{"id":53,"date":"2022-05-20T21:09:03","date_gmt":"2022-05-20T21:09:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/chapter\/participles\/"},"modified":"2022-05-20T21:09:03","modified_gmt":"2022-05-20T21:09:03","slug":"participles","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/chapter\/participles\/","title":{"raw":"Participles","rendered":"Participles"},"content":{"raw":"\nA <b>participle<\/b> is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and then plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.&nbsp;It is one of the types of nonfinite verb forms.\n\nThe two types of participle in English are traditionally called the <b>present participle<\/b> (forms such as <i>writing<\/i>, <i>singing<\/i> and <i>raising<\/i>) and the <b>past participle<\/b> (forms such as <i>written<\/i>, <i>sung<\/i> and <i>raised<\/i>).\n<h2>The Present Participle<\/h2>\nEven though they look exactly the same, gerunds and present participles do different things. As we just learned, the gerund acts as a noun: e.g., \"I like <i>sleeping<\/i>\"; \"<i>Sleeping&nbsp;<\/i>is not allowed.\" Present participles, on the other hand, act similarly to&nbsp;an adjective or adverb: e.g., \"The&nbsp;<em>sleeping<\/em> girl&nbsp;over there is my sister\"; \"<em>Breathing<\/em> heavily, she finished the race in first place.\"\n\nThe present participle, or participial phrases (clauses) formed from it, are used as follows:\n<ul>\n \t<li>as an adjective phrase modifying a noun phrase: <i>The man <b>sitting<\/b> over there is my uncle.<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li>adverbially, the subject being understood to be the same as that of the main clause: <i><b>Looking<\/b> at the plans, I gradually came to see where the problem lay.<\/i> <i>He shot the man, <b>killing<\/b> him.<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li>more generally as a clause or sentence modifier: <i>Broadly <b>speaking<\/b>, the project was successful.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe present participle can also be used&nbsp;with the helping verb <em>to be<\/em>&nbsp;to<span class=\"s1\">&nbsp;form a type of present tense: <em>Marta<\/em> <i>was <\/i><b><i>sleeping<\/i><\/b><i>. <\/i>(We'll discuss this further in <a href=\".\/chapter\/advanced-verb-tenses\/\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Verb Tenses<\/a>.)&nbsp;This is something we learned a little bit about in helping verbs and tense.&nbsp;<\/span>\n<h2>The Past Participle<\/h2>\nPast participles often look very similar to the simple past tense of a verb:&nbsp;<em>finished,&nbsp;danced<\/em>,&nbsp;etc. However, some verbs have different forms. Reference lists will be your best help in finding the correct past participle.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/Developmental+Reading+and+Writing\/Irregular_Past_Participles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Here is one such list of&nbsp;participles<\/a>. Here's a short list of some of the most common irregular past participles you'll use:\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Verb<\/th>\n<th>Simple Past<\/th>\n<th>Past Participle<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>to be<\/td>\n<td>was\/were<\/td>\n<td>been<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to become<\/td>\n<td>became<\/td>\n<td>become<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to come<\/td>\n<td>came<\/td>\n<td>come<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to do<\/td>\n<td>did<\/td>\n<td>done<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to give<\/td>\n<td>gave<\/td>\n<td>given<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to go<\/td>\n<td>went<\/td>\n<td>gone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to know<\/td>\n<td>knew<\/td>\n<td>know<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to run<\/td>\n<td>ran<\/td>\n<td>run<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to see<\/td>\n<td>saw<\/td>\n<td>seen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to speak<\/td>\n<td>spoke<\/td>\n<td>spoken<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to take<\/td>\n<td>took<\/td>\n<td>taken<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to write<\/td>\n<td>wrote<\/td>\n<td>written<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Words&nbsp;like&nbsp;<em>bought<\/em> and&nbsp;<em>caught<\/em> are the correct past participles\u2014not&nbsp;<em>boughten<\/em> or&nbsp;<em>caughten<\/em>.<\/div>\nPast participles are used&nbsp;in a couple of different ways:\n<ul>\n \t<li>as an adjective phrase: <i>The chicken <b>eaten<\/b> by the children was contaminated.<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li>adverbially: <i><b>Seen<\/b> from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution.<\/i><\/li>\n \t<li>in a nominative absolute construction, with a subject: <i>The task <b>finished<\/b>, we returned home.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe past participle can also be used with the helping verb <em>to have<\/em>&nbsp;to form a type of past tense (which we'll talk about in&nbsp;<a href=\".\/chapter\/advanced-verb-tenses\/\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Verb Tenses<\/a>): <i>The chicken has <b>eaten<\/b>.