{"id":1333,"date":"2021-02-19T19:15:57","date_gmt":"2021-02-19T19:15:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/?post_type=chapter&p=1333"},"modified":"2021-02-25T20:42:30","modified_gmt":"2021-02-25T20:42:30","slug":"exercises-8","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/chapter\/exercises-8\/","title":{"raw":"Exercises","rendered":"Exercises"},"content":{"raw":"Part I<\/span><\/strong>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Explain why the symbol for an atom of the element oxygen and the formula for a molecule of oxygen differ.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Explain why the symbol for the element sulfur and the formula for a molecule of sulfur differ.<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Write the molecular and empirical formulas of the following compounds:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
    5. Write the molecular and empirical formulas of the following compounds:\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
      5. Determine the empirical formulas for the following compounds:\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. caffeine, C8<\/sub>H10<\/sub>N4<\/sub>O2 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
        2. fructose, C12<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O11 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
        3. hydrogen peroxide, H2<\/sub>O2 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
        4. glucose, C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
        5. ascorbic acid (vitamin C), C6<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O6<\/sub><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
        6. Determine the empirical formulas for the following compounds:\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. acetic acid, C2<\/sub>H4<\/sub>O2 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
          2. citric acid, C6<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O7 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
          3. hydrazine, N2<\/sub>H4 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
          4. nicotine, C10<\/sub>H14<\/sub>N2 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t
          5. butane, C4<\/sub>H10<\/sub><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
          6. Write the empirical formulas for the following compounds:\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. \"Figure<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"317029\"]Show Selected Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"317029\"]\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0The symbol for the element oxygen, O, represents both the element and one atom of oxygen. A molecule of oxygen, O2<\/sub>, contains two oxygen atoms; the subscript 2 in the formula must be used to distinguish the diatomic molecule from two single oxygen atoms.\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0(a) molecular CO2<\/sub>, empirical CO2<\/sub>; (b) molecular C2<\/sub>H2<\/sub>, empirical CH; (c) molecular C2<\/sub>H4<\/sub>, empirical CH2<\/sub>; (d) molecular H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>, empirical H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0(a) C4<\/sub>H5<\/sub>N2<\/sub>O; (b) C12<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O11<\/sub>; (c) HO; (d) CH2<\/sub>O; (e) C3<\/sub>H4<\/sub>O3<\/sub>\r\n\r\n7. (a) CH2<\/sub>O; (b) C2<\/sub>H4<\/sub>O\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\nPart II<\/strong><\/span>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. Open the Build a Molecule simulation<\/a> and select the \u201cPlayground\u201d tab. Select an appropriate atoms \u201cKit\u201d to build a molecule with two carbon and six hydrogen atoms. Drag atoms into the space above the \u201cKit\u201d to make a molecule. A name will appear when you have made an actual molecule that exists (even if it is not the one you want). You can use the scissors tool to separate atoms if you would like to change the connections.\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. Draw the structural formula of this molecule and state its name.<\/li>\r\n \t
                2. Can you arrange these atoms in any way to make a different compound?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                3. Use the Build a Molecule simulation<\/a> to repeat question 1, but build a molecule with two carbons, six hydrogens, and one oxygen.\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. Draw the structural formula of this molecule and state its name.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. Can you arrange these atoms to make a different molecule? If so, draw its structural formula and state its name.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  3. How are the molecules drawn in (a) and (b) the same? How do they differ? What are they called (the type of relationship between these molecules, not their names).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                  4. Use the Build a Molecule simulation<\/a> to repeat question 1, but build a molecule with three carbons, seven hydrogens, and one chlorine.\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. Draw the structural formula of this molecule and state its name.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    2. Can you arrange these atoms to make a different molecule? If so, draw its structural formula and state its name.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    3. How are the molecules drawn in (a) and (b) the same? How do they differ? What are they called (the type of relationship between these molecules, not their names)?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"690363\"]Show Answers to Question 2[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"690363\"]\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. ethanol\r\n\"A<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. methoxymethane, more commonly known as dimethyl ether\r\n\"A<\/li>\r\n \t
                      3. These molecules have the same chemical composition (types and number of atoms) but different chemical structures. They are structural isomers.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\nPart III<\/strong><\/span>\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        1. What property of carbon makes it essential for organic life?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                        2. Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated triglycerides:<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                          \r\n
                          \r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"317029\"]Show Selected Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"317029\"]\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0Carbon is unique and found in all living things because it can form up to four covalent bonds between atoms or molecules. These can be nonpolar or polar covalent bonds, and they allow for the formation of long chains of carbon molecules that combine to form proteins and DNA.\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0Saturated triglycerides contain no double bonds between carbon atoms; they are usually solid at room temperature. Unsaturated triglycerides contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms and are usually liquid at room temperature.\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\nPart IV\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          1. Why are biological macromolecules considered organic?<\/li>\r\n \t
                          2. What role do electrons play in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?<\/li>\r\n \t
                          3. Name the reaction in which macromolecules are produced:<\/li>\r\n \t
                          4. Name the reaction in which macromolecules are broken down:<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"317029\"]Show Selected Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"317029\"]\r\n\r\n1. Biological macromolecules are organic because they contain carbon and hydrogen.\r\n\r\n2. In a dehydration synthesis reaction, the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water. This creates an opening in the outer shells of atoms in the monomers, which can share electrons and form covalent bonds.\r\n\r\n3. Dehydration synthesis\r\n\r\n4. Hydrolysis\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

