{"id":838,"date":"2016-07-15T23:03:49","date_gmt":"2016-07-15T23:03:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level3-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=838"},"modified":"2017-04-30T19:06:29","modified_gmt":"2017-04-30T19:06:29","slug":"text-active-and-passive-voice","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-engcomp1-wmopen\/chapter\/text-active-and-passive-voice\/","title":{"raw":"Active and Passive Voice","rendered":"Active and Passive Voice"},"content":{"raw":"There are two main \"voices\" in English writing: the active voice and the passive voice. You've probably heard a lot about them\u2014and you've probably been warned away from the passive voice. But what exactly are they?\r\n\r\nIn the simplest terms, an active voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cA does B.\u201d (For example, \"Carmen sings\u00a0the\u00a0song.\") A passive voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cB is done by A.\u201d (For example, \"The song is sung by Carmen.\") Both constructions are grammatically sound and correct.\u00a0Let's look at a couple more examples of the passive voice:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I've been hit! (<em>or<\/em>, I\u00a0have been hit!)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Jasper\u00a0was thrown from the car\u00a0when it was struck from behind.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou may have noticed something unique about the previous two sentences: the subject of the sentence is not the person (or thing) performing the action.\u00a0<span class=\"s1\">The passive voice \"hides\" who does the action. Despite these sentences being completely grammatically sound, we don't know who hit \"me\" or\u00a0what struck the car.<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe passive is created using the verb\u00a0<em>to be<\/em> and the past participle. When identifying passive sentences, remember that\u00a0<em>to be\u00a0<\/em>has other uses than just creating the passive voice. \"She was falling\" and \"His keys were lost\" are not passive sentences. In the first, <em>to be<\/em>\u00a0is\u00a0a continuous past verb, and in the second <em>to be<\/em>\u00a0is past tense linking verb. There are two key features that will help you identify a passive sentence:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Something is happening (the sentence has a verb that is not a linking verb).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The subject of the sentence is not doing that thing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Usage<\/h2>\r\nAs you read\u00a0at the two sentences below, think about the how the different voice may affect the meaning or implications of the sentence:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Passive voice:<\/strong> The rate of evaporation is controlled by the size of an opening.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Active voice:<\/strong> The size of an opening controls the rate of evaporation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe passive choice slightly emphasizes \u201cthe rate of evaporation,\u201d while the active choice emphasizes \u201cthe size of an opening.\u201d Simple. So why all the fuss? Because passive constructions can\u00a0produce grammatically tangled sentences such as this:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Groundwater flow is influenced by zones of fracture concentration, as can be recognized by the two model simulations (see Figures 1 and 2), by which one can see . . .<\/p>\r\nThe sentence is becoming a burden for the reader, and probably for the writer too. As often happens, the passive voice here has smothered potential verbs and kicked off a runaway train of prepositions. But the reader\u2019s task gets much easier in the revised version below:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Two model simulations (Figures 1 and 2) illustrate how zones of fracture concentration influence groundwater flow. These simulations show . . .<\/p>\r\nTo revise the above, all we\u00a0did was look for the two buried things (simulations and zones) in the original version that could actually <em>do <\/em>something, and we\u00a0made the sentence clearly about these two nouns by placing them in front of active verbs. This is the general principle to follow as you compose in the active voice: Place concrete nouns that can perform work in front of active verbs.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nAre the following sentences in the active or passive voice? How can you tell?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The samples were prepared in a clean room before being sent out for further examination.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Karen was dancing with Joshua when she suddenly realized she needed to leave.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carlos was a very serious scientist with unique interests.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"206851\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"206851\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>This sentence uses the passive\u00a0voice. The action (<strong>prepared<\/strong>) was done to the subject of the sentence (<strong>samples<\/strong>). If this sentence were written in the active it would be something like this: \"[Actor] prepared the samples in a clean room before sending them out for further examination.\" Since we do not know who prepared the samples, the active sentence is incomplete.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence uses the active voice. In this case\u00a0<em>was<\/em> indicates that the sentence happened in the past; it does not indicate the passive voice.