<\/i>&nbsp;It is also used to form&nbsp;the passive voice: <em>Tianna<\/em><i>&nbsp;was<\/i>&nbsp;<strong>voted<\/strong>&nbsp;<em>as most likely to succeed. <\/em>When the passive voice is used following a relative pronoun (like&nbsp;<em>that<\/em> or&nbsp;<em>which<\/em>) we sometimes leave out parts of the phrase:\n<ul>\n \t<li>He had three things <strong>that were<\/strong> <em>taken<\/em> away from him<\/li>\n \t<li>He had three things <em>taken<\/em> away from him<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nIn the second sentence, we removed the words <em>that were<\/em>. However, we still use the past participle&nbsp;<em>taken<\/em>. The removal of these words is called&nbsp;<em>elision<\/em>. Elision is used with a lot of different constructions in English; we use it&nbsp;shorten sentences when things are understood. However, we can only use elision in certain situations, so be careful when removing words!&nbsp;(We'll discuss this further in&nbsp;<a href=\".\/chapter\/using-the-passive-voice\/\" target=\"_blank\">Using the Passive Voice<\/a>.)\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\nIdentify the participles in the following sentences, as well as the functions they perform:\n<ol>\n \t<li>Tucker had always wanted a pet dog.<\/li>\n \t<li>Having been born in the 1990s, Amber often found herself surrounded by nostalgia.<\/li>\n \t<li>Rayssa was practicing her flute when everything suddenly went wrong.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[reveal-answer q=\"397305\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\n[hidden-answer a=\"397305\"]\n<ol>\n \t<li>The past participle is&nbsp;<em>wanted<\/em>. In this case, it is used alongside the helping verb&nbsp;<em>had<\/em> to form the past tense.<\/li>\n \t<li><em>Having been born in the 1990s<\/em> is a present participle phrase. It is used adverbially, and the subject is the same as the subject of the main phrase: Amber. Additionally,&nbsp;<em>been<\/em> is the past participle. It is used alongside the helping verb&nbsp;<em>having<\/em> to give a sense of the past tense.<\/li>\n \t<li><i>Practicing<\/i>&nbsp;is the present participle. It, along with the helping verb&nbsp;<em>was<\/em>, create a sense of continuity or process.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[\/hidden-answer]\n\n<\/div>\n","rendered":"<p>A <b>participle<\/b> is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and then plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.&nbsp;It is one of the types of nonfinite verb forms.<\/p>\n<p>The two types of participle in English are traditionally called the <b>present participle<\/b> (forms such as <i>writing<\/i>, <i>singing<\/i> and <i>raising<\/i>) and the <b>past participle<\/b> (forms such as <i>written<\/i>, <i>sung<\/i> and <i>raised<\/i>).<\/p>\n<h2>The Present Participle<\/h2>\n<p>Even though they look exactly the same, gerunds and present participles do different things. As we just learned, the gerund acts as a noun: e.g., &#8220;I like <i>sleeping<\/i>&#8220;; &#8220;<i>Sleeping&nbsp;<\/i>is not allowed.&#8221; Present participles, on the other hand, act similarly to&nbsp;an adjective or adverb: e.g., &#8220;The&nbsp;<em>sleeping<\/em> girl&nbsp;over there is my sister&#8221;; &#8220;<em>Breathing<\/em> heavily, she finished the race in first place.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The present participle, or participial phrases (clauses) formed from it, are used as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>as an adjective phrase modifying a noun phrase: <i>The man <b>sitting<\/b> over there is my uncle.<\/i><\/li>\n<li>adverbially, the subject being understood to be the same as that of the main clause: <i><b>Looking<\/b> at the plans, I gradually came to see where the problem lay.<\/i> <i>He shot the man, <b>killing<\/b> him.<\/i><\/li>\n<li>more generally as a clause or sentence modifier: <i>Broadly <b>speaking<\/b>, the project was successful.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The present participle can also be used&nbsp;with the helping verb <em>to be<\/em>&nbsp;to<span class=\"s1\">&nbsp;form a type of present tense: <em>Marta<\/em> <i>was <\/i><b><i>sleeping<\/i><\/b><i>. <\/i>(We&#8217;ll discuss this further in <a href=\".\/chapter\/advanced-verb-tenses\/\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Verb Tenses<\/a>.)&nbsp;This is something we learned a little bit about in helping verbs and tense.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>The Past Participle<\/h2>\n<p>Past participles often look very similar to the simple past tense of a verb:&nbsp;<em>finished,&nbsp;danced<\/em>,&nbsp;etc. However, some verbs have different forms. Reference lists will be your best help in finding the correct past participle.