                            Part I<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Explain why the symbol for an atom of the element oxygen and the formula for a molecule of oxygen differ.<\/li>\n
                            2. Explain why the symbol for the element sulfur and the formula for a molecule of sulfur differ.<\/li>\n
                            3. Write the molecular and empirical formulas of the following compounds:\n
                                \n
                              1. \"Figure<\/li>\n
                              2. \"Figure<\/li>\n
                              3. \"Figure<\/li>\n
                              4. \"Figure<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                              5. Write the molecular and empirical formulas of the following compounds:\n
                                  \n
                                1. \"Figure<\/li>\n
                                2. \"Figure<\/li>\n
                                3. \"Figure<\/li>\n
                                4. \"Figure<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                5. Determine the empirical formulas for the following compounds:\n
                                    \n
                                  1. caffeine, C8<\/sub>H10<\/sub>N4<\/sub>O2 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\n
                                  2. fructose, C12<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O11 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\n
                                  3. hydrogen peroxide, H2<\/sub>O2 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\n
                                  4. glucose, C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\n
                                  5. ascorbic acid (vitamin C), C6<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O6<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                  6. Determine the empirical formulas for the following compounds:\n
                                      \n
                                    1. acetic acid, C2<\/sub>H4<\/sub>O2 \u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\n
                                    2. citric acid, C6<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O7 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\n
                                    3. hydrazine, N2<\/sub>H4 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\n
                                    4. nicotine, C10<\/sub>H14<\/sub>N2 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub><\/li>\n
                                    5. butane, C4<\/sub>H10<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                    6. Write the empirical formulas for the following compounds:\n
                                        \n
                                      1. \"Figure<\/li>\n
                                      2. \"Figure<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                        Show Selected Answers<\/span><\/p>\n
                                        \n

                                        1.\u00a0The symbol for the element oxygen, O, represents both the element and one atom of oxygen. A molecule of oxygen, O2<\/sub>, contains two oxygen atoms; the subscript 2 in the formula must be used to distinguish the diatomic molecule from two single oxygen atoms.<\/p>\n

                                        3.\u00a0(a) molecular CO2<\/sub>, empirical CO2<\/sub>; (b) molecular C2<\/sub>H2<\/sub>, empirical CH; (c) molecular C2<\/sub>H4<\/sub>, empirical CH2<\/sub>; (d) molecular H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>, empirical H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub><\/p>\n