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence uses the active voice. In this case\u00a0<em>was<\/em>\u00a0is acting as a linking verb. It links\u00a0<strong>Carlos<\/strong> with the phrase\u00a0<em>very serious\u00a0scientist<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Revise Weak Passive-Voice Sentences<\/h2>\r\nAs we've mentioned, the passive voice can be a shifty operator\u2014it can cover up its source, that is, who's doing the acting, as this example shows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Passive:\u00a0<\/strong>The papers <strong>will be graded<\/strong> according to the criteria stated in the syllabus.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Graded by whom though?<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Active:\u00a0The teacher<\/strong> will grade the papers according to the criteria stated in the syllabus.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIt's this ability to cover the actor or agent of the sentence that makes the passive voice a favorite of people in authority\u2014policemen, city officials, and, yes, teachers. At any rate, you can see how the passive voice can cause wordiness, indirectness, and comprehension problems.\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th width=\"36%\">Passive<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"28%\">Question<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"36%\">Active<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Your figures <strong>have been reanalyzed<\/strong> in order to determine the coefficient of error. The results <strong>will be announced<\/strong> when the situation is judged appropriate.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who analyzes, and who will announce?<\/td>\r\n<td><strong>We<\/strong> have reanalyzed your figures in order to determine the range of error. <strong>We<\/strong> will announce the results when the time is right.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, those loans\u00a0<strong>cannot be paid<\/strong> off in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who can't pay the loans off?<\/td>\r\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, <strong>homeowners<\/strong> cannot pay off those loans in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>After the arm of the hand-held stapler <strong>is pushed<\/strong> down, the blade from the magazine <strong>is raised by<\/strong> the top-leaf spring, and the magazine and base.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who pushes it down, and who or what raises it?<\/td>\r\n<td>After <strong>you<\/strong> push down on the arm of the hand-held stapler, <strong>the top-leaf spring<\/strong> raises the blade from the magazine, and the magazine and base move apart.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>However, market share <strong>is being lost by<\/strong> 5.25-inch diskettes as is shown in the graph in Figure 2.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who or what is losing market share, who or what shows it?<\/td>\r\n<td>However, <strong>5.25-inch diskettes<\/strong> are losing market share as the graph in <strong>Figure 2<\/strong> shows.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>For many years, federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping <strong>have been ignored<\/strong>. Only recently <strong>have<\/strong> tighter restrictions <strong>been imposed<\/strong> on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who has ignored the regulations, and who is now imposing them?<\/td>\r\n<td>For many years, <strong>government officials<\/strong> have ignored federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping. Only recently has<strong> the federal government<\/strong> imposed tighter restrictions on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nConvert these passive voice sentences into the active voice. Why is the\u00a0active voice a better choice for each of these sentences?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The process, which was essential for the experiment's success, was completed by Enzo.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The cake that I worked on all day long is being eaten by Justin.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>After the pattern has been applied to the fabric, work on the embroidery can be started.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"529218\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"529218\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Enzo completed the process, which was essential for the experiment's success.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In the passive sentence, the\u00a0<em>which<\/em>-clause makes the subject of the sentence excessively long. By\u00a0converting the sentence to the active voice, the clause is moved to the predicate, which makes the sentence easier to understand.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Justin is eating\u00a0the cake that I worked on\u00a0all day long.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The active voice works better in this sentence for the same reasons as sentence one.\u00a0It is also likely that you would want to put emphasis on Justin in this sentence. After all, he's doing something that is (most likely) inconsiderate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>After you apply the pattern to the fabric, you can\u00a0start\u00a0working on the embroidery.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is likely found in\u00a0a set of instructions, which are usually written directly to the reader. Addressing \"you\" and avoiding the passive voice will make the instructions feel\u00a0more natural and accessible.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nDon't get the idea that the passive voice is always wrong and should never be used. It is a good writing technique when we don't want to be bothered with an obvious or too-often-repeated subject and when we need to rearrange words in a sentence for emphasis. The next page will focus more on how and why to use the passive voice.","rendered":"<p>There are two main &#8220;voices&#8221; in English writing: the active voice and the passive voice. You&#8217;ve probably heard a lot about them\u2014and you&#8217;ve probably been warned away from the passive voice. But what exactly are they?