials are removed from the body as feces.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>Digestive System Anatomy:<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3148\/2018\/03\/29183010\/2401_Components_of_the_Digestive_System.jpg\" alt=\"This diagram shows the digestive system of a human being, with the major organs labeled.\" width=\"400\" height=\"1012\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> Mains organs of\u00a0 digestive system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The human digestive system consists of a digestive tube, <strong>the alimentary canal,<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>accessory organs<\/strong> that secrete digestive chemicals.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Alimentary Canal and Organs:\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Also called the <strong>gastrointestinal (GI) tract<\/strong> or gut, the <strong>alimentary canal<\/strong> (aliment- = \u201cto nourish\u201d) is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) in length. The main function of the organs of the alimentary canal is to nourish the body. This tube begins at the mouth and terminates at the anus. Between those two points,the alimentary canal is divided into specialized digestive organs along its length :<\/p>\n<p><strong>mouth (oral cavity)\u2192 pharynx\u2192esophagus\u2192 stomach\u2192 small intestine\u2192 large intestine (colon)\u2192 rectum\u2192 anus.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The inside space of the\u00a0alimentary canal (tube)\u00a0is called\u00a0\u00a0<b>lumen. <\/b>Food goes through the lumen. Both the mouth and anus are open to the external environment; thus, food and wastes within the alimentary canal are technically considered to be outside the body. Only through the process of absorption do the nutrients in food enter into and nourish the body\u2019s \u201cinner space.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Wall of the Alimentary Canal<\/h2>\n<p>Throughout its length, the alimentary tract is composed of the same four tissue layers; the details of their structural arrangements vary to fit their specific functions. Starting from the lumen and moving outwards, these layers are the <strong>mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 574px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3148\/2018\/03\/29183012\/2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg\" alt=\"This image shows the cross section of the alimentary canal. The different layers of the alimentary canal are shown as concentric cylinders with major muscles and veins labeled.\" width=\"564\" height=\"321\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4.<\/strong> The wall of the alimentary canal has four basic tissue layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The <strong>mucosa<\/strong> is referred to as a mucous membrane, because mucus production is a characteristic feature of gut epithelium. The membrane consists of epithelium, which is in direct contact with ingested food.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>submucosa<\/strong> lies immediately beneath the mucosa. A broad layer of dense connective tissue, it connects the overlying mucosa to the underlying muscularis. It includes blood and lymphatic vessels (which transport absorbed nutrients), and a scattering of submucosal glands that release digestive secretions. Additionally, it serves as a conduit for a dense branching network of nerves.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>muscalaris<\/strong> (also called the muscularis externa) is the third layer of the alimentary canal. The muscularis in the small intestine is made up of a <strong>double layer of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.<\/strong> The contractions of these layers promote mechanical digestion,\u00a0 and move the food along the canal. The basic two-layer structure found in the small intestine is modified in the organs proximal and distal to it. The <strong>stomach<\/strong> is equipped for its churning function by the addition of a <strong>third layer, the oblique muscle.<\/strong> While the colon has two layers like the small intestine, its longitudinal layer is segregated into three narrow parallel bands, the tenia coli, which make it look like a series of pouches rather than a simple tube.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>serosa<\/strong> is the portion of the alimentary canal superficial to the muscularis. Present only in the region of the alimentary canal within the abdominal cavity, it consists of a layer of visceral peritoneum overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. Instead of serosa, the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus have a dense sheath of collagen fibers called the adventitia. These tissues serve to hold the alimentary canal in place near the ventral surface of the vertebral column.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4878\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Anatomy &amp; Physiology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@15.1.\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@15.1.<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.25<\/li><li>Mar 23, 2016 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@11.6.\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@11.6.<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Biology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":141992,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Anatomy & Physiology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@15.1.\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.25\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Mar 23, 2016 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license.\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@11.6.\",\"project\":\"Biology\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license.\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-4878","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1737,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4878","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141992"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4878\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5601,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4878\/revisions\/5601"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1737"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4878\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4878"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4878"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4878"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4878"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}