                                        5.\u00a0(a) C4<\/sub>H5<\/sub>N2<\/sub>O; (b) C12<\/sub>H22<\/sub>O11<\/sub>; (c) HO; (d) CH2<\/sub>O; (e) C3<\/sub>H4<\/sub>O3<\/sub><\/p>\n

                                        7. (a) CH2<\/sub>O; (b) C2<\/sub>H4<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                        Part II<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. Open the Build a Molecule simulation<\/a> and select the \u201cPlayground\u201d tab. Select an appropriate atoms \u201cKit\u201d to build a molecule with two carbon and six hydrogen atoms. Drag atoms into the space above the \u201cKit\u201d to make a molecule. A name will appear when you have made an actual molecule that exists (even if it is not the one you want). You can use the scissors tool to separate atoms if you would like to change the connections.\n
                                            \n
                                          1. Draw the structural formula of this molecule and state its name.<\/li>\n
                                          2. Can you arrange these atoms in any way to make a different compound?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                          3. Use the Build a Molecule simulation<\/a> to repeat question 1, but build a molecule with two carbons, six hydrogens, and one oxygen.\n
                                              \n
                                            1. Draw the structural formula of this molecule and state its name.<\/li>\n
                                            2. Can you arrange these atoms to make a different molecule? If so, draw its structural formula and state its name.<\/li>\n
                                            3. How are the molecules drawn in (a) and (b) the same? How do they differ? What are they called (the type of relationship between these molecules, not their names).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                            4. Use the Build a Molecule simulation<\/a> to repeat question 1, but build a molecule with three carbons, seven hydrogens, and one chlorine.\n
                                                \n
                                              1. Draw the structural formula of this molecule and state its name.<\/li>\n
                                              2. Can you arrange these atoms to make a different molecule? If so, draw its structural formula and state its name.<\/li>\n
                                              3. How are the molecules drawn in (a) and (b) the same? How do they differ? What are they called (the type of relationship between these molecules, not their names)?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                Show Answers to Question 2<\/span><\/p>\n
                                                \n
                                                  \n
                                                1. ethanol
                                                  \n\"A<\/li>\n
                                                2. methoxymethane, more commonly known as dimethyl ether
                                                  \n\"A<\/li>\n
                                                3. These molecules have the same chemical composition (types and number of atoms) but different chemical structures. They are structural isomers.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                  Part III<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  1. What property of carbon makes it essential for organic life?<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  2. Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated triglycerides:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                    \n
                                                    \n
                                                    Show Selected Answers<\/span><\/p>\n
                                                    \n

                                                    1.\u00a0Carbon is unique and found in all living things because it can form up to four covalent bonds between atoms or molecules. These can be nonpolar or polar covalent bonds, and they allow for the formation of long chains of carbon molecules that combine to form proteins and DNA.<\/p>\n

                                                    2.\u00a0Saturated triglycerides contain no double bonds between carbon atoms; they are usually solid at room temperature. Unsaturated triglycerides contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms and are usually liquid at room temperature.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                    Part IV<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    1. Why are biological macromolecules considered organic?<\/li>\n
                                                    2. What role do electrons play in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?<\/li>\n
                                                    3. Name the reaction in which macromolecules are produced:<\/li>\n
                                                    4. Name the reaction in which macromolecules are broken down:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                      Show Selected Answers<\/span><\/p>\n
                                                      \n

                                                      1. Biological macromolecules are organic because they contain carbon and hydrogen.<\/p>\n

                                                      2. In a dehydration synthesis reaction, the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water. This creates an opening in the outer shells of atoms in the monomers, which can share electrons and form covalent bonds.<\/p>\n

                                                      3. Dehydration synthesis<\/p>\n

                                                      4. Hydrolysis<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":359083,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1333","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":311,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/359083"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1333\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1402,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1333\/revisions\/1402"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/311"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1333\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1333"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1333"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1333"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-dutchess-introbio2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}