<\/p>\n<p>In the simplest terms, an active voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cA does B.\u201d (For example, &#8220;Carmen sings\u00a0the\u00a0song.&#8221;) A passive voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cB is done by A.\u201d (For example, &#8220;The song is sung by Carmen.&#8221;) Both constructions are grammatically sound and correct.\u00a0Let&#8217;s look at a couple more examples of the passive voice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I&#8217;ve been hit! (<em>or<\/em>, I\u00a0have been hit!)<\/li>\n<li>Jasper\u00a0was thrown from the car\u00a0when it was struck from behind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You may have noticed something unique about the previous two sentences: the subject of the sentence is not the person (or thing) performing the action.\u00a0<span class=\"s1\">The passive voice &#8220;hides&#8221; who does the action. Despite these sentences being completely grammatically sound, we don&#8217;t know who hit &#8220;me&#8221; or\u00a0what struck the car.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The passive is created using the verb\u00a0<em>to be<\/em> and the past participle. When identifying passive sentences, remember that\u00a0<em>to be\u00a0<\/em>has other uses than just creating the passive voice. &#8220;She was falling&#8221; and &#8220;His keys were lost&#8221; are not passive sentences. In the first, <em>to be<\/em>\u00a0is\u00a0a continuous past verb, and in the second <em>to be<\/em>\u00a0is past tense linking verb. There are two key features that will help you identify a passive sentence:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Something is happening (the sentence has a verb that is not a linking verb).<\/li>\n<li>The subject of the sentence is not doing that thing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Usage<\/h2>\n<p>As you read\u00a0at the two sentences below, think about the how the different voice may affect the meaning or implications of the sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Passive voice:<\/strong> The rate of evaporation is controlled by the size of an opening.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Active voice:<\/strong> The size of an opening controls the rate of evaporation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The passive choice slightly emphasizes \u201cthe rate of evaporation,\u201d while the active choice emphasizes \u201cthe size of an opening.\u201d Simple. So why all the fuss? Because passive constructions can\u00a0produce grammatically tangled sentences such as this:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Groundwater flow is influenced by zones of fracture concentration, as can be recognized by the two model simulations (see Figures 1 and 2), by which one can see . . .<\/p>\n<p>The sentence is becoming a burden for the reader, and probably for the writer too. As often happens, the passive voice here has smothered potential verbs and kicked off a runaway train of prepositions. But the reader\u2019s task gets much easier in the revised version below:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Two model simulations (Figures 1 and 2) illustrate how zones of fracture concentration influence groundwater flow. These simulations show . . .<\/p>\n<p>To revise the above, all we\u00a0did was look for the two buried things (simulations and zones) in the original version that could actually <em>do <\/em>something, and we\u00a0made the sentence clearly about these two nouns by placing them in front of active verbs. This is the general principle to follow as you compose in the active voice: Place concrete nouns that can perform work in front of active verbs.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Are the following sentences in the active or passive voice? How can you tell?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The samples were prepared in a clean room before being sent out for further examination.<\/li>\n<li>Karen was dancing with Joshua when she suddenly realized she needed to leave.<\/li>\n<li>Carlos was a very serious scientist with unique interests.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q206851\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q206851\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>This sentence uses the passive\u00a0voice. The action (<strong>prepared<\/strong>) was done to the subject of the sentence (<strong>samples<\/strong>). If this sentence were written in the active it would be something like this: &#8220;[Actor] prepared the samples in a clean room before sending them out for further examination.&#8221; Since we do not know who prepared the samples, the active sentence is incomplete.<\/li>\n<li>This sentence uses the active voice. In this case\u00a0<em>was<\/em> indicates that the sentence happened in the past; it does not indicate the passive voice.<\/li>\n<li>This sentence uses the active voice. In this case\u00a0<em>was<\/em>\u00a0is acting as a linking verb. It links\u00a0<strong>Carlos<\/strong> with the phrase\u00a0<em>very serious\u00a0scientist<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Revise Weak Passive-Voice Sentences<\/h2>\n<p>As we&#8217;ve mentioned, the passive voice can be a shifty operator\u2014it can cover up its source, that is, who&#8217;s doing the acting, as this example shows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Passive:\u00a0<\/strong>The papers <strong>will be graded<\/strong> according to the criteria stated in the syllabus.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Graded by whom though?