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/Developmental+Reading+and+Writing\/Irregular_Past_Participles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Here is one such list of&nbsp;participles<\/a>. Here&#8217;s a short list of some of the most common irregular past participles you&#8217;ll use:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Verb<\/th>\n<th>Simple Past<\/th>\n<th>Past Participle<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>to be<\/td>\n<td>was\/were<\/td>\n<td>been<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to become<\/td>\n<td>became<\/td>\n<td>become<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to come<\/td>\n<td>came<\/td>\n<td>come<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to do<\/td>\n<td>did<\/td>\n<td>done<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to give<\/td>\n<td>gave<\/td>\n<td>given<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to go<\/td>\n<td>went<\/td>\n<td>gone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to know<\/td>\n<td>knew<\/td>\n<td>know<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to run<\/td>\n<td>ran<\/td>\n<td>run<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to see<\/td>\n<td>saw<\/td>\n<td>seen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to speak<\/td>\n<td>spoke<\/td>\n<td>spoken<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to take<\/td>\n<td>took<\/td>\n<td>taken<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to write<\/td>\n<td>wrote<\/td>\n<td>written<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Words&nbsp;like&nbsp;<em>bought<\/em> and&nbsp;<em>caught<\/em> are the correct past participles\u2014not&nbsp;<em>boughten<\/em> or&nbsp;<em>caughten<\/em>.<\/div>\n<p>Past participles are used&nbsp;in a couple of different ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>as an adjective phrase: <i>The chicken <b>eaten<\/b> by the children was contaminated.<\/i><\/li>\n<li>adverbially: <i><b>Seen<\/b> from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution.<\/i><\/li>\n<li>in a nominative absolute construction, with a subject: <i>The task <b>finished<\/b>, we returned home.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The past participle can also be used with the helping verb <em>to have<\/em>&nbsp;to form a type of past tense (which we&#8217;ll talk about in&nbsp;<a href=\".\/chapter\/advanced-verb-tenses\/\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Verb Tenses<\/a>): <i>The chicken has <b>eaten<\/b>.<\/i>&nbsp;It is also used to form&nbsp;the passive voice: <em>Tianna<\/em><i>&nbsp;was<\/i>&nbsp;<strong>voted<\/strong>&nbsp;<em>as most likely to succeed. <\/em>When the passive voice is used following a relative pronoun (like&nbsp;<em>that<\/em> or&nbsp;<em>which<\/em>) we sometimes leave out parts of the phrase:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>He had three things <strong>that were<\/strong> <em>taken<\/em> away from him<\/li>\n<li>He had three things <em>taken<\/em> away from him<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the second sentence, we removed the words <em>that were<\/em>. However, we still use the past participle&nbsp;<em>taken<\/em>. The removal of these words is called&nbsp;<em>elision<\/em>. Elision is used with a lot of different constructions in English; we use it&nbsp;shorten sentences when things are understood. However, we can only use elision in certain situations, so be careful when removing words!&nbsp;(We&#8217;ll discuss this further in&nbsp;<a href=\".\/chapter\/using-the-passive-voice\/\" target=\"_blank\">Using the Passive Voice<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the participles in the following sentences, as well as the functions they perform:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Tucker had always wanted a pet dog.<\/li>\n<li>Having been born in the 1990s, Amber often found herself surrounded by nostalgia.<\/li>\n<li>Rayssa was practicing her flute when everything suddenly went wrong.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q397305\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q397305\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>The past participle is&nbsp;<em>wanted<\/em>. In this case, it is used alongside the helping verb&nbsp;<em>had<\/em> to form the past tense.<\/li>\n<li><em>Having been born in the 1990s<\/em> is a present participle phrase. It is used adverbially, and the subject is the same as the subject of the main phrase: Amber. Additionally,&nbsp;<em>been<\/em> is the past participle. It is used alongside the helping verb&nbsp;<em>having<\/em> to give a sense of the past tense.<\/li>\n<li><i>Practicing<\/i>&nbsp;is the present participle. It, along with the helping verb&nbsp;<em>was<\/em>, create a sense of continuity or process.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-53\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Practice Activities. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Participle. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Participle\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Participle<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":503070,"menu_order":26,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Participle\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Participle\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Practice Activities\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-53","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":27,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/53","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/503070"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/53\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/27"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/53\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=53"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=53"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ecc-guidetowriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=53"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}