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Active:\u00a0The teacher<\/strong> will grade the papers according to the criteria stated in the syllabus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It&#8217;s this ability to cover the actor or agent of the sentence that makes the passive voice a favorite of people in authority\u2014policemen, city officials, and, yes, teachers. At any rate, you can see how the passive voice can cause wordiness, indirectness, and comprehension problems.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 36%;\">Passive<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 28%;\">Question<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 36%;\">Active<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Your figures <strong>have been reanalyzed<\/strong> in order to determine the coefficient of error. The results <strong>will be announced<\/strong> when the situation is judged appropriate.<\/td>\n<td>Who analyzes, and who will announce?<\/td>\n<td><strong>We<\/strong> have reanalyzed your figures in order to determine the range of error. <strong>We<\/strong> will announce the results when the time is right.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, those loans\u00a0<strong>cannot be paid<\/strong> off in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\n<td>Who can&#8217;t pay the loans off?<\/td>\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, <strong>homeowners<\/strong> cannot pay off those loans in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>After the arm of the hand-held stapler <strong>is pushed<\/strong> down, the blade from the magazine <strong>is raised by<\/strong> the top-leaf spring, and the magazine and base.<\/td>\n<td>Who pushes it down, and who or what raises it?<\/td>\n<td>After <strong>you<\/strong> push down on the arm of the hand-held stapler, <strong>the top-leaf spring<\/strong> raises the blade from the magazine, and the magazine and base move apart.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>However, market share <strong>is being lost by<\/strong> 5.25-inch diskettes as is shown in the graph in Figure 2.<\/td>\n<td>Who or what is losing market share, who or what shows it?<\/td>\n<td>However, <strong>5.25-inch diskettes<\/strong> are losing market share as the graph in <strong>Figure 2<\/strong> shows.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>For many years, federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping <strong>have been ignored<\/strong>. Only recently <strong>have<\/strong> tighter restrictions <strong>been imposed<\/strong> on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\n<td>Who has ignored the regulations, and who is now imposing them?<\/td>\n<td>For many years, <strong>government officials<\/strong> have ignored federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping. Only recently has<strong> the federal government<\/strong> imposed tighter restrictions on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Convert these passive voice sentences into the active voice. Why is the\u00a0active voice a better choice for each of these sentences?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The process, which was essential for the experiment&#8217;s success, was completed by Enzo.<\/li>\n<li>The cake that I worked on all day long is being eaten by Justin.<\/li>\n<li>After the pattern has been applied to the fabric, work on the embroidery can be started.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q529218\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q529218\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Enzo completed the process, which was essential for the experiment&#8217;s success.\n<ul>\n<li>In the passive sentence, the\u00a0<em>which<\/em>-clause makes the subject of the sentence excessively long. By\u00a0converting the sentence to the active voice, the clause is moved to the predicate, which makes the sentence easier to understand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Justin is eating\u00a0the cake that I worked on\u00a0all day long.\n<ul>\n<li>The active voice works better in this sentence for the same reasons as sentence one.\u00a0It is also likely that you would want to put emphasis on Justin in this sentence. After all, he&#8217;s doing something that is (most likely) inconsiderate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>After you apply the pattern to the fabric, you can\u00a0start\u00a0working on the embroidery.\n<ul>\n<li>This sentence is likely found in\u00a0a set of instructions, which are usually written directly to the reader. Addressing &#8220;you&#8221; and avoiding the passive voice will make the instructions feel\u00a0more natural and accessible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Don&#8217;t get the idea that the passive voice is always wrong and should never be used. It is a good writing technique when we don&#8217;t want to be bothered with an obvious or too-often-repeated subject and when we need to rearrange words in a sentence for emphasis. The next page will focus more on how and why to use the passive voice.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-838\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Practice Activities. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Passive versus Active Voice Dilemma. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Joe Schall. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Pennsylvania State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c1_p11.html\">https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c1_p11.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Power-Revision Techniques: Sentence-Level Revision. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/hirev2.html#passive\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/hirev2.html#passive<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" 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